The study of cells in horses encompasses the examination of various cell types and their functions within the equine body. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life, and in horses, they contribute to numerous physiological processes, including growth, repair, and immune responses. Different cell types, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and muscle cells, each perform specific roles that are vital for maintaining the health and homeostasis of the horse. This topic includes research on cellular mechanisms, cellular responses to disease or injury, and the application of cellular biology in equine medicine. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and significance of cells in equine biology and health.
Tschudi P, Archer RK, Gerber H.Based on morphologie studies on bone marrow, lymphnode and blood preparations the cells of equine blood and their developmental stages are described and illustrated with 32 coloured photographs.
Anderson MG.A group of clinically normal horses was subjected to controlled strenuous exercise. Elevated serum concentrations of lactic dehydrogenase, aldolase and creatine kinase were observed after exercise but no significant change in serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase was noted. These changes were reduced by repeated exposure to exercise suggesting that measurement of serum enzyme elevations, particularly creatine kinase, might be a useful index of fitness in the horse. Administration of prednisolone prior to exercise also reduced these changes. Since the serum enzyme concentrations had returned t...
Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF.A number of O-acetylated N-acylneuraminic acids, isolated from submandibular glands of cow and horse and from horse erythrocytes, have been characterized by mass spectrometry. On the basis of the typical fragmentation patterns of the pertrimethylsilyl derivatives of the methyl esters of the compounds, they were identified as 4-O-acetyl-, 9-O-acetyl-, 4,9-di-O-acetyl-, and 7,9-di-O-acetyl N-acetylneuraminic acid, and 4-O-acetyl-and 9-O-acetyl-N-glycolylneuraminic acid.
Carraway KL, Colton DG, Shin BC, Triplett RB.Bovine and equine erythrocytes have been studied by three different surface modification techniques to investigate the accessibility of the surface components to the external medium. Lactoperoxidase labeling of equine erythrocytes results in a significant labeling of only one membrane component, a 100 000-mol.wt polypeptide corresponding to the membrane-spanning Component III of human erythrocytes. The major sialoglycoprotein of the equine erythrocyte is not labeled. This is in contradistinction to the situation for human and bovine cells, where both components are labeled. The equine membrane...
Trist DG, Weatherall M.The research studies the effect of a drug called isoprenaline on the intake of a radioactive isotope, 86-Rb, in horse lymphocytes. It finds that isoprenaline has a significant effect increasing [...]
Banks KL, McGuire TC.Surface receptors on peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes from normal and immunodeficient horses have been studied. Sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) coated with IgG, IgM, and complement but not IgG(T), readily bound to normal equine monocytes and neutrophils. More than 4000 molecules of IgG were required to sensitize each SRBC for adherence to monocytes, and more than 12,000 molecules were required for adherence to neutrophils. Young horses with a severe combined immunodeficiency had an almost total absence of lymphocytes, but normal numbers of monocytes and neutrophils. The number of receptors...
Mackenzie CD.The basic components of the immune system, and the defence mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract, are briefly reviewed. Histological studies in 84 equine foetuses showed that lymphoid cells begin populating the thymic primordium at 11-12 weeks, the mesenteric lymph nodes at 13 weeks, the spleen at 25 weeks and the intestinal lamina propria at 13-14 weeks' gestation. Lymphocytes were seen in the intestinal epithelium very early in gestation. Histological signs of response to antigenic stimulation were seen in five foetuses, indicating that the horse is likely to be capable of mounting an imm...
Rhim JS, Ro HS, Kim EB, Gilden RV, Huebner RJ.A horse skin cell line (E. Derm, NBL-6, CCL-57) was susceptible to focus formation by the Kirsten mouse sarcoma virus, feline sarcoma virus (ST stain) and the MSV pseudotypes with woolly monkey, gibbon monkey, RD-114, AT-124, baboon placenta and murine xenotropic (BALB/c 3T3 and C57L/JD) type-C viruses. Foci were detected within 5 days after infection and the transformed cells continued to produce infectious virus and group-specific antigen of their respective type-C leukemia viruses. The transformation efficiency of various type-C sarcoma viruses in horse cells was also very high.
