The study of cells in horses encompasses the examination of various cell types and their functions within the equine body. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life, and in horses, they contribute to numerous physiological processes, including growth, repair, and immune responses. Different cell types, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and muscle cells, each perform specific roles that are vital for maintaining the health and homeostasis of the horse. This topic includes research on cellular mechanisms, cellular responses to disease or injury, and the application of cellular biology in equine medicine. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and significance of cells in equine biology and health.
Ushimi C, Henson JB, Gorham JR.Primary horse leukocyte cultures were inoculated with 2 or 10 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID(50)) of equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus per cell, and the titer of cell-associated and fluid-phase virus was determined from 1 to 72 hr postinoculation (PI). Cover slips were collected from 4 to 72 hr PI and stained for EIA viral antigen by the indirect immunofluorescent (FA) technique. Viral replication was detected after a latent period of approximately 18 to 24 hr and reached peak titers of approximately 10(4.5) to 10(6) TCID(50)/0.5 ml from 48 to 72 hr PI. The fluid phase contained 1...
Blake CC, Evans PR, Scopes RK.The single peptide chain of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase is folded into two distinct globular units, only one of which seems to be involved in substrate binding.
Younglai EV.The research studied the effect of follicular fluid and plasma on the steroid-producing activity of granulosa cells isolated from the ovaries of horses in heat. The results could potentially provide […]
Lawrence WC.Autoradiographic analyses of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in randomly growing KB cell cultures infected with equine abortion virus (EAV) suggested that viral DNA synthesis was initiated only at times that coincided with the entry of noninfected control cells into the S phase of the cell cycle. Synchronized cultures of KB cells were infected at different stages of the cell cycle, and rates of synthesis of cellular and viral DNA were measured. When cells were infected at different times within the S phase, viral DNA synthesis was initiated 2 to 3 hr after infection. However, when cells ...
Fernandez CJ, Scott DW, Erb HN.A retrospective study was performed on skin biopsy specimens from horses and cats having eosinophilic granulomas with 'collagen degeneration', eosinophilic skin diseases without 'collagen degeneration' and pyogranulomas without 'collagen degeneration'. Neither the appearance of collagen fibres nor the dominant polymorphonuclear cells, as seen in H & E-stained sections, were predictive of Masson's trichrome findings. Hence, a Masson's trichrome staining abnormality of collagen fibres was no more likely to be present in lesions with 'collagen degeneration' than in those lesions without 'collagen...
Espino-Solis GP, Calderon-Amador J, Calderon-Aranda ES, Licea AF, Donis-Maturano L, Flores-Romo L, Possani LD.A three-dimensional model of the alphaX I-domain of the horse integrin CD11c from dendritic cells provided information for selecting two segments of the primary structure for peptide synthesis. Peptide 1 contains 20 amino acids and peptide 2 has 17 amino acid residues. The first spans from position Thr229 to Arg248 of an alpha-helix segment of the structure, whereas peptide 2 goes from Asp158 to Phe174 and corresponds to an exposed segment of the loop considered to be the metal ion-dependent adhesion site. Murine polyclonal antisera against both peptides were generated and assayed in periphera...
Aggarwal N, Holmes MA.Despite the importance of IgG Fc receptors in the regulation of various immunological mechanisms, these receptors have not been well characterised in the domesticated animals including equines. This paper describes the production of two monoclonal antibodies (CVS 59 and CVS 61) that recognise equine IgG Fc receptors. Fusions were conducted using BALB/c mice hyperimmunised with equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Hybridoma supernatants were screened on the basis of their ability to inhibit the rosetting of equine antibody coated sheep erythrocytes with equine peripheral blood mononuclear...
