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Topic:Clinical Findings
Clinical findings in horses encompass a range of observable signs and symptoms identified during veterinary examinations that contribute to diagnosing and managing equine health conditions. These findings can include physical observations, such as changes in behavior, posture, or gait, as well as physiological measurements like heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. Diagnostics may also involve laboratory tests, imaging, and other diagnostic procedures to assess organ function and detect abnormalities. Recognizing and interpreting clinical findings are essential components of veterinary practice, aiding in the identification of diseases, monitoring treatment progress, and guiding therapeutic interventions. This page brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, interpretations, and implications of clinical findings in the context of equine health care.
Effect of protective padding on forelimb intracompartmental muscle pressures in anesthetized horses. Wick catheters were used to measure intracompartmental muscle pressures (ICMP) within the long heads of the triceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis muscles of 8 horses maintained under halothane anesthesia while their breathing was controlled by intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. Blood gas, cardiac output, and blood pressure determinations were monitored to maintain a stable plane of anesthesia. The horses were positioned in left lateral recumbency and were placed sequentially on each of 4 contact surfaces for 1 hour. The 4 surfaces used for each horse were concrete, foam rubber, ...
Psychogenic colic in a horse. A 4-year-old mixed-breed gelding was presented with colic-type behavior of 5 days' duration that included pawing, looking at the flank area, and kicking and biting at the abdomen and flank when it was eating hay or grain. Medical evaluation did not reveal the cause of the "colic." During its stay in the hospital, the horse improved as regarded the colic-type behavior while eating, but resumed this behavior when it was able to see hay that it was not allowed to eat. It was determined that the persistent colic-type behavior developed as a result of the horse having been repeatedly displaced from...
California serogroup virus infection in a horse with encephalitis. A 4-fold or greater seroconversion to the snowshoe hare serotype of the California serogroup of viruses in a horse with acute encephalitis was demonstrated by hemagglutination-inhibition, complement-fixation, and neutralization tests. The horse had a mild fever, was ataxic, had a head tilt, and was observed to circle. Chloramphenicol, dexamethasone, and B complex vitamins were administered and the horse recovered. The snowshoe hare virus is a recognized human pathogen, but it has not been associated with disease in horses. It is unknown whether horses play a role as amplification hosts for the...
Vertebral fracture, extensor hypertonia of thoracic limbs, and paralysis of pelvic limbs (Schiff-Sherrington syndrome) in an Arabian foal. An Arabian foal, which was recumbent for 4 days, had signs of extensor rigidity of the thoracic limbs and hypotonic paralysis of the pelvic limbs. Survey radiography revealed a lesion at T15, with radiographic impression of a compression fracture or a hemivertebra. Postmortem examination revealed a fracture at T15. Clinical and pathologic findings in this case were compatible with the Schiff-Sherrington syndrome, which is characterized by thoracic limb extensor hypertonia associated with paraplegia from acute thoracolumbar trauma.
Second-degree atrioventricular block observed in a Thoroughbred foal on 2.5 months of age. Electrocardiographic observation in 10 Thoroughbred horses has been carried out from fetal stages to 12 months after birth. In this observation a filly out of 10 foals at a resting state showed second-degree atrioventricular {A-V) block with sinus arrhythmia after 2.5 months of age. The number of dropped beats and the irregularity of sinus arrhythmia in these blocks were affected by the atrial rate, and several variations of Wenckebach phenomenon were shown under the influence of the artial rate. Electrocardiographic characteristics of second-degree A-V block in the present filly might be simi...
Exsanguination due to gastric ulceration in a foal. An Arabian foal with a congenital heart disease died due to hemorrhage secondary to a large gastric ulcer. Previously, death of foals with gastric ulcers has been due to diffuse peritonitis resulting from gastric ulcer perforation. The foal in this case report died due to hemorrhage secondary to a large gastric ulcer.
Equine congenital defects. In a 13-year survey of equine congenital defects that resulted in death or required euthanasia in central Kentucky, necropsies were performed on 608 deformed fetuses or newborn foals. The following congenital anomalies were observed: contracted foal syndrome (33.2%), miscellaneous limb contraction (20%), multiple defects (5.3%), microphthalmia (4.6%), craniofacial malformations (4.3%), cleft palate (4.0%), heart defects (3.5%), umbilical defects (3.5%), and hydrocephalus (3.0%). Eleven less frequently occurring anomalies constituted the balance of the congenital defects in fetuses and newborn ...
Diskospondylitis in five horses. Diskospondylitis was diagnosed in 5 horses admitted to the Purdue University Large Animal Clinic during a 3-year period. Each horse had evidence of cervical pain. Clinical signs and radiography were useful for identifying the diskospondylitis. Cerebrospinal fluid was normal.
Axial sesamoid injuries associated with lateral condylar fractures in horses. Axial sesamoid injuries were found in 4 of 18 horses with lateral condylar fractures of the metacarpus or metatarsus. The injuries appeared as axial sesamoid fractures or progressive demineralization of the axial border of one of the sesamoids. None of the horses with axial sesamoid injuries returned to performance soundness. Axial sesamoid injury appeared to be an indication of severe fetlock trauma due to condylar fracture. Such injuries appeared to indicate a poor prognosis for return to performance soundness.