Erickson GA, Maré CJ.Goat Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) antiserum and normal serum were conjugated and evaluated for staining sensitivity and specificity. Cross-staining with either eastern or western equine encephalomyelitis virus-infected cells did not occur. The baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cell line when combined with highly specific VEE conjugate detected 100 medium suckling mouse intracerebral lethal doses (suckling mouse LD-50/IC) of the 1B subtype of VEE virus per milliliter of equine tissue suspension. Conjugated goat antiserum was assayed for sensitivity for detection of VEE virus-infected eq...
Bull TE, Lindman B, Einarsson R, Zeppezauer M.The binding of Au(CN)2- and Pt(CN)4-2- ions to the coenzyme binding site of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol : NAD+ oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.1) has been studied by 35C1 nuclear magnetic relaxation. Longitudinal relaxation rates were analyzed in terms of a simple model and binding constants for Au(CN)2-, Pt(CN)4-2- and C1- were estimated. From a comparison between transverse and longitudinal relaxation rates the correlation time and the quadrupole coupling constant of bound chloride ion were obtained. The quadrupole coupling constant estimated from a simple electrostatic model for chlo...
Stünzi H, Ehrensperger F, Wild P, Leemann W.A 9-year-old horse had numerous firm, painless nodules of the skin and subcutis. Moderately vascular granulation tissue with numerous uni- or multinuclear reticuloendothelial cells was in the nodules and the regional lymph nodes but not in the viscera. By using special stains and electron microscopy, widespread amyloid deposits, mainly in the cytoplasm of reticuloendothelial cells, were identified. Amyloid was probably produced within the reticuloendothelial cells, then expelled from the dying cell and deposited in the intercellular space.
Beech J.Tracheobronchial aspirates were obtained from 27 normal horses and from 57 horses with respiratory disease. Aspirates from normal horses contained mainly ciliated columnar epithelial cells, mononuclear cells, a few neutrophils and mucus. Aspirates from horses with acute suppurative bronchopneumonias or chronic bronchiolitis had predominantly neutrophils and usually large amounts of mucus; in severe suppurative inflammatory diseases, many of the cells were degenerated, and there were coils of fibrinous material resembling Curschmann's spirals. Eosinophils were rarely found, even from horses wit...
Margalit R, Schejter A.The specific binding of cations to horse heart ferrocytochrome c has been studied, using the gel
filtration method. The cations investigated were: Mg2+, Co2+, cinchonine and proflavine. The stability
constants are in the range of 5-8 mM-1, and the number of binding sites per protein molecule are
1 to 2. The temperature dependence of the stability constant for the Mg2+-ferrocytochrome system
was measured. The thermodynamic parameters were found to be: dH&s = 4-12 kcal/mol, dG;,,
(25 "C) = -5.6 kcal/mol and AS&, = +57 calxmol-lx K-I.
Woolcock JB.A cell wall component of Streptococcus equi analogous to the M protein of group A streptococci has been identified and purified. A highly purified product has been obtained from cells by hot acid extraction, followed by acid precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and column chromatography. This product reacts with S. equi antiserum. The existence of this fraction in S. equi has been confirmed by the failure of trypsin-treated cells and their extracts to remove the long-chaining capacity of S. equi antiserum. The antigenicity of this M-like protein when incorporated in adjuvant has been...
Pfeiffer CJ, Murray MJ, Fainter L.The granular columnar epithelial cell of the equine dorsal large colon has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Particular attention was focused on nuclear bodies commonly observed as central clusters of spherical, electron-dense inclusions within the nucleus. Ultrastructural morphology as well as X-ray microanalysis spectra reveal great similarity between colonic nuclear bodies and the numerous small granules of the apical cytoplasm in these epithelial cells. X-ray spectra of these cells were distinct from those of goblet cell mucous granules and mast cell...
