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Topic:Clinical Findings
Clinical findings in horses encompass a range of observable signs and symptoms identified during veterinary examinations that contribute to diagnosing and managing equine health conditions. These findings can include physical observations, such as changes in behavior, posture, or gait, as well as physiological measurements like heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. Diagnostics may also involve laboratory tests, imaging, and other diagnostic procedures to assess organ function and detect abnormalities. Recognizing and interpreting clinical findings are essential components of veterinary practice, aiding in the identification of diseases, monitoring treatment progress, and guiding therapeutic interventions. This page brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, interpretations, and implications of clinical findings in the context of equine health care.
Arterial blood gas values in horses with laryngeal paralysis. LARYNGEAL paralysis is a common, usually subclinical
disease in horses (Cole 1946; Gunn 1972). More severely
affected animals, clinically termed roarers, are frequently
alleged to have reduced exercise tolerance (Argyle 1933; Cook
1965). This could most readily be attributed to exercise related
hypoxaemia caused by a reduced airflow and/or airflow
turbulence at the reduced rima glottidis. It could also be
conjectured that a rider would demand less of a horse making
loud and possibly distressing respiratory noises. Although
there has been much recent research into the pathology of
equ...
Cholelithiasis in four horses. Four cases of cholelithiasis in horses were reviewed. Two horses were examined because of recurrent abdominal pain. Clinical laboratory data, results of physical examination, and history indicated biliary obstruction. In 1 case, B-mode ultrasonography aided in the diagnosis, which was confirmed at necropsy. In 2 horses, the biliary calculi were incidental necropsy findings.
Histological study of navicular bone disease. A histological investigation of navicular bones from 8 horses with navicular disease was carried out to investigate the aetiology of the radiological findings. Two of the horses were double labelled with tetracycline before slaughter in order to assess the vitality of the diseased navicular bone. The examinations revealed no evidence of loss of vitality in the diseased bone areas or in surrounding tissues. A very high rate of remodelling indicated by resorption and formation of bone was present in all cases. This was shown microscopically by the high number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts prese...
Variable-interval responding in the horse: a sensitive method of quantitating effects of centrally acting drugs. An operant conditioning apparatus for studies in equine pharmacology was constructed. Horses interacted with this apparatus by breaking a light beam and were rewarded with 30 ml of oats. Horses readily learned to use this apparatus and were trained to respond on a variable-interval-60 schedule. With this schedule, there was no direct relationship between the rate of light beam breaking and the reward. Horses thus developed their own individual response rates (ie, light-beam breaking rates), and these rates remained stable at between 5 and 35 responses/min for each horse over a period of months...
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbreds after racing and breezing. Thoroughbred horses (n = 191) were examined with a flexible fiberoptic endoscope within 2 hours of racing on a dirt track; 147 (75.4%) had evidence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), and 13 (9.0%) had blood at the nostrils. Of 107 Thoroughbreds examined within the same period after breezing, 41 (38.3%) had evidence of EIPH. One horse (2.4%) of this group had blood at the nostrils. Statistical analysis of frequency data showed that a relationship existed between EIPH and the horse's age or distance raced or breezed. Relationship did not exist between EIPH and sex or finishing posi...
The anion gap as a prognostic indicator in horses with abdominal pain. The anion gap was calculated for each of 90 horses with signs of abdominal pain, using laboratory data obtained shortly after admission. The anion gap was defined as the difference between the sodium concentration (mEq/L) and the sum of the chloride and bicarbonate concentrations. To evaluate the use of the anion gap as a prognostic indicator, the survival rates were calculated for horses whose anion gap concentrations were within various ranges. It was found that the probability of survival decreased as the anion gap progressively increased about 20 mEq/L. The survival rates for increasing ra...
