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Topic:Antibiotics
Antibiotics are medications used to treat bacterial infections in horses. They work by either killing bacteria or inhibiting their growth, aiding the horse's immune system in overcoming the infection. Commonly used antibiotics in equine medicine include penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin. The selection of an antibiotic depends on factors such as the type of bacteria, the site of infection, and the horse's health status. Responsible use of antibiotics is essential to minimize the risk of resistance. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, administration, and impact of antibiotics on equine health.
Serum concentrations and pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous and intragastric administration to mares. Serum concentrations and pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin were studied in 6 mares after intravenous (IV) and intragastric (IG) administration at a single dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg body weight. In experiment 1, an injectable formulation of enrofloxacin (100 mg/mL) was given IV. At 5 min after injection, mean serum concentration was 9.04 microg/mL and decreased to 0.09 microg/mL by 24 h. Elimination half-life was 5.33 +/- 1.05 h and the area under the serum concentration vs time curve (AUC) was 21.03 +/- 5.19 mg x h/L. In experiment 2, the same injectable formulation was given IG. The mean peak ser...
[Sensitivity of bovine and equine streptococci to beta-lactam antibiotics (benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cefotaxime) in the agar diffusion and E-test]. 368 streptococcal strains from udder secretions of cattle (Sc. agalactiae, Sc. dysgalactiae, Sc. uberis) and 191 streptococcal isolates from horse specimens (Sc. equi ssp. zooepidemicus, Sc. equi ssp. equi) originating from different agricultural regions in Germany (Lower Saxony, in particular the region of Weser-Ems, Bavaria, Altmark) were investigated for their sensitivity to 4 beta-lactam antibiotics (benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cefotaxime). Two different test methods were applied: the agar diffusion test for determination of the diameter of the zone of inhibition and the E-tes...
Cecal amputation within the right ventral colon for surgical treatment of nonreducible cecocolic intussusception in 8 horses. To report a surgical technique for treatment of nonreducible cecocolic intussusception and outcome in 8 horses. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: Eight horses with nonreducible cecocolic intussusception treated by cecal amputation through a right ventral colotomy. Methods: Data were obtained from medical records and telephone conversations by using a standardized questionnaire. The large colon was exteriorized and, if necessary, evacuated of its contents through a pelvic flexure enterotomy. A second colotomy was made on the ventral surface of the right ventral colon (RVC) centered over or...
Attitudes of Australian veterinarians about the cause and treatment of lower-respiratory-tract disease in racehorses. A questionnaire was administered to members of the Australian Equine Veterinary Association to investigate their attitudes and behaviours regarding the cause, diagnosis and treatment of lower-respiratory-tract disease in racehorses. The most-important perceived risk factors related to the level of exposure and resistance to infectious agents, whereas factors associated with racing and climatic factors were lower ranked. By far the most-commonly implicated primary cause of disease was respiratory viruses. However, specific diagnostic tests (such as viral serology or virus isolation) were rarely...
Association of disease with isolation and virulence of Rhodococcus equi from farm soil and foals with pneumonia. To determine whether isolation and virulence of Rhodococcus equi from soil and infected foals are associated with clinical disease. Methods: Cross-sectional and case-control study. Methods: R equi isolates from 50 foals with pneumonia and soil samples from 33 farms with and 33 farms without a history of R equi infection (affected and control, respectively). Methods: R equi was selectively isolated from soil samples. Soil and clinical isolates were evaluated for virulence-associated protein antigen plasmids (VapA-P) and resistance to the beta-lactam antibiotics penicillin G and cephalothin. Mic...
Risk of adverse effects in pneumonic foals treated with erythromycin versus other antibiotics: 143 cases (1986-1996). To determine whether foals with pneumonia that were treated with erythromycin, alone or in combination with rifampin or gentamicin, had a higher risk of developing adverse effects, compared with foals treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS), penicillin G procaine (PGP), or a combination of TMS and PGP (control foals). Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 143 foals < 240 days old. Methods: Information on age, sex, breed, primary drug treatment, total days of treatment with the primary drug, and whether the foal developed diarrhea, hyperthermia, or respiratory distress was obtained...
[The problem mare part 2: treatment]. In this article different possible treatments for problem mares are discussed. The therapeutic possibilities vary and can be classified into anatomical correction, anti-infectious therapy, and treatment to enhance the uterine defence mechanisms. Anatomical correction and treatment with antibiotics are valuable therapies and have been used for many years. In recent years, stimulation of the mechanical defence mechanism of the uterus, by flushing it with physiological solution combined with parenteral oxytocin, has been shown to increase the chance of getting problem mares in foal.
Pharmacokinetics of penicillin G procaine versus penicillin G potassium and procaine hydrochloride in horses. To compare the pharmacokinetics of penicillin G and procaine in racehorses following i.m. administration of penicillin G procaine (PGP) with pharmacokinetics following i.m. administration of penicillin G potassium and procaine hydrochloride (PH). Methods: 6 healthy adult mares. Methods: Horses were treated with PGP (22,000 units of penicillin G/kg of body weight, i.m.) and with penicillin G potassium (22,000 U/kg, i.m.) and PH (1.55 mg/kg, i.m.). A minimum of 3 weeks was allowed to elapse between drug treatments. Plasma and urine penicillin G and procaine concentrations were measured by use of...