Coutinho da Silva MA, Seidel GE, Squires EL, Graham JK, Carnevale EM.Objectives were to determine the effects of extracellular Ca(2+) and milk proteins on intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations in stallion sperm; and to determine the effects of single caseins on sperm binding to the zona pellucida (ZP). In Experiment I, sperm were incubated in media containing 2 or 4mM Ca(2+) and intracellular Ca(2+) concentration was determined after ionomycin treatment and long-term incubation (3h). Extracellular Ca(2+) concentrations (2 compared with 4mM) did not affect baseline intracellular Ca(2+) concentration of sperm. However, incubating sperm in a medium containing 4 comp...
Herb VM, Url A, Tichy A, Nell B.Establishing an immunohistochemical approach for semi-quantitative assessment of the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in equine, canine, and feline corneas. Methods: Healthy corneas of horses, dogs, and cats, euthanized because of a fatal disease or an unrecoverable trauma unrelated to and without a history of ophthalmic disease were formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, and determined to be pathomorphologically healthy by light microscopy. Automated immunohistochemistry was performed using primary antibodies against IgG, biotin-conjugated secondary antibodies, and streptavidin-peroxidase, as w...
da Silva LL, Silveira MD, da Costa Garcia CAS, Grudzinski PB, Martins CF, Nardi NB.Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have attracted great attention for therapeutic applications. Since cells derived from different tissues have different properties, using the right tissue source may impact their efficiency in regenerative medicine. This study describes for the first time the isolation and characterization of MSCs derived from the equine coronary corium, which may be useful for treating diseases such as laminitis. Seven coronary corium samples were used for isolation of cells (ccMSCs). Adherent cells were characterized for morphology, immunophenotype, proliferation and different...
Russell KE, Perkins PC, Grindem CB, Walker KM, Sellon DC.To evaluate a method for detecting thiazole orange-positive (TO+, reticulated) platelets in equine blood, using flow cytometry. Methods: 16 healthy, equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)-negative horses and ponies; 9 thrombocytopenic, EIAV-positive horses and ponies; and 2 thrombocytopenic, EIAV-negative horses. Methods: Blood from healthy and thrombocytopenic horses was collected by jugular venipuncture. Appropriate sample requirement and incubation time for the assay were evaluated, using blood anticoagulated with EDTA or sodium citrate, or platelet-rich plasma in sodium citrate. The sample ...
Schwieder A, Pfarrer C, Ohnesorge B, Staszyk C, Bienert-Zeit A.Horses may acquire a range of paranasal sinus diseases. Clinical studies show slight differences regarding anatomical regions and age. Histopathological examination of tissue samples could play an important role in the diagnostic process. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the histological appearance of the paranasal sinus mucosa (PSM) and the nasomaxillary aperture mucosa (NAM) is essential. The objective of this study was to determine topographic and age-related differences within the healthy equine PSM. In addition, we aimed to gain detailed knowledge of the histological appearance of the NAM...
Khatibzadeh SM, Menarim BC, Nichols AE, Werre SR, Dahlgren LA.Extracellular matrix (ECM) is responsible for tendon strength and elasticity. Healed tendon ECM lacks structural integrity, leading to reinjury. Porcine urinary bladder matrix (UBM) provides a scaffold and source of bioactive proteins to improve tissue healing, but has received limited attention for treating tendon injuries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of UBM to induce matrix organization and tenogenesis using a novel in vitro model. We hypothesized that addition of UBM to tendon ECM hydrogels would improve matrix organization and cell differentiation. Hydrogels see...
Roser JF, Evans JW, Mikuckis GM, Adams TE, Hughes JP.As quantified by Scatchard analysis, a 27 000 g crude luteal membrane fraction contained a single population of unoccupied LH receptors characterized by high affinity, ka = 0.647 +/- 0.158 X 10(11) M-1 and low binding capacity, Rt = 4.91 +/- 0.78 X 10(-11) M/mg membrane fraction. Acceptable hormonal specificity, reversibility, saturability, high affinity and tissue specificity indicated that the binding protein was a physiological receptor. To ensure that the methods used for Scatchard analysis were valid, hCG was characterized for specific activity and maximum bindability, non-specific bindin...
