The study of cells in horses encompasses the examination of various cell types and their functions within the equine body. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life, and in horses, they contribute to numerous physiological processes, including growth, repair, and immune responses. Different cell types, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and muscle cells, each perform specific roles that are vital for maintaining the health and homeostasis of the horse. This topic includes research on cellular mechanisms, cellular responses to disease or injury, and the application of cellular biology in equine medicine. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and significance of cells in equine biology and health.
Sells DM, Hildebrandt PK, Lewis GE, Nyindo MB, Ristic M.The ultrastructure of the etiological agent of equine ehrlichiosis, Ehrlichia equi, was studied in equine peripheral leukocytes. The organisms occurred within membrane-lined cytoplasmic vacuoles of neutrophils and eosinophils. Ovoid, round, and rod-shaped profiles were observed. From 1 to 33 organisms were present in a thin-section profile of a cytoplasmic vacuole. Many cells contained multiple organism-containing vacuoles. The organisms had a cell wall and plasma membrane, and internally they consisted of electron-dense and lucid areas. A great variation in size was observed. The morphologica...
Heyneman RA, Bruyninckx WJ, Vercauteren RE.Two distinct groups of acid phosphatase containing granules were characterized in neutrophils, each group displaying different multiple forms of the enzyme. The heavy granule acid phosphatase showed a lysosomal location. A second lighter group of particles contained a thermolabile, thiol-dependent acid p-nitrophenyl and alpha-naphtylphosphatase, an enzyme clearly different from lysosomal acid phosphatase. Acid phosphatase activity from eosinophil leukocytes appeared to be totally associated with the typical eosinophil granules. On mechanical disruption of these particles, an acid phosphatase w...
Rejnö S.LDH is an intracellular enzyme, which when cells degenerate is released to the extracellular spaces and body fluids. Cells and organs in the mammalian body differ from each other with respect to their LDH isoenzyme patterns. These circumstances have led to the use of LDH isoenzyme determinations in laboratory diagnostic work. In the present investigation total LDH activity and LDH isoenzyme distribution in equine synovial fluid from healthy joints, joints with serous arthritis, osteochondrosis dissecans and arthrosis, were determined. The fluids from the diseased joints differed from normal sy...
Johansson HE, Rejnö S.Light and electron microscopic examination was made on equine synovial membrane from 23 healthy joints, nine joints with synovitis caused by intraarticular fracture and 10 joints with synovitis caused by osteochondrosis dissecans. Histologically as well as ultrastructurally the equine synovial membrane from healthy joints was of principally the same character as described in other species. Three types of synovial membrane — areolar, fibrous and adipose — and two types of lining cell were distinguished histologically. Ultrastructurally three types of lining cells were distinguished: A and Î...
Pavelka M, Ronge HR, Stockinger G.Tracheal epithelia of ten different mammals were investigated with the light and the electron microscope. Characteristic differences were found concerning the thickness of the epithelia, the length of the cilia, the density of the cells in the epithelia, the numerical distribution of the different cells and their ultrastructure. Special attention was paid to the morphology of the kinetosomes. Brush cells and chromaffin cells, which are sparsely distributed in the different tracheal epithelia, were discussed.
Stewart M.The structure of vertebrate skeletal muscle is reviewed. The mechanism of muscular contraction and its control is then discussed from the point of view of molecular structure. Contraction takes place by a sliding filament mechanism produced by cross-bridges which form between thick and thin filaments. Control is exercised by tropomyosin and troponin. When the calcium concentration is low, these proteins interfere with the formation of cross-bridges and prevent contraction, but when the calcium concentration is increased, they no longer interfere and contraction proceeds.
Kolthammer J.In vitro studies have shown that uncoated carbon and carbon coated with an acrylic hydrogel are capable of adsorbing drugs from horse serum at 37 degrees. Increase in the coating weight from 2 to 4% decreased the rate of adsorption but not the total capacity. In vivo data supports the concept of carbon haemoperfusion for use in the treatment of drug overdose.