Park MK, Kim EH, Cho MR, Yi YH, Lee MJ, Shah DH, Park JH, Park BK, Eo SK, Lee JH, Chae JS.Neorickettsia (Ehrlichia) risticii is a causative agent of acute diarrheal syndrome in horses, commonly known as Potomac horse fever. Korean isolate of N. risticii NR-JA1 was cultivated in mouse macrophage cell line P388D1. A complete ORF of p51 antigenic protein gene was amplified and cloned into pQE32 and pcDNA3.1 vectors and the resultant clones were named as pQE32/Nr-51 and pcDNA3.1/Nr-51, respectively. Recombinant p51 (rp51) protein antigen was expressed in E. coli (pQE32/Nr-51) and cos-7 cell line (pcDNA3.1/Nr-51). The rp51 protein showed immunoreactivity with anti- mouse p51 antibodies....
Leonel EC, Bento-Silva V, Ambrozio KS, Luna HS, Costa e Silva EV, Zúccari CE.The aim of this study was to test the use of mechanical and mechanical-enzymatic methods, saline solution (SS), and PBS solution for the manipulation and isolation of mare ovarian preantral follicles (PAFs). The ovaries were subjected to mechanical isolation (mixer) alone or in association with enzymatic digestion (collagenase). Incubation times of 10 and 20 min were employed. In the first group, 4.1 ± 4.9 PAFs were harvested with the mechanical-enzymatic method vs 71.1 ± 19.2 with the mechanical procedure, showing a significant difference between methods; using SS and PBS, these number...
Löfman CO, Brännström M, Holmes PV, Janson PO.Surface cell changes at the apices of preovulatory follicles and ovulations were documented in isolated perfused ovaries from immature rats treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (20 IU) and 48 h later with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (10 IU). A video camera coupled to an inverted microscope and a video recorder captured the preovulatory and ovulatory events at a cellular level. At around 8 h post-hCG, the follicular apex changed from a smooth and optically homogeneous appearance into a rough surface with bleb formation and extrusions of single cells through minute perforations (...
Mini-myoglobin (mini-HHMb) is a fragment of horse-heart myoglobin (HHMb) considered to be the prototype of the product encoded by the central exon of the HHMb gene. For this reason, mini-HHMb has been studied extensively showing that carbonylation and oxygenation properties of the ferrous form are similar to those of the full-length protein, while kinetics and thermodynamics of azide binding to the ferric form are significantly different from those of HHMb. To analyze the structure-function relationships in mini-HHMb and the role of conformational fluctuations in ligand accessibility, the mole...
Abdou NI, Amare M, Sagawa A, Abdou NL.To understand the mechanism by which deaggregated horse anti-human thymocyte globulin (dATG) fails to induce untoward immunological reactions in man, three patients who received ATG and two patients who received dATG were studied for evidence of sensitization or tolerance to the foreign globulin. The ATG but not the dATG recipients developed allergic or serum sickness reactions; antihorse serum antibody could be detected in their serum and their blood cells proliferated in vitro in the presence of horse serum and secreted antihorse serum antibodies (P less than 0.001). Tolerance of the dATG re...
Pelegrino JL, Vázquez S, Morier L, Castillo A, Guzmán MG, Kourí G.We present the results attained in the identification of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus isolations in Vero and XL-2 cell systems, using a double-antibody ELISA technique and the indirect immunofluorescence method. The results attained through these two techniques coincided by 100% with identification through neutralization. With the former, the virus was detected within 6-8 hours after inoculation. Better results were attained with XL-2 cells.
Apprich V, Spergser J, Rosengarten R, Stanek C.The effects of two dermatophytes (Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes) and four moulds (Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Alternaria alternata, Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium spp.) on living keratinocyte cultures were examined in vitro using primary human keratinocytes. Rates of apoptosis of infected cells were determined using a colorimetric TUNEL system which detects the characteristic nuclear DNA fragmentation of apoptotic cells. The cytotoxicity of the individual fungi was tested by quantitatively measuring cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase, released upon cell lysis, in...
