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Topic:Antigen
Antigens are substances that can induce an immune response in horses, typically by being recognized as foreign by the immune system. These substances can include proteins, polysaccharides, or lipids, and are often components of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites. In horses, antigens are essential for the activation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to the production of antibodies and the activation of immune cells. The study of antigens in equines encompasses understanding their structure, the mechanisms by which they are recognized by the immune system, and their role in vaccine development. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the identification, characterization, and immunological impact of antigens in equine health and disease.
Identification of allergens in extract of horse hair and dandruff by means of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Sera from 26 patients and 4 normals were examined for specific IgE binding to antigens of extract of horse hair and dandruff by means of CRIE. 22 of the patients were RAST- and intracutaneous-positive to horse extract. 4 more of the patients were RAST-negative to horse allergens, but showed allergies to extract of allergens from sources other than horse. The remaining four sera from controls were RAST-negative to horse and had no history of allergy. Antigens of horse hair and dandruff showed a significantly higher degree of binding to specific IgE in the sera from the first group of patients t...
Immunoglobulins produced by the antigenized equine fetus. The foal is born without detectable antibody and except for small amounts of IgM is devoid of immunoglobulins. Intrafetal administration of either Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (VEE-TC83) or ovine erythrocytes elicited IgGa, IgGb and a trace of IgG(T). The fetal blood VEE-TC83 neutralization titre was higher than the neutralization titre elicited by the same preparation in older horses.
Identification of multiple equine infectious anemia antigens by immunodiffusion reactions. Equine infectious anemia (EIA) cell antigens prepared from infected equine spleen, equine leukocyte cultures or a persistently infected equine dermis cell line contained at least two serologically reacting components. For convenience one component was designated as soluble antigen (SA) and the other as cell-associated antigen (CAA). The SA appeared as a single component when it was prepared from EIA virus precipitated from infectious tissue culture fluid with polyethylene glycol and ether treated but it was mixed with CAA when the source was infected cells. Cytolytic or mechanical disruption o...
Antigenic relationship between the surface antigens of avian and equine influenze viruses. Influenza virus Equine 1 (A/equine/Prague/56) has a hemagglutinin which is antigenically related to the hemagglutinin of fowl plague virus strain Rostock (FPV) and a neuraminidase which cross-reacts with the enzyme of virus N (A/chick/Germany/49). After a single injection of chickens with Equine 1 virus no hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) and neutralizing antibodies against FPV can be demonstrated, although the birds are fully protected against a lethal dose of FPV. HI and neutralizing antibodies against FPV appear after a second injection of Equine 1 virus several weeks after the first one. L...
Studies in atypical Streptococcus equi. An atypical variety of Streptococcus equi is described. It was shown to be deficient in capsular material, to be very virulent for mice and to possess a cell-wall protein similar to the M-like protein of classical Str equi. Antiserum prepared against classical Str equi effectively opsonised the atypical strains, and induced the formation of long chains by these atypical strains. It is possible that this variant of Str equi can be used to overcome many of the current problems associated with the manufacture and use of strangles vaccines.
Investigation of equine infectious anaemia in Queensland using gel diffusion. An antigen for the gel diffusion test for equine infectious anaemia (EIA) was prepared from the spleen of a horse experimentally infected with the CQ strain of the virus. The antigen produced a single, distinct line of precipitation when tested against a range of known positive serums, and did not react with pre-inoculation and known negative serums. Extracts prepared from uninfected spleens displayed no reaction when similarly tested. Serum from 34 of 451 Queensland horses contained detectable levels of antibody to EIA virus. The positive serums were from horses in widely separated areas of t...
Immunological and chemical correlation between alpha-fetoproteins from human and several mammalian species. Alpha-Fetoproteins of several animals were purified and their molecular weights, amino acid compositions and peptide maps were compared, demonstrating the close similarities. These data indicated that the alpha-fetoproteins of mammalian species have closely related antigenical and chemical structures. Rabbits and horses were immunized with human alpha-fetoprotein, and it was observed that the animals produced antibodies reaction not only with human alpha-fetoprotein but with their homologous alpha-fetoproteins. The results were interpreted as the breakdown of the tolerance to their own alpha-f...
[Dry erythrocytic diagnostic agent for the determination of antiglobulins]. Dry erythrocytic diagnostic agents were obtained under experimental conditions for determination of antiglobulins forming in the organism of man and animals under the effect of serum preparations from the blood of horses and homologoum immunoglobulins. A study was made of the sera of 100 patients with tick-borne encephalitis treated with heterologous and homologous immunoglobulins of directed action; in response to the administration of horse gamma-globulin antiglobulins (in titres below 1 : 10000) appeared in the serum; they circulated in the blood for long periods and inhibited the accumulat...
[An immunologic study of hyaluronidase of different animal origin]. Studied was the antigenic relatedness of hyaluronidase contained in the semen of breeder animals of homologic and heterologic species. The experiments were carried out by means of the immunodiffusion and the immunoelectrophoretic methods. The results obtained showed that the seminal hyaluronidase of bulls, rams and bucks is antigenically related, and that of stallions, boars and rabbits does not exhibit antigenic relatedness. Stallion semen is closely related antigenically with the above-mentioned three animal species' semen as manifested by two precipitation bands, but these are not identical...