Banks KL.The monocytes of horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus were shown by their failure to migrate from capillary tubes and their increased adherence to erythrocytes to be activated.
Swerczek TW.Small but significant numbers of primary and secondary spermatocytes and spermatids have been observed in the semen of some Thoroughbred stallions. Extensive histological examination of the testes of affected animals has not been undertaken but in one young stallion which died as the result of a leg injury, the premature dehiscence of these cells seemed to be related to segmental defects within the seminiferous tubules. The causes of lesions leading to premature shedding of germ cells are discussed.
Samuel CA, Allen WR, Steven DH.The various cell types in the adult anterior pituitary may be distinguished at the ultrastructural level of the sizes of the secretory granules within the cytoplasm. In the fetal adenohypophysis, with the exception of prolactin-producing cells, all types may be identified after Day 100 of gestation. Morphological evidence suggests that they are producing and secreting trophic hormones. The three constituent layers of the adrenal cortex are also discernible by Day 100 of pregnancy. The cells of the zona glomerulosa have large numbers of darkly stained inclusions within the cytoplasm. The zona f...
Moor RM, Allen WR, Hamilton DW.Biochemical and morphological studies were carried out to determine the origin and histogenesis of endometrial cups in mares. A wide range of fetal and maternal tissues were cultured in vitro and their ability to secrete gonadotrophin (PMSG) was monitored. High levels of PMSG were produced in culture only by cells from the restricted area of the equine trophoblast known as the chorionic girdle which is an annular band of highly specialized cells at the junction of the allantois and the regressing yolk sac. The morphological appearance of girdle cells after cultivation in vitro and after alloge...
Hernández-Jáuregui P, Sosa A, González-Angulo A.Equine spermatozoa were obtained from ejaculates of young stallions. The seminal plasma was removed and the sperm pellets washed three times with 0-15 M-NaCl solution before final centrifugation at 4500 g for 15 min. The pellets were fixed in a mixture of 2-5% glutaraldehyde in 0-1 M-cacodylate buffer, pH 7-4, with 0-5% Alcian blue and post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide with 1% lanthanum nitrate; other samples were treated with ruthenium red. All samples were dehydrated in ascending concentrations of ethanol, embedded in araldite and thin sections examined in an electron microscope. Electron de...
Hay MF, Allen WR.Gonadal tissue obtained at about 50-day intervals from Days 60 to 300 of gestation was examined histologically, histochemically and in the electron microscope. The marked enlargement of the gonads (ovaries or testes) reached a peak around Day 250 and was caused by hypertrophy and hypoplasia of interstitial cells. These cells had all the ultrastructural characteristics of a steroid-secreting cell but delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) was not detected at any stage of their development. There was no significant change in the ultrastructure of the interstitial cells between Day...
Malmquist WA, Becvar CS.Equine infectious anemia (EIA) cell antigens prepared from infected equine spleen, equine leukocyte cultures or a persistently infected equine dermis cell line contained at least two serologically reacting components. For convenience one component was designated as soluble antigen (SA) and the other as cell-associated antigen (CAA). The SA appeared as a single component when it was prepared from EIA virus precipitated from infectious tissue culture fluid with polyethylene glycol and ether treated but it was mixed with CAA when the source was infected cells. Cytolytic or mechanical disruption o...
Yamauchi S.The luminal and cut surface of endometrial cups were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The distribution of PAS-positive and lipid materials in cup tissue was studied and most of the lipid material was localized in the large polyhedral cup cells. The lipid droplets gave positive reactions for DNPH in the cholesterol test of Schultz. They also exhibited autofluorescence and were therefore considered to be steroidal in nature. The significance of this possibility, particularly with regard to maintenance of early pregnancy in the mare, is discussed.
Woolcock JB.An atypical variety of Streptococcus equi is described. It was shown to be deficient in capsular material, to be very virulent for mice and to possess a cell-wall protein similar to the M-like protein of classical Str equi. Antiserum prepared against classical Str equi effectively opsonised the atypical strains, and induced the formation of long chains by these atypical strains. It is possible that this variant of Str equi can be used to overcome many of the current problems associated with the manufacture and use of strangles vaccines.