Jones SL.Treating inflammation in the equine gastrointestinal tract remains a challenge. Our most potent anti-inflammatory drugs, COX inhibitors and glucocorticoids, have unwanted effects on the gastrointestinal tract and host defense that often limit their use. Newer strategies targeting specific cells and molecules that regulate a subset of the events occurring during inflammation are rapidly becoming available and should allow clinicians to reduce the detrimental effects of inflammation without inhibiting the beneficial aspects.
Tucker KE, Henderson KA, Duby RT.Twenty-three follicles were collected from 14 mares on specific days and grouped to represent follicles from early (Group 1; n = 6), mid (Group 2; n = 11) and late (Group 3; n = 6) oestrus, as described previously (Tucker et al., 1988). Isolated granulosa cells (GC) from each follicle were cultured in multiwell plates containing either Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) alone, eLH (300 ng/ml), eFSH (300 ng/ml) or eLH + eFSH (300 ng/ml each), in the presence or absence of 0.5 microM testosterone. Media were collected and replaced at 24 h of culture, and 24 h later, media were again collecte...
Sun X, Yao H, Zhang C, Lu C.Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a major cause of respiratory and reproductive diseases in horses worldwide. The genome of EHV-1 strain 438/77 (isolated from an aborted equine fetus) was cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) in E. coli without any gene deletions. The mini-F plasmid sequence was inserted in the middle of ORF19 and 20 via homologous recombination following co-transfection of viral DNA and plasmid pE19_20/HA into RK13 cells. Circular viral DNA was extracted from RK13 cells infected with purified recombinant virus expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and elec...
Takehana K, Abe M, Iwasa K, Hiraga T.Complex carbohydrates were examined in glandular cells of the horse duodenal gland by using lectin histochemical techniques. In the horse, the duodenal gland was distributed in the area from the uppermost part of the small intestine to a point about 6m caudal to the pylorus. It consisted of two types of cells, mucous and serous cells. The former was found in glands distributed almost all over this part, but the latter was present in glands distributed restrictedly to the uppermost part of the small intestine at a point about 10 cm caudal to the pylorus. The cytoplasm of the mucous cell contain...
Respiratory diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the horses of all ages including foals. There is limited understanding of the expression of immune molecules such as tetraspanins and surfactant proteins (SP) and the regulation of the immune responses in the lungs of the foals. Therefore, the expression of CD9, SP-A and SP-D in foal lungs was examined. Results: Lungs from one day old (n = 6) and 30 days old (n = 5) foals were examined for the expression of CD9, SP-A, and SP-D with immunohistology and Western blots. Western blot data showed significant increase in the...
Kato H, Ohashi T, Matsushiro H, Watari T, Goitsuka R, Tsujimoto H, Hasegawa A.Equine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) was molecularly cloned to establish a basis for cytokine therapy of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases in the horse. cDNA clones encoding the whole coding sequence of equine IL-1ra were isolated from equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that had been stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The equine IL-1ra cDNA obtained in this study contained an open reading frame encoding 177 amino acid residues. The predicted amino acid sequence of equine IL-1ra shared 75.7, 75.3 and 76.3% similarity with sequences of human, murine and ra...
Gelberg HB, McEntee K.Interstitial cell tumors from nine stallions were described. In all but one horse the tumors were found in undescended testes. Five animals had bilateral tumors. Two animals showed increased aggression. Tumors contained two cell types. The first type were large distinctly bordered eosinophilic cells interpreted to be hyperplastic and hypertrophic interstitial cells. They blended with pleomorphic often spindloid neoplastic cells which had fibrillar, vacuolated cytoplasm and indistinct cell borders. This latter cell population was arranged in nodules or broad sheets as endocrine-like packets or ...
Okumura M, Fujinaga T.The role of keratan sulphate (KS) as a metabolic marker of cartilage was evaluated using an in vitro model of equine articular cartilage. Articular cartilage was harvested from clinically healthy 6-month-old foals (n = 3). Chondrocytes were centrifuged and cultured as pellets. Chondrocyte pellets were stimulated by insulin-like growth factor-I alpha (IGF-I alpha) or interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) for 2 weeks. The concentrations of sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and KS in the culture media were measured by a 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue (DMMB) colorimetric assay and an inhibition enzyme-li...