[Contribution to the antigenic study of influenza viruses in animals. I.–Neuraminidase of the equine influenza viruses (author’s transl)]. From the Revised Nomenclature of WHO, the fowl influenza virus A/Duck/Ukraine/63 (Hav7 Neq2) has the same neuraminidase as the equine virus A/equi 2/Miami/63 (Heq2 Neq2); the A/Chicken Germany "N"/49 virus has the same neuraminidase as the equine virus A/equi 1/Prague/56. A comparative study of the antigenic specificities confirms that the Neq2 neuraminidases are closely connected, whatever their animal origin, and that the fowl strain Hav7 Neq2 can be used for the titration of anti Neq2 antibodies in the serums of animals immunized with the equine virus Heq2 Neq2. The Neqi neuraminidases of v...
A comparison of antigenic structure and phage pattern with biochemical properties of staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from horses. Out of 70 S. aurew strains isolated from the anterior nares of horses, 48 (69 per cent)
belonged to the E biotype. Approximately one third of these isolates were typed with factor
sera, the 6 (35 per cent) that were typable showing 5 different patterns. All strains but one
were non-typable with the basic sets of phages for typing human and bovine staphylococci
even at RTD x 100. Without any exception the equine staphylococci of the E biotype
contained polysaccharide Aa. Sixteen biochemically different strains belonged to the biotype A, B or C. A number of different serological patterns an...
Equine infectious anemia virus from infected horse serum. Equine infectious anemia virus was purified from infected horse serum samples. Electron microscope observation on negatively stained preparations of purified virus showed roughly spherical particles sized between 100 and 200 nm in diameter. In disrupted particles, an envelope was visible but no internal structure could be resolved. Since the purified virus fraction had a strong antigenic activity to antiserum in immunodiffusion reaction, these particles are thought to be the causative virus of equine infectious anemia.
Purification and antigenicity of an M-like protein of Streptococcus equi. A cell wall component of Streptococcus equi analogous to the M protein of group A streptococci has been identified and purified. A highly purified product has been obtained from cells by hot acid extraction, followed by acid precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and column chromatography. This product reacts with S. equi antiserum. The existence of this fraction in S. equi has been confirmed by the failure of trypsin-treated cells and their extracts to remove the long-chaining capacity of S. equi antiserum. The antigenicity of this M-like protein when incorporated in adjuvant has been...
Detection of tumor-specific antigens in an equine sarcoid cell line. Indirect immunofluorescence and lymphocyte cytotoxicity experiments demonstrated the presence of a tumor-specific antigen(s) on the surface of cells from an equine sarcoid cell line (Mc1). Autologous serum (taken from the horse from which the Mc1 cells were derived) and sera from three other sarcoid-bearing horses revealed a similar membrane immunofluorescence when reacted with Mc1 cells, indicating the existence of cross-reacting antibodies. Results of serum colony inhibition experiments indicate that these antibodies are not cytotoxic. Incubation of Mc1 cells with autologous lymphocytes resu...
Equine herpesviruses: antigenic relationships and deoxyribonucleic acid densities. Equine herpesviruses with a deoxyribonucleic acid density of 1.716 to 1.717 g/cm(3) were compared with one another by the plaque-reduction test and by the rate of development of cytopathic effect as indicated by plaque size in rabbit kidney cultures. Of the 19 isolates studied, the 9 which had already been tentatively labeled equine abortion viruses were serologically similar to one another; each of them grew more quickly than did any of the other 10 isolates although the mean plaque sizes formed a series of gradations with no clear hiatus which would permit the unequivocal delineation of the ...
Extraction of equine infectious anemia immunodiffusion antigen with the aid of the chaotropic agent, thiocyanate. Immunodiffusion antigen from spleens of horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus was prepared by methods employing freeze-thaw cycles and thiocyanate treatment. Thiocyanate (0.5 M) permitted the recovery of the greatest amount of antigen. Furthermore, it was most effective for recovery of immunodiffusion antigen from spleens which yielded unsatisfactory concentrations of antigen by the conventional freeze-thaw or water-extraction methods. The reactivity of the antigen did not appear to be affected by this chemical treatment.
Equine infectious anemia: activity of liquid antigen extracts in the agar-gel immunodiffusion and complement-fixation tests. Twenty-nine lots of acetone-ether extracted liquid antigen were prepared from the pulp of 11 spleens collected from horses at the acute phase of experimental infection. The lots prepared from the highly reactive pulp resulted in general in a liquid antigen of greater activity than those extracted from weakly reactive pulps. Some variations in activity between lots of antigen prepared from the same spleen were also observed. No matter what the results, given a wide enough variation, all results were reproducible. The procedure permitted production of a greater number of antigen test doses from ...
Identification and quantitation of equine serum and secretory immunoglobulin A. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) was demonstrated in equine serum and secretions. This immunoglobulin had a molecular weight extending from 150,000 to 700,000 and reacted with specific antihuman alpha-chain antiserum. Antigenic determinants specific for secretory IgA were demonstrated and found to be absent on serum IgA. Antigen binding activity was detected in IgA from tears. Purified IgA was antigenically distinct from equine IgG, IgM, IgG(T), and aggregating immunoglobulin. Quantitative studies demonstrated that IgA was the predominant immunoglobulin in tears and milk but not in colostrum. The electr...