Hara A, Taketomi T.Equine renal glycopshingolipids were composed of galactocerebroside, glucocerbroside, ceramide dihexoside, ceramide trihexoside, sulfatide, globoside I, Forssman globoside, and hematoside. Free ceramide and sphingomyelin were also found in equine kidney. Their long chain bases consisted of sphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, C18-phytosphingosine, and C20-phytosphingosine, whereas the fatty acids were separated into two groups: nonhydroxy and hydroxy fatty acids. Ceramide monohexoside was separated into five spots by TLC on borax-impregnated plates. The major component of ceramide monohexoside was...
Warme PK, Scheraga HA.The reported X-ray structure of horse-heart ferricytochrome c has been refined by conformational energy calculations, using a three-stage computational procedure. In stage I, the atomic positions are adjusted to conform to idealized bond lengths and bond angles characteristic of small amino acid derivatives, while yet remaining as close as possible to the X-ray coordinates. In stage II, atomic overlaps are eliminated by adjusting the backbone and side-chain dihedral angles to minimize the nonbonded energy, hydrogen-bonded energy, and rotational energy contributions. In the final stage of refin...
Ishitani K, Listowsky I.Horse spleen ferritin was fractionated into its constituent isoferritins by isoelectric focusing. Separated isoferritins were stable and showed no tendency to redistribute when re-examined by analytical gel focusing. All of the isoferritins were immunologically indistinguishable when tested with antibodies raised against unfractionated horse spleen ferritin. The separated isoferritins also had similar conformations as determined by circular dichroism. Iron distribution studies, however, revealed a wide disparity among the isoferritins. The most acidic components had the lowest iron content but...
Takeuchi K, Shibata N, Senda N.Myosin was isolated from leucocytes in horse arterial blood by the same procedures used for the isolation of myosin from skeletal muscle. The Ca2+-, EDTA-, and Mg2+-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activities of the protein was 0.148, 0.147, and 0.001 mumoles/min/mg, respectively, in 0.5 M KCl at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees. The Ca2+-ATPase activity decreased with decrease in the ionic strength. No difference was found between leucocyte myosin and skeletal myosin in the pH profiles of Ca2+- and EDTA-ATPases. The rate and amount of the initial burst of Pi liberation of leucocyte myosin were 0.002 mumoles/min/mg a...
Tschudi P, Archer RK, Gerber H.Based on morphologie studies on bone marrow, lymphnode and blood preparations the cells of equine blood and their developmental stages are described and illustrated with 32 coloured photographs.
Anderson MG.A group of clinically normal horses was subjected to controlled strenuous exercise. Elevated serum concentrations of lactic dehydrogenase, aldolase and creatine kinase were observed after exercise but no significant change in serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase was noted. These changes were reduced by repeated exposure to exercise suggesting that measurement of serum enzyme elevations, particularly creatine kinase, might be a useful index of fitness in the horse. Administration of prednisolone prior to exercise also reduced these changes. Since the serum enzyme concentrations had returned t...
Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF.A number of O-acetylated N-acylneuraminic acids, isolated from submandibular glands of cow and horse and from horse erythrocytes, have been characterized by mass spectrometry. On the basis of the typical fragmentation patterns of the pertrimethylsilyl derivatives of the methyl esters of the compounds, they were identified as 4-O-acetyl-, 9-O-acetyl-, 4,9-di-O-acetyl-, and 7,9-di-O-acetyl N-acetylneuraminic acid, and 4-O-acetyl-and 9-O-acetyl-N-glycolylneuraminic acid.