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin administered intravenously and orally to foals. To determine the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin administered IV and orally to foals. Methods: 5 clinically normal foals. Methods: A 2-dose cross-over trial with IV and oral administration was performed. Enrofloxacin was administered once IV (5 mg/kg of body weight) to 1-week-old foals, followed by 1 oral administration (10 mg/kg) after a 7-day washout period. Blood samples were collected for 48 hours after the single dose IV and oral administrations and analyzed for plasma enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: For IV administ...
Study of intragastric administration of doxycycline: pharmacokinetics including body fluid, endometrial and minimum inhibitory concentrations. The objectives of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of doxycycline after repeated intragastric administration, and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for equine pathogenic bacteria. In experiment 1, 2 mares received a single intragastric dose of doxycycline hyclate (3 mg/kg bwt). Mean peak serum concentration was 0.22 microg/ml 1 h postadministration. In experiment 2, 5 doses of doxycycline hyclate (10 mg/kg bwt), dissolved in water, were administered to each of 6 mares via nasogastric tube at 12 h intervals. The mean +/- s.e. pea...
Continuous infusion of gentamicin into the tarsocrural joint of horses. To develop a method for continuous infusion of gentamicin into the tarsocrural joint of horses, to determine pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in synovial fluid of the tarsocrural joint during continuous infusion, and to evaluate effects of continuous infusion of gentamicin on characteristics of the synovial fluid. Methods: 12 healthy adult horses. Methods: An infusion catheter consisting of flow control tubing connected to a balloon infuser was used. Gentamicin solution (100 mg/ml) was infused in the right tarsocrural joint and balanced electrolyte solution was infused in the left tarsocrural jo...
Use of specific sugars to inhibit bacterial adherence to equine endometrium in vitro. To determine whether specific sugars inhibit adhesion of Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli to equine endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. Methods: Endometrial biopsy specimens collected during estrus from 7 healthy mares. Methods: Endometrial specimens on glass slides were incubated for 30 minutes at 4 C with suspensions of S. zooepidemicus, P. aeruginosa, or E. coli in phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBSS) alone or with various concentrations of D-(+)-mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-(+)-glucose, galactose, or N-acetyl-...
Prokinetic effects of erythromycin on the ileum, cecum, and pelvic flexure of horses during the postoperative period. To evaluate the effect of erythromycin on motility of the ileum, cecum, and pelvic flexure of horses during the postoperative and post-recovery periods. Methods: 8 healthy adult horses. Methods: Horses were anesthetized and bipolar electrodes were implanted in smooth muscle of the ileum, cecum, and pelvic flexure. Approximately 4, 16, and 24 hours (postoperative recording sessions) and at least 8 days (post-recovery recording session) after surgery, myoelectric activity was recorded before and after administration of erythromycin (0.5 mg/kg). Results: Following erythromycin administration, myo...
Equine retained placenta: technique for and tolerance to umbilical artery injections of collagenase. Under laboratory conditions and in clinical experiments, bacterial collagenase has proven to be effective in hydrolyzing placenta and detaching cotyledon from caruncle in the bovine species. Laboratory studies in which placental samples were incubated with collagenase have also demonstrated that collagenase is 3.7 times more effective in hydrolyzing equine placenta than bovine placenta. This led to the hypothesis that collagenase may be a potential treatment for mares with retained placenta. However, that collagenase may hydrolyze the uterine wall and perforate the uterus was a concern. It was...
Bacteriology of preserved stallion semen and antibiotics in semen extenders. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different antibiotics in a milk-glucose semen extender on motility of equine sperm and elimination of bacteria following storage of extended semen in vitro. In Experiment 1, 7 antibiotics were compared: amikacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, potassium penicillin, sodium penicillin, ticarcillin, and polymixin B. In Experiment 2, 3 antibiotic treatments were compared: potassium penicillin G, amikacin, or a combination of potassium penicillin G and amikacin. In Experiment 3, 3 antibiotic treatments were compared: potassium penicillin G-amik...
Arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint affected with septic arthritis in 8 horses. Arthrodesis was performed to treat septic arthritis of the proximal interphalangeal joint of 8 horses. Records of the horses were reviewed to determine outcome and possible factors that influenced success or failure. All horses were female. Seven horses had 1 joint treated and 1 horse was treated for bilateral pelvic limb involvement. The duration of sepsis before surgery ranged from 1 to 66 days. Bone lysis and production was radiographically apparent in 7 horses before surgery. Six horses had multiple bacterial organisms cultured from bone or synovial tissues; 2 horses had single isolates id...
