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Topic:Animal Science
Animal Science and horses encompass the study of equine biology, physiology, and management practices aimed at understanding and improving horse health, welfare, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines, including genetics, nutrition, reproduction, and behavior, to address the needs of horses in diverse contexts such as sports, work, and companionship. Research in this area often focuses on optimizing feeding strategies, enhancing breeding programs, and developing effective health management protocols. Additionally, studies explore the genetic factors influencing traits such as athleticism and disease resistance, as well as the impact of environmental and management conditions on horse behavior and welfare. This page gathers peer-reviewed research and scholarly articles that investigate the scientific principles underpinning equine science and their practical applications in horse care and management.
Characterisation of the alpha 1-protease inhibitor system in Thoroughbred horse plasma by horizontal two-dimensional (ISO-DALT) electrophoresis. 1. Protein staining. The isoelectric points and the molecular weights of the major components of the eight Thoroughbred protease inhibitor (Pi) types have been determined by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide gel pore gradient (ISO-DALT) electrophoresis respectively. The major Pi proteins focus in the range pH 3.74-4.43 and have molecular weights ranging from 55 000-72 000 daltons. Using the ISO-DALT method of electrophoresis, protein maps for the eight Thoroughbred Pi types have been presented for the first time. None of the homozygous Pi types are identical except for the types S1 and S2 ...
Geometric properties of equine metacarpi. Paired equine metacarpals were harvested, cleaned and sectioned transversely every 20 mm, and the bone geometry analyzed with a computer program. The cross-sectional area is largest in the middle third of the bone, and tapers off at either end. The principal axes are typically within 15 degrees of the anatomical axis, with the distal end rotated internally relative to the proximal end. At midshafts the bending stiffness in the antero-posterior plane is about 2/3 of the stiffness in the medio-lateral plane. The torsional stiffness is highest proximally. The equine third metacarpal appears to be...
Genetics of four plasma protein loci in Equus przewalskii: new alleles at the prealbumin, postalbumin and transferrin loci. This paper reports genetic variation at the prealbumin (Pr), postalbumin (Pa) and transferrin (Tf) loci in Equus przewalskii found using thin layer isoelectric focusing and an amphoteric separator. The method resolves all three loci plus serum esterase (Es) on a single gel, and typing of all four loci is readily achieved. In addition to the esterase alleles previously reported by Fisher & Scott (1979), five alleles were found at the Pr locus, three at the Pa locus and six at the Tf locus. Analysis of several mating types confirms inheritance is autosomal and codominant for all four loci.
Equine marker genes: polymorphism for plasminogen. Polymorphism for two autosomal alleles of equine plasminogen, PLG1 and PLG2, was demonstrated in plasma by isoelectric focusing and immunofixation, with a goat anti-human plasminogen antibody. The frequency of PLG2 was 0.16 in 150 Standardbreds, 0.20 in 96 Thoroughbreds, and 0.39 in 32 Shetland ponies. No evidence for linkage of PLG with any of 13 marker loci was found.
Studies on prolactin 48: isolation and properties of the hormone from horse pituitary glands. Isolation of prolactin from equine pituitary glands has been described. It has a potency of 42 IU/mg in the pigeon crop-sac test and consists of 199 amino acids. The hormone has only four half-cystine residues in contrast to other mammalian prolactins which have six residues. From NH2-terminal sequence analysis and amino acid composition of cyanogen bromide fragments, the NH2-terminal disulfide loop is missing in the equine prolactin molecule. Circular dichroism spectra indicate that the alpha-helical content of equine prolactin appears to be lower (50%) than that found in the ovine hormone (6...
A reagin-like antibody in horse serum: 1. Occurrence and some biological properties. The demonstration of a reagin-like antibody against Culicoides pulicaris extract in the serum of horses and ponies affected with recurrent seasonal dermatitis (sweet itch) is reported. This antibody can confer Prauznitz-Küstner (P-K) sensitivity on homologous skin for up to 5 days and, like human IgE, is thermolabile and susceptible to 2-mercaptoethanol reduction. It is eluted on diethylaminoethyl dextran-52 anion exchange chromatography independently of IgG, IgG(T) and IgM, and its elution characteristics indicate similarity in net molecular charge to human IgE. The P-K response observed in ...
Seasonal effects on ovarian follicular development in pony mares. To define ovarian follicular kinetics in the equine ovary during anestrus and the breeding season, the follicular population of pony mares was investigated at mid-anestrus and at the beginning and end of the breeding season. There was a clear effect of season on the exit of reserve (primordial and initiated) follicles since at the beginning of the breeding season we noticed a higher mitotic index for the smaller preantral follicles, leading to an accumulation of small and medium antral follicles. In contrast, the ovaries sampled during anestrus or at the end of the breeding season were very si...