Sugawara Y, Yamanouchi K, Naito K, Tachi C, Tojo H, Sawasaki T.A cDNA clone encoding equine follistatin was isolated from an equine ovarian cDNA library. Out of 1.2 x 10(5) independent clones screened, one positive clone was isolated and its cDNA sequence determined. The isolated clone, named EQ-FS-1, contained a complete open reading frame encoding 344 amino acid residues. The similarity of its deduced amino acid sequence to these of other mammalian species was greater than 95%. Although its expression level varied among the tissues examined, follistatin mRNA was detected in the equine uteroplacental tissues, follicles and corpora lutea by Northern blot ...
Dhawedkar RG, Jain NC, Mount ME, Bowling AT, Vegad JL.An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardised and applied for the detection of antiplatelet and antineutrophil antibodies using a heterologous system consisting of equine platelets or neutrophils and antisera raised in rabbits. The standardised technique consisted of using Immulon type 3 plate, 1 per cent gelatine as a blocking solution, poly-L-lysine buffer as a coating solution, unfixed antigen, 90 microliters test serum, horseradish peroxidase conjugated antibody and o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride as a substrate. The number of unfixed platelets or neutrophils required fo...
Broadley C, Menzies GS, Bramley TA, Watson ED.Corpora lutea were obtained from mares at days 3, 10 and 14 after ovulation, and examined histologically. The morphology of isolated luteal cells obtained by either mechanical or collagenase dissociation of the tissue was examined and the cells stained to detect the steroidogenic enzyme delta 5, beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The ratio of large:small cells was significantly higher for cells obtained from mechanically dissociated luteal tissue than for cells obtained by collagenase dissociation (P < 0.01). Cells obtained by both mechanical and collagenase dissociation secreted progestero...
Webb PD, Steven DH.The adrenal cortex from twelve fetal foals (gestational ages from 61 to 300 days) was examined by light and electron microscopy. Adrenal glands from three newborn foals were also examined by light microscopy. Between 61 and 100 days of gestation the adrenal cortex became organised into two distinct regions, the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata, which grew steadily in thickness until the 300th day. Between 300 days and birth there was a dramatic increase in the width of the zona fasciculata. From 200 days a narrow band of compact cells marked the cortico-medullary border. Though these cell...
Fogarty U, Leadon DP.Blood neutrophils from 10 Thoroughbred and 2 Pony foals were evaluated using in-vitro cellular function tests of chemotaxis, chemiluminescence, phagocytosis and intracellular killing. A comparison of the functional capacities of these cells before and 2-4 days after the ingestion of colostrum indicated an improvement in blood neutrophil chemotaxis and chemiluminescence. Bronchopulmonary lavage was carried out on 9 Thoroughbred and 2 Pony 36-h-old foals. The technique used did not require sedation or anaesthesia. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages were the predominant cell type recovered. When comp...
Doyle-Jones PS, Sullins KE, Saunders GK.To compare synovial regeneration in the equine carpus after mechanical or CO(2) laser synovectomy. Methods: Arthroscopic partial synovectomy was performed in the radiocarpal and intercarpal joints. Methods: Twelve horses, 3 to 6 years of age, were randomly divided into 3 groups. Methods: The antebrachiocarpal and intercarpal joints in each horse were randomly assigned a treatment such that each horse had one joint treated as a control (arthroscopic lavage), one in which a mechanical or CO(2) laser partial dorsal carpal synovectomy was performed, and one in which a combination of the mechanical...
Lambertini C, Bombardi C, Zannoni A, Bernardini C, Dondi F, Morini M, Rinnovati R, Spadari A, Romagnoli N.Proteinase activated receptor 4 (PAR) in the gastrointestinal tract is involved in the regulation of inflammation and pain pathways. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the distribution and expression of PAR in the jejunum of healthy horses and in the pathologic tracts from horses undergoing surgery for herniation of the small intestine through the epiploic foramen. Eight healthy horses (Group H) and eight horses with epiploic hernia (Group EH) were included; the jejunum samples were collected at the slaughter or intraoperatively after enterectomy, respectively. To evaluate PAR expres...