Experimental infection of ponies with Borrelia burgdorferi by exposure to Ixodid ticks. Seven specific-pathogen-free (SPF) ponies, 1-5 years old, were exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi-infected adult ticks while being treated with dexamethasone over 5 consecutive days. One SPF pony (pony No. 178) was first exposed to laboratory-reared nymphs without B. burgdorferi infection and 3 weeks later was exposed to B. burgdorferi-infected adult ticks with concurrent dexamethasone treatment for 5 consecutive days. Four uninfected ponies treated with dexamethasone, exposed to laboratory-reared ticks without B. burgdorferi infection served as uninfected controls. Clinical signs, bacteriologic ...
[Pulmonary infection from Rhodococcus equi after renal transplantation. Review of the literature]. Rhodococcus Equi, a strictly aerobic Gram positive coco-bacillus, is a pathogen for horses and foals. It may induce opportunistic infections and is described in AIDS infected patients. We report the case of a 47-year old man, breeder of horses, with kidney transplant who has presented, 8 years after his graft, an impairment of health, a fever and evidence of pulmonary disease. The pulmonary biopsy under scanner guidance and microbiology study, has displayed the diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi infection. The evolution has been favorable with double antibiotherapy (follow-up 27 months). Ten compar...
Effect of long-term administration of an injectable enrofloxacin solution on physical and musculoskeletal variables in adult horses. To evaluate clinical safety of administration of injectable enrofloxacin. Methods: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods: 24 adult horses. Methods: Healthy horses were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups that received placebo injections (control) or IV administration of enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], 15 mg/kg [6.8 mg/lb], or 25 mg/kg [11.4 mg/lb] of body weight, q 24 h) for 21 days. Joint angles, cross-sectional area of superficial and deep digital flexor and calcaneal tendons, carpal or tarsal osteophytes or lucency, and midcarpal and tarsocrural articular cartilage lesions wer...
A serological and clinical follow-up in horses with confirmed equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis. For diagnosis of equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (EGE) serological testing of antibodies to Ehrlichia equi is frequently used. An elevated antibody level is often misinterpreted as confirmative of active infection and results in treatment with antibiotics. If only seropositivity is considered as the diagnostic criterium, many horses showing convalescence titres will be treated. This study was undertaken to obtain information about the kinetics of antibodies during the course of infection and, for this purpose, 45 horses with clinical signs of EGE and confirmed ehrlichiaemia were monitored ser...
Measurements of reproductive function in stallions treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pyrimethamine. To evaluate the effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pyrimethamine treatment on various measures of reproductive function in healthy pony stallions. Methods: Randomized complete block study. Methods: 12 healthy, mature pony stallions. Methods: Stallions were assigned to treatment and control groups balanced for age and various characteristics of reproductive function. The treated group received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pyrimethamine for 90 days during summer and fall; the control group was not treated. Semen characteristics, sexual behavior, testicular volume, and sperm produc...
Equine respiratory pharmacology. Differentiation of diseases of the equine respiratory tract is based on history, clinical signs, auscultation, endoscopy, imaging, and sampling of airway exudate. Upper respiratory therapies include surgical correction of airway obstructions; flushing of localized abscesses (strangles), guttural pouch disease, or sinusitis; and oral or parenteral antibiotic and anti-inflammatory therapy if deemed necessary. Pneumonia usually is treated with antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, and bronchodilators. Pleural drainage is indicated if significant pleural effusion is present. The most commonly used ...
Therapeutics of musculoskeletal disease in the horse. Therapeutic medications play a crucial role in the successful therapy of many musculoskeletal diseases that occur in horses. For example, appropriate antibiotic therapy is extremely important in the treatment of diseases caused by infections with microorganisms such as botulism, tetanus, osteomyelitis, and muscle abscesses. In addition, numerous prescription medications and nutritional supplements are available for the treatment of osteoarthritis in horses. Many of these agents currently on the market fall into a new class of drugs called SADMO agents. Unfortunately, the efficacy and mechanism...
Renal pharmacology. Pharmacologic treatment of diseases of the urinary tract of horses is limited to administration of antibiotics for treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs), administration of drugs that alter urine pH, administration of drugs that alter bladder smooth muscle function or urethral sphincter tone, and treatment of acute renal failure. The indications, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and adverse effects of these agents in each of these groups are discussed in this article. The use of the agents is discussed within the context of the pathophysiology of the disease being t...
Modes of local drug delivery to the musculoskeletal system. A number of methods for the local delivery of drugs to musculoskeletal tissues in the horse are now available. Further research is required to document the disposition of drugs delivered by such methods and to correlate this information with efficacy. Perhaps the greatest potential area for the methods discussed is the treatment of synovial and bone infections. To be able to provide high and sustained therapeutic concentrations of antimicrobials to the site of infection should increase the chances of success in such cases. These methods of drug delivery need to be used in conjunction with othe...
Equine infectious keratitis. Corneal ulcers are one of the most common ocular disease presentations in the horse. With the use of correct diagnostic techniques and selection of an appropriate treatment regimen, most cases result in a satisfactory outcome. The eye does not respond well to inflammation, and in complicated ulcers, this should be managed aggressively using systemic NSAIDs with a high priority assigned to removing the infectious agent. Care needs to be taken to avoid topical or systemic corticosteroid use for the treatment of equine ocular disease, however, unless the clinician is completely sure that the corn...