Camargo Garbin L, McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD.Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as well as other platelet-derived products have been used as a potential disease-modifying treatment for musculoskeletal diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA). The restorative properties of such products rely mainly on the high concentrations of growth factors, demonstrating encouraging results experimentally and clinically. Yet, the autologous blood-derived nature of the PRP product lead to limitations that precludes it's widespread use. The main limitations for PRP use are; product variability, the need for minimum laboratory settings in most cases, and the need fo...
van Berlo MF, Rottier PJ, Spaan WJ, Horzinek MC.Intracellular virus-specific proteins induced by equine arteritis virus (EAV) have been compared with in vitro translation products of virion and intracellular EAV RNAs. In infected BHK-21 cells, the two major virion proteins (C and E1) and polypeptides with mol. wt. of 60,000 (p60), 42,000 (p42) and 30,000 (p30) were found. There were no indications that the viral proteins were processed from a larger precursor as shown by pulse-chase, amino acid analogue and protease inhibitor experiments. The six polyadenylated RNAs that occur in EAV-infected cells were isolated and translated in an mRNA-de...
Ressel L, Ward S, Kipar A.Equine cutaneous mast cell tumours (CMCTs) are generally considered to be benign skin lesions, although recurrent and multicentric tumours have been described. For canine CMCTs, grading and prognostic approaches are well established and aberrant KIT expression as well as high proliferation indices are associated with poor outcome. However, in the case of equine CMCTs, morphological features, proliferative activity and KIT expression pattern have not been assessed or related to biological behaviour, and there is discussion as to whether CMCTs are true neoplastic processes. The present study des...
Word TA, Larsen RW.Here the molar volume and enthalpy changes associated with the early events in the folding of ferrocytochrome c (Cc) at high pH have been examined using time resolved photoacoustic calorimetry (PAC). The data reveal an overall volume change of 1.3 ± 0.3 mL mol and an enthalpy change of 13 ± 7 kcal mol occurring subsequent to photodissociation of the unfolded CO bound Cc species in <∼20 ns. Two additional kinetic phases are observed that are associated with non-native His binding (ΔH and ΔV of 2 ± 4 kcal mol and -0.5 mL mol, τ ∼ 2.5 μs ) and Met binding (ΔH an...
Marsan C, Goff AK, Sirois J, Betteridge KJ.Horse conceptuses were recovered non-surgically at Day 12-Day 15 and were dissociated with collagenase. Separation of the cells on a 31.8% Percoll gradient gave two bands of cells and indirect evidence suggests that the low density cells (LDC) are endoderm and the higher density cells (HDC) are trophectoderm. Each band was incubated for 24 h in Minimum Essential Medium and concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone in the medium were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The LDC secreted predominately progesterone (log oestradiol/progesterone = -0.994 +/- 0.141; N = 15) whereas the HDC secret...
Frandsen SK, Gehl J, Tramm T, Thoefner MS.Sarcoids are common equine skin tumors where the risk of recurrence after treatment is high, and better treatment options are warranted. Calcium electroporation is a novel anti-cancer treatment where lethally high calcium concentrations are introduced into the cells by electroporation, a method where short high-voltage pulses induce transient permeabilization of the cell membrane. This study investigated the safety and long-term response of calcium electroporation on sarcoids. Thirty-two sarcoids in eight horses were included. The study suggested that calcium electroporation is a safe and feas...
Wilson SM, Pediani JD, Ko WH, Bovell DL, Kitson S, Montgomery I, Brown UM, Smith GL, Elder HY, Jenkinson DM.When sweat glands isolated from samples of horse skin were explanted and cultured under favourable conditions, they could exhibit cellular outgrowth. This growth could be maintained for 2-4 weeks and these primary cultures were then disaggregated and the resultant cell suspensions used to initiate epithelial cell lines. Secretion from intact equine sweat glands is regulated by beta 2-adrenoceptors and appears to be mediated by cyclic AMP, but there is evidence that calcium may also play a role. Adrenaline could increase the cyclic AMP content of the cultured cells and this response was mediate...
Zaniboni A, Merlo B, Zannoni A, Bernardini C, Lavitrano M, Forni M, Mari G, Bacci ML.Sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT) has been reported to be a powerful tool for producing transgenic livestock with applications in biomedicine and agriculture. To date, two studies have reported the production of transgenic equine embryo with, however, low efficiency in blastocyst production and transgene expression. The aim of the present study was to develop a method which allowed the efficient production of transgene-expressing embryos of the equine species through SMGT. To overcome problems due to in vitro fertilization (IVF) in horses, the ICSI procedure was associated with SMGT. The upt...
