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Topic:Clinical Findings
Clinical findings in horses encompass a range of observable signs and symptoms identified during veterinary examinations that contribute to diagnosing and managing equine health conditions. These findings can include physical observations, such as changes in behavior, posture, or gait, as well as physiological measurements like heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. Diagnostics may also involve laboratory tests, imaging, and other diagnostic procedures to assess organ function and detect abnormalities. Recognizing and interpreting clinical findings are essential components of veterinary practice, aiding in the identification of diseases, monitoring treatment progress, and guiding therapeutic interventions. This page brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, interpretations, and implications of clinical findings in the context of equine health care.
Lesions of contagious equine metritis in mares. Twenty-three mares were infected with contagious equine metritis organism by intrauterine inoculation, and necropsied after intervals of two to 116 days. Severe diffuse subacute salpingitis was seen in one mare, and mild multifocal subacute salpingitis was common. Severe diffuse endometritis and cervicitis initially were acute and became more severe, subacute and predominantly plasmacytic by 14 days, then declined but persisted as mild diffuse or multifocal inflammation for the rest of the experimental period. Vaginitis arose in parallel but resolved after 70 days. There were no lesions in the...
Effect of iron-saccharin injections of Finnish horses. In four training stables five trotter horses of the Finnish coldblooded breed and seven warmblooded trotters were treated with a ferrissaccharin preparation (Hippiron, Hausmann) intravenously. A short increase in heart frequency after the injection was noted. The cold solution injections, less than + 15 degrees C, may cause dangerous reactions. All horses showed an enhanced appetite, a substantially livier habitus after treatment.
Extrinsic and intrinsic veins of the equine hoof wall. The extrinsic and intrinsic venous drainage of the equine hoof have previously been poorly described. There is also an absence of information about the venous organisation of both primary and secondary dermal lamellae of the hoof wall. The purpose of this study was to describe the normal venous pattern of the horse hoof, especially that associated with the dermal lamellae of the wall. The venous organisation of 46 pairs of hooves from clinically healthy horses was studied using standard plastic vascular corrosion casts and histological sections. A consistent pattern of venous organisation was ...
Effects of large doses of phenylbutazone administration to horses. The effects of large doses of phenylbutazone were evaluated in clinically normal horses. The drug was given to 4 groups of 2 horses each at the rate of 30 mg/kg of body weight, orally, or 30, 15, or 8 mg/kg IV daily for up to 2 weeks. All horses became anorectic and depressed after 2 to 4 phenylbutazone treatments, and the horses given 15 or 30 mg/kg died on or between days 4 and 7 of treatment. A decrease in total blood neutrophil count occurred in all horses, and was associated with toxic left shift in horses given the 2 larger dosage schedules. The horses also had progressive increases in s...
Examination of the origin of increased equine serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was found to be increased in 32.6% of equine samples analyzed at the Ontario Veterinary College over an 18 month period. An attempt was made using sensitivity to L-phenylalanine and heat to identify the origin of increased serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes present in 44 clinical cases. No difference in sensitivity to either procedure was observed for serum alkaline phosphatase from groups of foals and horses representing different clinical problems. Alkaline phosphatase of osseous tissue origin appeared to be the major source of activity for each group o...
Echocardiographic features of aortic valve endocarditis in a dog, a cow, and a horse. A horse, a cow, and a dog with aortic valve vegetative endocarditis were studied by M-mode echocardiography. Echocardiographic abnormalities of the aortic valve, mitral valve, and left ventricle were observed. These features were identical to those reported in human beings with aortic valve endocarditis. Abnormalities associated with aortic valve endocarditis included irregular thickening of the valve, multiple linear echoes in the aortic root, diastolic prolapse of the aortic vegetation, and diastolic fluttering of a torn aortic valve. Some of these features were found in each animal. The con...
Navicular disease in the horse. A microangiographic investigation. Microangiographical investigations of the navicular bone in horses with navicular disease show, compared to similar investigations of normal navicular bones, that, in general, the vascular pattern is preserved but the vessels are dilated with "pooling" of the contrast medium subchondrally under facies flexoria. Similar changes may be observed in cases of human arthrosis. The present investigation therefore supports the view that navicular disease is a disease which resembles arthrosis.
A morphological study of the lesions of African horsesickness. Gross, histological and ultrastructural findings are described in 6 natural cases and in 2 experimental cases of African horsesickness. From the gross lesions the cases were divisible into 2 groups which represented the previously described pulmonary and mixed forms of the disease. Histologically, abundance of fibrin and inflammatory cells in oedematous lung suggests that the pulmonary lesion is an exudative pneumonia. Lymphoid depletion and necrosis in germinal centres were consistently present. Electron microscopy failed to demonstrate virus particles or virus-associated structures in the ti...