Kingston JK, Bayly WM, Sellon DC, Meyers KM, Wardrop KJ.To investigate the potential use of fluorescent-labeled annexin V, anti-human fibrinogen antibody, and anti-human thrombospondin antibody for detection of the activation of equine platelets by use of flow cytometry. Methods: Platelets obtained from 6 Thoroughbreds. Methods: Flow cytometry was used to assess platelet activation as indicated by detection of binding of fluorescent-labeled annexin V, anti-human fibrinogen antibody, and anti-thrombospondin antibody to unactivated and ADP-, collagen-, platelet activating factor (PAF)-, and A23187-activated equine platelets. Human platelets were used...
Hughes KJ, Rendle DI, Higgins S, Barron R, Cowling A, Love S, Durham AE.Delays between collection and laboratory analysis of equine body fluid samples are common in practice; however, the effects of delays on the accuracy of results and diagnostic interpretation are unknown. Objective: To assess the effects of storage time and temperature combination on protein and cell parameters of equine synovial and mesothelial cavity fluids and determine whether any changes affect clinicopathological interpretation. Methods: In vitro experiment. Methods: Body fluid samples obtained from horses during diagnostic investigation were divided into 7 aliquots and total protein conc...
Lode A, Bernhardt A, Kroonen K, Springer M, Briest A, Gelinsky M.The application of bone graft substitutes with osteoinductive properties is of high importance for the repair of large bone defects. COLLOSS E, a protein lyophilizate extracted from equine long bones, exhibits an osteoinductive potential which has been proven in several studies. In this work, a mechanically stable, but biodegradable support for COLLOSS E has been developed aiming at a bone graft substitute that retains shape and size when coming in contact with body fluids. Mineralization of collagen type I, isolated from horse tendon, resulted in a stable collagen hydroxyapatite nanocomposite...
Curcio Bda R, Pereira GR, Antunes LI, Boff AN, dos Santos FC, Lucas T, Nogueira CE, Corcini CD, Liu I, Deschamps JC.In vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures are limited by the inability to mature equine oocytes on in vitro methods. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate structural integrity of equine oocytes subjected to vitrification with a synthetic polymer (PVA). Methods: The effect of eGH and its relationship with IGF-I on in vitro maturation (IVM) were evaluated. Compact cumulus oocytes complexes (n=122) were cultured in TCM-199 with eGH, IGF-I or eGH+IGF-I for 30h at 38.5C in air with 5 % CO2. Oocytes were fixed after IVM or subjected to the vitrification protocol. Cryopreserved oocytes were ...
Pellegrini A, von Fellenberg R.Pre-alpha 2-elastase inhibitor of horse plasma has recently been isolated in our laboratory. In this article we demonstrate that the inhibitor is a composite structure built of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor and alpha 1-beta 1-glycoprotein. The compound inhibitor is biologically active, although it has previously been shown that its enzyme specificity is different from that of free alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. Our observations are based on immunochemical cross-reactions between pre-alpha 1-elastase inhibitor and antibodies to alpha 2-beta 1-glycoprotein as well as antibodies to alpha 1-proteina...
Tetens J, Barker SA, Waguespack M, Hosgood G.The objectives were to use high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to validate an established method for adenine nucleotide separation in equine colonic mucosal tissue, to determine the inherent variability in the tissue and extraction method, and to determine the stability of ATP, ADP, and AMP in the tissue with time. Equine colonic mucosal tissue obtained from a single horse was immediately submersed in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -70 degrees C. Samples were lyophilized, extracted, and separated by HPLC. The limit of quantitation was 0.05 microg/mL. The coefficient of variation for ...