Dyer RM, Leid RW.Isolated equine alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchopulmonary lavage of four live ponies demonstrated surface receptors for equine IgG, equine IgM, and complement-coated sheep red blood cells, but not equine IgM or complement-coated erythrocytes alone. In addition, demonstration of IgG receptors was found to depend on the level of erythrocyte sensitization and could not be demonstrated by red blood cell rosetting techniques at low levels of sensitization. Demonstration of receptors for equine complement by red cell rosetting techniques required the presence of both IgM antibody and serum d...
Weston MC, Collins ME, Cunningham FM.To assess the biological effects of purified recombinant equine CCL11 on equine eosinophil function. Methods: Following stimulation of eosinophils from normal horses, the polymerised form of actin was measured by flow cytometry using fluorescently labelled phalloidin. Migration was determined in a 96 well plate chemotaxis assay using 8 microm pore membranes, and adherence of eosinophils to serum-coated plastic was assessed using a colorimetric assay for eosinophil peroxidase. Superoxide generation was measured by the reduction of cytochrome C in a colorimetric assay. Results: Equine CCL11 indu...
McCarthy HE, Singer ER, Davies Morel MC.This study compared the effect of sodium heparin and gentamicin sulphate on equine articular cartilage (AC) explants in order to investigate the possible use of sodium heparin in the treatment of infectious arthritis. Six concentrations of sodium heparin and gentamicin sulphate were tested. The supernatant and explant digest were assayed for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content with the dimethyl-methylene blue assay and the per cent loss of GAG was calculated. A significant (P< 0.001) increase in percentage GAG loss was noted for the sodium heparin groups when compared to the control, whilst no ...
Theoret CL, Olutoye OO, Parnell LK, Hicks J.To compare histopathologic features of a fibroproliferative disorder in horses (exuberant granulation tissue-EGT) and people (keloid). Methods: Archival tissue samples of EGT (n = 8) and keloid (12). Methods: After automated hematoxylin and eosin, histochemical (Gomori trichrome, Verhoeff-van Gieson elastin) and immunohistochemical (vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin, CD34, CD68, CD117) stainings, tissue sections were evaluated using a semi-quantitative grading scale for presence or absence of ulceration, keloidal collagen, myofibroblasts, and elastic fibers as well as degree of inflammation, fi...
Accogli G, Douet C, Ambruosi B, Martino NA, Uranio MF, Deleuze S, Dell'Aquila ME, Desantis S, Goudet G.Glycoprotein oligosaccharides play major roles during reproduction, yet their function in gamete interactions is not fully elucidated. Identification and comparison of the glycan pattern in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) from species with different efficiencies of in vitro spermatozoa penetration through the zona pellucida (ZP) could help clarify how oligosaccharides affect gamete interactions. We compared the expression and localization of 12 glycosidic residues in equine and porcine in vitro-matured (IVM) and preovulatory COCs by means of lectin histochemistry. The COCs glycan pattern diffe...
Voga M, Adamic N, Vengust M, Majdic G.Regenerative medicine is a branch of medicine that develops methods to grow, repair, or replace damaged or diseased cells, organs or tissues. It has gained significant momentum in recent years. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the capability to self-renew and differentiate into tissue cells with specialized functions. Stem cell therapies are therefore used to overcome the body's inability to regenerate damaged tissues and metabolic processes after acute or chronic insult. The concept of stem cell therapy was first introduced in 1991 by Caplan, who proposed that massive differentiatio...
Inaba M, Goto I, Sato K, Maede Y.This report describes a unique response of the anion transporter in equine erythrocytes to the fluorescent substrate N-(2-aminoethyl sulfonate)-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-3-diazole (NBD-taurine). Equine erythrocytes showed fluxes of NBD-taurine both inward and outward at rates considerably slower than those in human cells. These fluxes were completely abolished by a typical anion transport inhibitor, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate. Furthermore, NBD-taurine competitively inhibited the uptake of phosphate in equine red cells with an inhibition constant of phosphate that was slightly higher ...