Infectivity of sarcocystis from donkey for horse via sporocysts from dogs. The dog is the final host for sarcosporidia cysts from the oesophagus and diaphragm of donkeys from Sardinia. The prepatent period lasted 9 to 10 days. Sporocysts measured 12.2-13.8 X 9.2-9.9 microns. Infection of a horse with 10(5) donkey/dog sporocysts increased the rectal temperature to more than 40 degrees C on days 10 and 20 after infection. On day 138 p.i. predominantly immature cysts containing metrocytes were found, especially in the oesophagus. Infection on day 117 p.i. with 2 X 10(5) horse/dog sporocysts did not give rise to a temperature increase during the following 21 days. The fi...
Genetic linkage between the loci for phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) and a serum protein (Xk) in horses. Genetic linkage between the equine loci for phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) and serum Xk protein was demonstrated by means of segregation data from three sire families. The recombination frequency was estimated from pooled data to be 0.23 +/- 0.02; a significant heterogeneity between sires for estimates of the recombination frequency was observed. No indication of linkage was detected between Xk and 14 other blood marker loci. Linkage between the Xk locus and the locus for soluble malic enzyme (ME1) has recently been reported in horses. An equine linkage group designated LG IV comprising the thr...
Factors in the control of feed intake of horses and ponies. Ponies are large nonruminant herbivores which are capable of utilizing the products of both enzymatic digestion in the small intestine and bacterial fermentation (volatile fatty acids, VFAs) in the cecum and large colon as sources of metabolizable energy. Recent studies have demonstrated that ponies utilize nutrient stimuli from both carbohydrate and fat digestion in the small intestine and VFAs in the cecum and large colon in the control of meal frequency. These animals, however, rely primarily upon oropharyngeal and external stimuli to control the size and duration of meals. This is perhaps ...
Subcellular localization and properties of the NAD(P)H oxidase from equine polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The subcellular distribution of the superoxide-forming enzyme in horse polymorphonuclear leukocytes was investigated. After activation of the cells with sodium oleate, a relatively stable and NAD(P)H-dependent oxygen consumption and superoxide production was found in association with the plasma membranes. The pH dependence displayed an optimum near neutrality. The apparent Km values were 38 x 10(-6) mol/l for NADPH and 1,560 x 10(-6) mol/l for NADH, suggesting that NADPH is the physiological donor. The rates of oxygen uptake, O2- production, and NADP consumption were consistent with the stoich...
Inheritance of an abnormal haemoglobin haplotype in horses and its possible influence on blood values. In a breeding experiment a stallion of the native Norwegian Trotter breed with an abnormal Hb haplotype (N) and with the Hb type BI/N, sired 6 offspring. The abnormal haplotype controls one α-chain only, having lysine at position 60 and phenylalanine at position 24. Three of the offspring received the N haplotype from the sire and the BII haplotype from the dam, whereas the other 3 offspring received BI from the sire. The BII/N horses have two Hb components after alkaline electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing with the ratio between the fast and the slow band (anodal, cathodal) being approxi...
Linkage disequilibrium between the ELA and the A blood group systems in Standardbred horses. The linkage group formed by the ELA and A blood group system in horses was studied in American Standardbred horses. The distance between the ELA locus and the A blood group locus was measured as 1.61 centimorgans, observing only the haplotypes contributed by the sires. Strong linkage disequilibrium was found in pacing Standardbred horses for ELA-W1 with Aa, ELA-W5 with Ab and ELA-W10 with Ab. Linkage disequilibrium was apparent at both the population and family level. Among trotting Standardbred horses, linkage disequilibrium was found for ELA-W1 with Aa and for ELA-W10 with Ab. It was not pos...
Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases. The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric ...
[Topographico-anatomic data on the testicular artery, ductus deferens artery and cremaster artery in the stallion]. To study the vascularization of the testis of stallions we used 96 testes. We examined its topography and anatomy by roentgenography, stereoroentgenography, by the corosive method, and by means of gel and China ink injections. To make the roentgeno-arteriograms we used minimum emulsified in glycerine as contrast medium. The branching off of the Aa. testiculares from the Aorta abdominalis is variable in stallions. We observed also a peculiar age-dependent arrangement of the loops of the convolution. In the adult stallion, the shape of the convolution is either cylindrical or conical, spindle-sh...