Hemodynamic effects of prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2) in conscious ponies. The infusion (IV) of prostacyclin (PGI2) into conscious ponies resulted in systemic arterial hypotension and tachycardia. Mean systemic arterial pressure decreased from 103.3 mm of Hg to 88.5 mm of Hg when 125 ng of PGI2/kg/minute was infused, and heart rate increased from 55.0 to 102.0 beats/minute. When 208 ng of PGI2/kg/minute was infused, mean systemic arterial pressure decreased from 103.3 to 78.0 mm of Hg and heart rate increased from 55.0 to 109.3 beats/minute. There were no significant alterations in pulmonary arterial pressure, lactate, PCV, total WBC count, platelet count, serum lact...
Migration of a spiruroid nematode through the brain of a horse. A pregnant 10-year-old Paint mare was examined because of an acute neurologic disturbance. Physical examination revealed signs consistent with extensive, asymmetric brain stem disease. The hemogram, serum chemical panel, and results of lumbosacral spinal fluid analysis were within normal limits. A primary diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis was considered, and the mare was placed on treatment with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine. After 5 weeks of steady improvement, an acute exacerbation of neurologic signs necessitated euthanasia of the mare. At necropsy, large, malacic tracts were foun...
Degenerative joint disease with osteochondrosis of the proximal interphalangeal joint in young horses. Degenerative joint disease of the proximal interphalangeal joint was diagnosed in 9 joint of 6 horses. All of the horses were 3 years old or younger and the affected joints were in the hindlimbs. Radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis involving the distal end of the proximal phalanx was apparent in 5 joints. Lameness and local soft tissue swelling were prominent in all cases. In 1 horse euthanatized tissues because of lameness, histologic examination of joint tissues revealed osteochondrosis as well as severe osteoarthritis. Surgical arthrodesis of the affected joint was performed on 2 horse...
Clinical observations on equine phycomycosis. During a clinical study of equine phycomycosis in tropical northern Australia 3 specific forms of phycomycosis were identified. Of 266 cases diagnosed in 5 different laboratories, hyphomycosis caused by Hyphomyces destruens was responsible for 76.7%, basidiobolomycosis caused by Basidiobolus haptosporus for 18.0%, and entomophthoramycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus for 5.3%. Most cases of hyphomycosis were observed between March and July, that is after the monsoonal wet summer, but were calculated from clinical histories to originate in the wet season between November and May. Basidiobol...
Experimental Salmonella anatum infection in horses. Salmonella anatum was given orally to 8 horses on 11 occasions in doses ranging from 9.5 X 10(6) to 8.8 X 10(11) organisms. Four distinct syndromes were induced based upon clinical, laboratory and pathological findings: (1) asymptomatic; (2) moderate clinical signs with or without changes in faecal consistency; (3) fever, depression, anorexia with unstructured or diarrhoeic faeces; and (4) septicaemia with or without diarrhoea, and peripheral circulatory failure. All animals excreted the organism. The peak temperature preceded the onset of diarrhoea by 1 or 2 days. Changes in faecal consistenc...
Internal fixation of a tibial fracture in an adult horse. A 3-year-old Thoroughbred mare was examined because of hindlimb lameness from incomplete fracture of the tibia, which became a complete diaphyseal fracture during the examination. The fracture was repaired by open reduction and internal fixation with lag screws and 2 neutralization plates. A cranial approach was used and the plates were placed craniolateral and medial on the tibia. At 18 months after surgery, there was no evidence of complications resulting from the fracture or its repair. It was concluded that a cranial approach with craniolateral and medial plate placement allows easier inse...
[Artificial infestation of horses with the eggs of the stomach botfly (Gastrophilidae)]. 10 foals were artificially infected for the first time with eggs of Gastrophilus intestinalis, G. veterinus, G. haemorrhoidalis, G. inermis, G. nigricornis. 63 to 67% of the 1st stage larvae die in the first period of life after emergence from the egg, at the moment of invasion into the skin and at the beginning of the migration. In 40 to 45 years after the infection most larvae (73 to 82%), depending on their specific belonging, were found in the stomach, duodenum and rectum.