Gilger BC, Salmon JH, Wilkie DA, Cruysberg LP, Kim J, Hayat M, Kim H, Kim S, Yuan P, Lee SS, Harrington SM, Murray PR, Edelhauser HF, Csaky KG....To determine the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of an episcleral or deep scleral lamellar sustained release cyclosporine (CsA) device in a naturally occurring animal model of uveitis. Methods: A two-compartment perfusion chamber was used to assess in vitro human and equine scleral permeability of fluorescein, dexamethasone-fluorescein, or CsA. A biodegradable, matrix-reservoir CsA implant was designed, and release rates of CsA were determined in vitro. Tissue CsA levels were measured in eyes with the implant. Horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) received episcleral or deep sclera...
Koch DW, Berglund AK, Messenger KM, Gilbertie JM, Ellis IM, Schnabel LV.Tendon injury in the horse carries a high morbidity and monetary burden. Despite appropriate therapy, reinjury is estimated to occur in 50-65% of cases. Although intralesional mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has improved tissue architecture and reinjury rates, the mechanisms by which they promote repair are still being investigated. Additionally, reevaluating our application of MSCs in tendon injury is necessary given recent evidence that suggests MSCs exposed to inflammation (deemed MSC licensing) have an enhanced reparative effect. However, applying MSC therapy in this context is limited...
Wilson DA, Adelstein EH, Keegan KG, Barrett BA, Kutz RR.To determine whether monokines produced by activated rabbit peritoneal macrophages can inhibit development of exuberant granulation tissue formation in distal limb wounds in ponies. Methods: Randomized block. Methods: 5 castrated male ponies, 2 to 6 years old and weighing 140 to 190 kg. Methods: In vitro activity of cell-free rabbit peritoneal macrophage supernatant was determined after incubation of fibroblasts from the flank and the distal portion of limbs of horses and ponies. Tritiated thymidine was then added, and after reincubation, radioactivity was measured. After creation of a 4-cm2, ...
Dubin A, Potempa J, Turyna B.Horse blood leucocyte cytosol exhibits a broad inhibitory activity against serine proteinases. The purified inhibitor was exposed to investigated enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastases and serine proteinase from S. aureus) for variable time and the products were analyzed by gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The molar ratio I:E, association rate constants k on and inhibition constants Ki for the enzymes and inhibitor were determined. The examined elastases form stable, stoichiometric complexes with the inhibitor (Ki less than 10(-10) M), ...
Rifkind JM.The oxidation of horse hemoglobin by Cu(II) has been followed by the changes in the electron spin resonance spectra of copper. By stopped-flow and freeze-quenching techniques, it is shown that the second-order rate constant for the binding of Cu(II) to hemoglobin is greater than 5 X 10(5) mol-1 s-1 and the apparent first-order rate for the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) is 0.051 s-1. It is also shown that the binding of Cu(II) to hemoglobin is followed by an alteration of the Cu(II) spectrum, decreasing the g values. This process has an apparent rate constant of 17 s-1 and presumably involves a ...
Hejmej A, Wiszniewska B, Kosiniak-Kamysz K, Sadowska J, Bilińska B.Distribution of androgen receptors (ARs) in the epididymal duct and prostate of three entire stallions and one bilaterally cryptorchid horse was studied immunohistochemically using a polyclonal rabbit antiserum against the ARs. In both the healthy stallions and the cryptorchid, the epithelial cells of the epididymides showed nuclear staining for ARs. The intensity of AR-staining in the principal cells of the epididymis was stronger than that of the basal cells. In the prostate, the glandular secretory cells were moderately stained whereas the basal cells expressed weak AR-staining. Immunostain...