Immunochemical studies of infectious mononucleosis–XI. comparison of heterophile antibody inhibitors from the erythrocyte membranes of four mammalian species. Immunochemical comparisons were made of the reactivity of membrane glycoproteins from horse, bovine, sheep and goat erythrocytes with heterophile antibodies of infectious mononucleosis. The four receptors were tested as competitive inhibitors of a sandwich-type solid-phase radioimmunoassay and of agglutination of glycoprotein-latex reagents by infectious mononucleosis serum. The results of this study showed that the bovine glycoprotein had a superior reactivity with this heterophile antibody system and sheep erythrocyte glycoprotein was the least reactive. The latter had negligible ability to ...
Reproducibility and the influence of age on interspecimen determinations of blood pressure in the horse. 1. The reproducibility of blood pressure determinations on 103 male horses gave an average coefficient of variation of 5.0%. 2. Different parameters affecting the methodology of blood pressure measurements were separately analysed; i.e. size of specimen, size of cuff in relationship to tail circumference and temperature of the environment. 3. A strong positive linear correlation between age and blood pressure in the horse was established for two breeds with widely varying genetic background--Swedish Warmbloods and Arabians.
[Experimental reproduction of lactic acidosis in the pony]. One pony has been subjected to the intravenous injections of L-lactic acid. Two other ponies have been trained to intracaecal administration of L-lactic acid or sucrose. The obtained results show that: Intravenous injection of lactic acid increases the concentration of histamin and lactic acid, decreases the level of magnesium and reduces the pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood (the control animals and the treated animals) without the clinical symptoms of lactic acidosis. Intracaecal administration of lactic acid induces a high liberation of histamin in the caecum (the control animals and ...
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus: concentration, partial purification, inactivation and immunogenicity. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) TC-84 vaccinal virus, from 10-1. quantities of infected duck embryo fibroblast cell culture fluids, was isolated by combined continuous-flow centrifugation with isopycnic banding in sucrose. Most of the recovered infectivity and hemagglutinating activity were in a single band at a buoyant density (rho) of 1.2. About 90% of the total input protein (450-520 mg) was removed with the effluent, whereas most of the remaining 10% also banded at a rho of 1.2. Infectivity was inactivated with formalin at a final concentration of 0.05% at 37 degrees C for 24 hr....
Joint report of the First International Workshop on Lymphocyte Alloantigens of the Horse held 24-29 October 1981. Six equine lymphocyte alloantigen (ELA) specificities were defined by an international antiserum comparison test and workshop held in 1981. Twelve laboratories from four countries submitted 195 antisera for analysis. The antisera were exchanged among the 12 laboratories and tested in a standard lymphocyte microcytoxicity assay against the isolated lymphocytes at 1009 horses of several breeds. The data was pooled and analysed by a single computer analysis. The calculated chi 2 values of all cells with all antisera provided comparisons between antisera. Fifteen antisera clusters were formed by t...
Annular gap junctions of the equine hoof wall. Incidental to studies of keratinization of the equine hoof wall, annular gap junctions were found in the stratum spinosum of the intertubular horn of the stratum medium. Adjacent cells of the stratum spinosum showed extensive gap junctions, and often local invaginations of one cell into another were bound by gap junctions. It is proposed that these invaginations become detached from the cell surface to form the annular gap junctions. Formation of annular gap junctions may be a means of disposing of plasma membrane in response to changes in cell volume or shape occurring in keratinization. Inte...
Structural and functional properties of the non-muscle tropomyosins. The non-muscle tropomyosins (TMs), isolated from such tissues as platelets, brain and thyroid, are structurally very similar to the muscle TMs, being composed of two highly alpha-helical subunits wound around each other to form a rod-like molecule. The non-muscle TMs are shorter than the muscle TMs; sequence analysis demonstrates that each subunit of equine platelet TM consists of 247 amino acids, 37 fewer than for skeletal muscle TM. The major differences in sequence between platelet and skeletal muscle TM are found near the amino and carboxyl terminal ends of the proteins. Probably as the re...
Pyrimidine metabolism in peripheral and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mammalian lymphocytes. 1. Activity of uridine kinase was very low in ovine lymphocytes and in those of some pigs. Lymphocytes of other pigs showed a significantly higher activity of this enzyme. Activity of uridine kinase in lymphocytes of man, horse and cattle was intermediate. 2. Activity of uridine phosphorylase was higher than that of uridine kinase with lymphocytes of all species. 3. Activity of uridine kinase in equine lymphocytes increases at PHA-stimulation and also in porcine lymphocytes with a low activity at the start of the culture. Activity of uridine kinase decreased in porcine lymphocytes with a high ...