Richter RA, Freeman DE, Wallig M, Whittem T, Baker GJ.To study the functional and structural responses of the right dorsal colon (RDC) of ponies to phenylbutazone (PBZ) in vitro at a concentration that could be achieved in vivo. Methods: 8 adult ponies. Methods: Short circuit current and conductance were measured in mucosa from the RDC. Tissues incubated with and without HCO3- were exposed to PBZ, bumetanide, or indomethacin. Bidirectional Cl- fluxes were determined. After a baseline flux period, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was added to the serosal surfaces and a second flux period followed. Light and transmission electron microscopy were performed. ...
Köhne M, Kirch F, Tönissen A, Martinsson G, Rabe U, Sieme H, Schuberth HJ.To improve accuracy in evaluating stallion ejaculates, an antibody-based, flow cytometric assay for the detection and identification of leukocyte subpopulations (CD4-, CD8-, CD21-, CD172a-positive cells) in stallion semen (n = 12) was established. For establishment of the assay, native semen was supplemented with blood leukocytes (control: 20% leukocytes, 80% sperm cells) and analysed by flow cytometry. Adding antioxidants (ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluol) to semen immediately after collection inhibited rapid death of lymphoid cells in sperm leukocyte mixtures. In control set-ups...
Guignot F, Ottogalli M, Yvon JM, Magistrini M.The objective of this study was to perform intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) on in vitro matured equine oocytes and to improve in vitro embryonic development on Vero cells after activation of the microinjected oocytes with calcium ionophore. After maturation (23 or 40 h, 38.5 degrees C, 5% CO2), the cumulus-oocyte complexes were denuded, centrifuged and all oocytes exhibiting the first polar body were microinjected. ICSI was performed using fresh semen from three fertile stallions. Microinjected oocytes were activated with calcium ionophore A23187 (10 min, 10 microM) and cultured individ...
Abraham G, Broddet OE, Ungemach FR.In this study, beta-adrenoceptors of intact equine lymphocytes were identified and subclassified by (-)-[125I]-iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) binding. ICYP binding to intact equine lymphocytes was rapid, saturable (maximal number of binding sites 320 +/- 20 ICYP binding sites/cell, n = 12) and of high affinity (KD value for ICYP 14.4 +/- 1.7 pmol/l, n = 12). Binding was stereospecific as shown by the 10 times greater potency of (-)-propranolol to inhibit binding than its (+)-isomer. Beta-adrenoceptor agonists inhibited ICYP binding with an order of potency: (-)-isoprenaline >(-)-adrenaline >(-...
Retamal C, Urzúa J, Alves EW, López ML.It has been suggested that proteins produced in specific regions of the epididymis, mostly androgen dependent glycoproteins, are involved in the sperm maturation process. In the present work, the glycoconjugated distribution pattern and the electrophoretic characteristics of the stallion epididymal proteins were examined using lectin probes. The identification in the luminal fluid of some new proteins, probably synthesized and secreted by the epididymis, is an important initial step to investigate their interaction with the stallion sperm membrane. The binding of FITC-lectins (ConA, WGA, LPA, ...
Stalheim OH, Stone SS, Blackburn BO, Foley J.In horses given whole cultures or cells of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp capri (by subcutaneous and intravenous injections), antibody responses were measured by serologic procedures. During an immunization period of 22 weeks, horses produced an antiserum that was used to identify M mycoides subsp capri by agglutination, complement-fixation, and fluorescent antibody (FA) tests, but not by the growth-inhibition test. Horses that were injected with whole cultures of M mycoides subsp capri responded better than horses that were injected with only cells, ie, antibodies were detectable sooner by agar ge...