Thway TM, Wolfe MW.Equids and primates are the only species known to express the placental hormone chorionic gonadotropin (CG). CG is a member of the heterodimeric glycoprotein family and is composed of an alpha subunit linked to a hormone-specific beta subunit. Previously, we have reported that epidermal growth factor (EGF) regulates the equine glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit promoter through a protein kinase C (PKC)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway in trophoblasts. The current study investigates the regulatory element/factors involved in the induction of equine glycoprotei...
Carter CA, Jolly DG, Worden CE, Hendren DG, Kane CJ.Nonhealing wounds of the lower equine limb represent a challenging model. The platelet is a natural source of a myriad of growth factors and cytokines that promote wound healing. This study evaluates the potential of platelet derived factors to enhance wound healing in the lower equine limb. Platelets were isolated from horse blood and activated with thrombin, a process known to induce growth factor release. This produced a platelet gel composed of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). To test this all-natural wound healant, 2.5-cm(2) full thickness cutaneous wounds were created below the knee and hock ...
Schnabel LV, Mohammed HO, Miller BJ, McDermott WG, Jacobson MS, Santangelo KS, Fortier LA.Platelet rich plasma (PRP) has recently been investigated for use in tissue regeneration studies that seek to utilize the numerous growth factors released from platelet alpha-granules. This study examined gene expression patterns, DNA, and collagen content of equine flexor digitorum superficialis tendon (SDFT) explants cultured in media consisting of PRP and other blood products. Blood and bone marrow aspirate (BMA) were collected from horses and processed to obtain plasma, PRP, and platelet poor plasma (PPP). IGF-I, TGF-beta1, and PDGF-BB were quantified in all blood products using ELISA. Ten...
Arnoczky SP, Lavagnino M, Gardner KL, Tian T, Vaupel ZM, Stick JA.To determine the effects of oxytetracycline on matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) mRNA expression and collagen gel contraction by equine myofibroblasts in an effort to explain the mechanistic basis for the pharmacologic treatment of flexural deformities in foals. Methods: Cultured myofibroblasts from the accessory ligament (distal check ligament) of 6 foals. Methods: Collagen gel scaffolds seeded with equine myofibroblasts were cultured in individual culture dishes containing complete media (Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium with 10% fetal bovine serum) and oxytetracycline (0, 12.5, 25, or 75 m...
Stokes SM, Burns TA, Watts MR, Bertin FR, Stefanovski D, Medina-Torres CE, Belknap JK, van Eps AW.Continuous digital hypothermia (CDH) prevents lamellar failure in the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC) model of laminitis, but the protective mechanisms are unclear. Objective: To determine if CDH inhibits lamellar inflammatory signaling in the EHC model of laminitis. Methods: Eight Standardbred horses. Methods: Prospective experimental study. Horses underwent an EHC, with 1 forelimb treated with CDH and the other kept at ambient temperature (AMB). Horses were euthanized 48 hours after initiation of the EHC and lamellar tissue was analyzed via polymerase chain reaction (pro-inflammato...
Khaled MM, Ibrahium AM, Abdelgalil AI, El-Saied MA, El-Bably SH.Peripheral nerve damage mainly resulted from traumatic or infectious causes; the main signs of a damaged nerve are the loss of sensory and/or motor functions. The injured nerve has limited regenerative capacity and is recovered by the body itself, the recovery process depends on the severity of damage to the nerve, nowadays the use of stem cells is one of the new and advanced methods for treatment of these problems. Following our review, data are collected from different databases "Google scholar, Springer, Elsevier, Egyptian Knowledge Bank, and PubMed" using different keywords such as Periphe...
Khatibzadeh SM, Menarim BC, Nichols AEC, Werre SR, Dahlgren LA.Extracellular matrix (ECM) is responsible for tendon strength and elasticity. Healed tendon ECM lacks structural integrity, leading to reinjury. Porcine urinary bladder matrix (UBM) provides a scaffold and source of bioactive proteins to improve tissue healing, but has received limited attention for treating tendon injuries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of UBM to induce matrix organization and tenogenesis using a novel in vitro model. We hypothesized that addition of UBM to tendon ECM hydrogels would improve matrix organization and cell differentiation. Hydrogels se...