Lunn DP, Holmes MA, Duffus WP.This report describes the further characterization of a group of antibodies which have been assigned to Workshop Cluster 1 by the First International Workshop on Equine Leucocyte Antigens. These antibodies recognize a 22 kDa antigen, which is present on a large subset of T lymphocytes and neutrophils, and on medullary thymocytes. The antigen is polymorphic in its expression, and three equine phenotypes could be identified using the described antibodies. The function and homology of the antigen recognized by these antibodies are unknown.
Andrianov AM, Akhrem AA.Using the earlier suggested method the calculation of the backbone conformations of horse heart cytochrome c in oxidized (ferricytochrome c) and reduced (ferrocytochrome c) states has been performed by the two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy data. For both protein forms the secondary structure elements have been revealed and the conformations of the irregular polypeptide chain segments have been analysed. The similarity of the secondary structures of ferri- and ferrocytochrome c in solution was established from the comparison of their conformations. Small differences between...
Boratyński Z, Flieger S, Eustachiewicz R, Sławomirski J.In this paper, structure and position of the centers of the parasympathetic nervous system in the horse spinal cord were presented. Studies were carried out on 2 horse spinal cordis. After sampling, the material was dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in paraffin and cut into 15 micron thick sections. The sections were stained according to Nissl's method. Every third section was studied. Nucleus intermediomedialis in the horse spinal cord is an intermittent tract of nervous cells passing from the I cervical neuromere to the V sacral segment. The cells of this nucleus form round, horizontally--oval...
Bugno-Poniewierska M, Dardzińska A, Pawlina K, Słota E.A normal course of meiosis and the associated course of spermatogenesis in males are very significant from the viewpoint of animal breeding, in particular animal reproduction. This takes on special significance when studying late-maturing animals such as horses. The aim of the study was to analyse meiotic cells, with particular consideration of synaptonemal complexes obtained from the testes of young stallions and cryptorchids, based on observations of the X-Y bivalent. The analysis was performed in successive stages of meiotic division using the FISH technique. The greatest diversity and most...
Kingsmill VJ, Gray C, Boyde A.To address possible differences in the resorbability of cranial and postcranial bone, slices of equine frontal bone and leg (first phalanx or third metacarpus) were seeded with embryonic chick bone cells and cultured for 20-24h. After removing the cells and drying the specimens, the areas and volumes of more than 800 resorption pits in each set were measured using a video-rate reflection confocal microscope system. Relative mineralization densities were determined by quantitative electron backscattering analysis. The mean mineralization density was greater in the leg bone, but the mean depths ...
Sławomirski J, Flieger S, Jastrzebski M, Boratyński Z.The studies carried out on 2 spinal cords of horses showed that cells of the medial motor nucleus (nucleus motorius medialis) are present in all neuromers of the lumbar and sacral segment of the spinal cord. It lies in the medial part of grey matter of the ventral column, neighbouring laterally and ventrally with cells of the lateral motor nucleus, whereas dorsally with cells of the nucleus of the ventral commissural horn. Along the nucleus numerous constrictions and intervals are found, which are connected with various numbers of nerve cells in particular cross-sections.
Wright JA, Fordyce P, Edington N.Ultrastructural lesions of the cranial nerves and their ganglia and the autonomic nervous system from 5 cases of neuritis of the cauda equina in the horse are described. They include lysosomal inclusions within the semilunar, geniculate and sympathetic chain ganglia, granulomatous involvement of the coeliaco-mesenteric ganglion and accumulation of axonal organelles in unmyelinated fibres of the great splanchnic nerve, sympathetic chain and oesophageal vagus.
Dall'Aglio C, Mercati F, Pascucci L, Ceccarelli P.The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the presence and the distribution of leptin and its receptor in the pancreas of horses of both sexes by immunohistochemical techniques. The presence and the distribution of leptin receptor were also investigated in the initial portion of the duodenum, near the duodenal ampulla. The immunohistochemical investigation demonstrates the immunolocalization of both leptin and its receptor in the endocrine cells of pancreatic islets, which led us to hypothesize that leptin may possibly exert an autocrine/paracrine action on the endocrine pancreas. Examin...