Jones CJP, Aplin JD, Allen WRT, Wilsher S.From Day 6.5-7 post-conception until its loss around Day 22, the equine embryo is enclosed in a mucinous capsule that prevents direct intercellular interaction between the trophectoderm and uterine epithelium. The embryo is, however, bathed in glycoprotein-rich secretions. In this study, lectin histochemistry was used to characterise the distribution and glycan composition of uterine glycoproteins destined for secretion, and to ascertain the local effect of an embryo on glycosylation in the endometrium. Endometrial biopsies were taken from mares in estrus, on Days 5, 8, 12 and 15 of diestrus, ...
Ringeisen H, Pöschke A, Krähling B, Schröck C, Stoll M, Vogelsberg J, Failing K, Staszyk C.Therapy for equine periodontal disease can include filling of the periodontal pockets and widened interproximal spaces. Recommended dental materials are generally adopted from human dentistry. Objective: To evaluate the biocompatibility of dental materials for equine periodontal fillings in vitro. Methods: In vitro experiments. Methods: Four different dental materials (PeriCare , Provicol , Calxyl and Honigum) were tested on equine periodontal fibroblasts. Possible cytotoxic effects were assessed microscopically and by MTT assay, and the expression of inflammatory marker genes was measured by...
Dougherty SS, Santangelo KS, Bertone AL.To evaluate 2 commercially available transfection reagents for transfection efficiency and distribution of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules to chondrocytes in monolayer cultures and full-thickness cartilage explants from guinea pigs and horses. Methods: Cartilage explants from 5 one-month-old and 3 adult guinea pigs and 5 adult clinically normal horses. Methods: Monolayer chondrocytes and uniform cartilage explants were exposed to 1 of 2 siRNA transfection complexes according to manufacturers' protocols (1μM [1×]). Additionally, monolayer chondrocytes were exposed to 2× the suggested...
Birdwhistell KE, Hurley DJ, Heins B, Peroni JF.Allogeneic solid organ transplantation is currently the only treatment option for end stage organ disease. The shortage of available donor organs has driven efforts to utilize xenogeneic organs for transplantation. In vitro methods for evaluating immune-compatibility are a quick and low cost means of screening novel tissue products prior to more involved, expensive, and invasive live animal studies. Recently, a new analog of the DNA base thymidine, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), was developed. It may be used in a fast, efficient and specific means of evaluating cell proliferation via flow cy...
Srivastava SK, Barnum DA.Lymphocyte stimulation was observed in whole equine blood in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin and M protein extracted from a typical strain of Streptococcus equi. Blood samples were collected from several healthy horses and horse and pony foals and cultured in vitro with varying concentrations of phytohaemagglutinin and M protein for several days. Phytohaemagglutinin was found to induce lymphocyte stimulation in these animals. Highest mean stimulation indices in horse foals (49.3 +/- 24.4) and pony foals (54.7 +/- 32.0) were observed with 0.625 and 1.25 micrograms/mL phytohaemagglutinin, re...
Watson ED.Corpora lutea were recovered from mares either 4 to 5 days or 12 to 13 days after ovulation. Mixed populations of luteal cells were prepared by collagenase digestion and were incubated for 24 h in the presence or absence of prostaglandin (PG) F-2 alpha (250 ng/ml). PGF-2 alpha significantly (P = 0.03) reduced progesterone secretion by cells from late diestrous corpora lutea and tended (P = 0.06) to reduce secretion by early diestrous cells. PGF-2 alpha had no significant effect on leukotriene B-4 (LTB-4) production by cells from early diestrous corpora lutea, but significantly (P = 0.03) incre...
Watson ED, Sertich PL, Zanecosky HG.Ovulation has been likened to an inflammatory process. Inflammatory cells accumulate in the ovulating follicle, presumably because of chemotactic factors. Chemotactic activity was measured in fluid aspirated from follicles of estrous mares 0, 12, 24, and 36 hours after ultrasonographic detection of a 35-mm follicle and IV treatment with 2,500 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin. Chemotaxis was assessed by measuring directional migration of equine neutrophils under agarose. Follicular fluid acted as a chemoattractant for neutrophils, but there was no significant difference in chemotactic activit...