Evaluation of febantel used concurrently with piperazine citrate in horses. Fifty horses from a herd known to have benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles were treated with febantel (6 mg/kg), combinations of febantel (6 mg/kg) and piperazine citrate (25 or 55 mg base/kg), thiabendazole (44 mg/kg), or placebo (0.6 ml of water/kg). Pretreatment and 7-day posttreatment fecal examinations were done. Fecal cultures, strongyle egg per gram (epg) counts, sugar flotation fecal examinations, and in vitro testing for benzimidazole resistance were performed. Results of fecal examinations before treatment were similar in all horses, and results of testing were positive for benz...
Airway reactivity in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). We measured lung function and airway reactivity to histamine administered by aerosol in two groups of ponies. Principal ponies had a history of heaves, a disease characterized by recurrent airway obstruction when ponies are housed in a barn and fed hay; control ponies had no history of airway obstruction. Ponies were paired (principal and control) and measurements were made when principal ponies were at pasture and in clinical remission (period A), following barn housing when principal ponies had acute airway obstruction (period B), and after a further 1 and 2 wk at pasture (periods C and D). ...
Evaluation of fluorescein dye as an indicator of small intestinal viability in the horse. In 6 horses, 2 types of ischemic lesions were created in small intestinal segments by selective ligation of vessels and intestinal wall for 1, 2, or 3 hours. After confirming the ischemia by IV injection of sodium fluorescein, the ligatures were released. Five minutes later, the fluorescent patterns were documented photographically. Observed patterns ranged from normal (identical to that observed in unaffected bowel) to a patchy distribution of non-fluorescence (indicating incomplete perfusion). None of the experimental segments was normal when reevaluated 1 month later. The typical appearance...
[Thrombectomy of the descending aorta in the horse]. Thrombosis of the aorta as the cause of intermittent claudication in the horse appears to be rare. Two cases out of about 10 000 horses 1973-1984 are discussed. There are various views on its aetiology, whereby haemodynamic factors and disturbances of coagulation have been mentioned as well as parasites. For treatment surgical methods should be explored in addition to medical procedures. History, diagnosis and the attempt of an aortic thrombectomy in a 12 year old thoroughbred mare are described in this paper. A standardbred stallion was left untreated on owners wish.
Investigating the CO2 laser for plantar digital neurectomy in horses. A histological study of plantar digital nerve sections cut with a carbon dioxide laser in horses was conducted. A series of nerve cuts were made with variable power densities to determine the appropriate theoretical level which would yield the most desired tissue effects. Power densities in the lower ranges used appeared to provide tissue effects judged most likely to prevent neuroma formation through increased thermal sealing of the proximal stump at the axon level. Clinical observation and follow-up of horses subjected to laser neurectomy tend to support the reported concept that the laser i...
Clinical anaesthesia in the horse: comparison of enflurane and halothane. Anaesthesia was induced in 24 horses with xylazine and ketamine and maintained with halothane (12 cases) or enflurane (12 cases) in oxygen. Pulse rate, arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gas values, respiratory rate and tidal volume were measured at regular intervals during anaesthesia. Serial venous blood samples were taken for assay of glucose, urea, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and creatine kinase. Operating conditions and the horses' behaviour in the recovery period were also recorded. In the case ...
Cardiopulmonary effects of dopamine hydrochloride in anaesthetised horses. Dopamine hydrochloride was infused intravenously into six horses anaesthetised with halothane. Three dose rates; 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg/min, were evaluated in each horse. The cardiac output was significantly increased at 15 and 30 mins following administration of dopamine at 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg/min. The heart rate, facial artery pressure and pulmonary artery pressure remained unchanged. Total peripheral resistance was significantly decreased at 30 mins with 2.5 micrograms/kg/min and at 15 and 30 mins with 5.0 micrograms/kg/min. No significant change was produced in packed cell vo...
Arthrodesis of the pastern joint in the horse. Arthrodesis of the pastern joint was performed in six horses with a history of acute trauma and in 10 horses with a history of chronic lameness of one to six months duration. Five surgical techniques were employed: curettage of the joint, lag screw compression and immobilisation in a plaster cast; curettage, compression using a T plate and immobilisation; drilling, lag screw compression and immobilisation; lag screw compression and immobilisation; and curettage and immobilisation. Pre- and postoperative clinical course are described together with significant radiographical findings. The best r...
Endotoxin-induced hematologic and blood chemical changes in ponies: effects of flunixin meglumine, dexamethasone, and prednisolone. To evaluate the effect of certain drugs on hematologic changes, blood chemical values, and survival in endotoxin shock, anesthetized ponies were given (IV) endotoxin (Escherichia coli O55:B5) and then treated as follows: Group A ponies--given a saline infusion at 5 minutes and at 3 hours after they were given endotoxin; group B ponies--given flunixin meglumine at 5 minutes and at 3, 6, 9, and 24 hours after they were given endotoxin; group C ponies--treated with dexamethasone; and group D ponies--treated with prednisolone at 5 minutes and at 3, 9, and 24 hours after they were given endotoxin. ...