Diagnosis of cardiac lesions by contrast echocardiography. Contrast M-mode echocardiography was utilized to study animals with congenital and acquired cardiac defects. Contrast was produced through the rapid injection of isotonic NaCl solution, the patient's blood, or indocyanine green dye into the circulation. Peripheral vein and intracardiac injections of contrast material were used to document ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, atrial septal defect, and mitral valve regurgitation. The technique was safe and useful for both small and large animals.
Wedge osteotomy as a treatment for angular deformity of the fetlock in horses. Five young horses with fetlock varus deformities of 8 degrees or greater were treated by means of wedge osteotomy of the distal end of the 3rd metacarpal or metatarsal bone. Three patients were admitted to the Western College of Veterinary Medicine and 2 to Colorado State University. Their selection as surgical patients was based on the following criteria: (1) an angular limb deformity of 8 degrees or greater, (2) patient older than 120 days, (3) no evidence of lameness, and (4) no evidence of degenerative joint disease. The surgery was successful in all cases.
Induction of parturition in mares: effect on passive transfer of immunity to foals. Parturition was induced in 11 mares, using a synthetic prostaglandin. Eight mares, not treated, were used as controls. There was no significant difference between the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations of the treated and control mares. The concentration of IgG in the colostrum of treated mares compared favorably with that reported for naturally foaling mares. Four foals from treated mares died or were euthanatized because of weakness during the 1st 24 hours after birth. The mean IgG concentration in the surviving foals from treated mares at 24 to 36 hours of age was 1,561 mg/100 ml, w...
Decreased tear production associated with general anesthesia in the horse. Schirmer I tear tests were conducted on 14 horses. The test was performed before and after IV administration of xylazine hydrochloride, during maintenance anesthesia with halothane in oxygen, and 3 hours after discontinuation of anesthesia. Xylazine hydrochloride did not decrease tear production from the mean base-line value of 23.94 +/- 5.23 mm/min after its IV administration. Tear production was decreased to mean values of 15.57 +/- 4.29 mm/min at 30 minutes and 13.84 +/- 4.25 mm/min at 60 minutes during the maintenance of halothane anesthesia. Three hours after anesthesia was discontinued, ...
Equine esophageal pressure profile. Esophageal motility was studied in 5 healthy adult horses, using a 4 side-hole catheter assembly continuously perfused with distilled water. Resting pressure and maximal pressures generated during swallowing were measured over the whole length of the esophagus (mean +/- S means = 132.7 +/- 2.31 cm). Four functionally distinct regions of the esophagus were demonstrated: cranial esophageal sphincter, caudal esophageal sphincter, and "fast" and "slow" regions in the body of the esophagus. The resting pressure of the cranial and caudal esophageal sphincters were 171.1 +/- 20.45 (x +/- S means) and...
Sound speed in pulmonary parenchyma. The time it takes audible sound waves to travel across a lobe of excised horse lung was measured. Sound speed, which is the slope in the relationship between transit time and distance across the lobe, was estimated by linear regression analysis. Sound-speed estimates for air-filled lungs varied between 25 and 70 m/s, depending on lung volume. These speeds are less than 5% of sound speed in tissue and less than 20% of sound speed in air. Filling the lung with helium or sulfur hexafluoride, whose free-field sound speeds are 970 and 140 m/s, respectively, changed sound speed +/- 10% relative to a...
Clinical aspects of lymphosarcoma in the horse: a clinical report of 16 cases. This paper describes the clinical and laboratory findings in 16 horses suffering from lymphosarcoma and the autopsy results in 13 of these cases which were examined at the Large Animal Medicine Clinic, State University of Utrecht, from 1969 to 1981. The cases were classified into four groups, designated multicentric, alimentary, thymic and cutaneous forms, according to the situation of the tumours.
Equestrian Injuries. In brief: It has always been assumed that participants in equestrian sports are at high risk of serious injury and that minor injuries are common. This study of American Horse Shows Association and United States Pony Clubs horse shows tried to determine if shows are as safe as or safer than other sports, what the accident rate is for horse shows, if any factors influence the accident rate, and what types of accidents and injuries occur. There were 290 reported injuries and two deaths in the 984 responding shows. The accident rate per entry was 0.0003. There was no statistically significant rel...
