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Topic:Clinical Findings
Clinical findings in horses encompass a range of observable signs and symptoms identified during veterinary examinations that contribute to diagnosing and managing equine health conditions. These findings can include physical observations, such as changes in behavior, posture, or gait, as well as physiological measurements like heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. Diagnostics may also involve laboratory tests, imaging, and other diagnostic procedures to assess organ function and detect abnormalities. Recognizing and interpreting clinical findings are essential components of veterinary practice, aiding in the identification of diseases, monitoring treatment progress, and guiding therapeutic interventions. This page brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, interpretations, and implications of clinical findings in the context of equine health care.
Arrhenoblastoma in a mare. An ovarian neoplasm measuring 10 by 8 by 6 cm was surgically removed from a 14-year-old Appaloosa mare. For 2 years prior to surgery, the mare had manifested marked behavioral changes, becoming aggressive toward other broodmares. Histologically, the tumor was found to be an arrhenoblastoma. Preoperative endocrinologic findings (high serum testosterone and low serum estradiol concentrations) supported the diagnosis.
A correlation of the endoscopic and pathological changes in subclinical pathology of the horse’s larynx. The larynges of 6 horses were examined endoscopically and the findings correlated with the gross and histological appearance of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and their nerve supply. In all cases it appeared that the balance between abductor and adductor muscle groups had been lost due to preferential atrophy of individual muscles or groups of muscles. The laryngeal abnormalities recorded were asymmetry of the larynx with asynchronous left sided abduction and fluttering or trembling of the left vocal cord and arytenoid cartilage. It is suggested that these changes represent the early signs of...
Osteochondrosis dissecans of the head of the humerus in two foals. Two cases of osteochondrosis dissecans of the head of the humerus in foals are described. The lesions were gross compared with those seen in dogs. Arthrotomy and curettage of the affected area resulted in marked clinical improvement.
The clinician’s approach to equine cardiology. The author considers some of the difficulties the clinician may be faced with when giving an opinion on a horse with a cardiac abnormality. The 3 types of cardiological cases presented to the practitioner are described. The first 2 categories both exhibit a reduction in performance either with loss of bodily conduction or without it. The third group, which is the most troublesome for the clinician, involves the horse which shows a cardiological abnormality but is otherwise apparently normal.
Cardiological problems in equine medicine. This paper outlines the major problems in evaluating and assessing prognosis in horses with minor cardiac abnormalities. It emphasises that progress will only be made if adequate data on the "natural history" of equine cardiac disease can be collected. This will necessitate a long-term study of suitable cases and will require the collaboration of specialist institutions and general practitioners if it is to be successful.
The value of arterial blood pressure measurement in assessing the prognosis in equine colic. Indirect arterial blood pressure was determined on 33 horses prior to surgical intervention for the diagnosis and/or correction of acute abdominal disorders and a relationship between low systolic blood pressure and non-survival was established. It is suggested that blood pressure determination should be used to augment other methods of clinical and laboratory examination in cases of equine colic.
[Experimental infection of horses with Fasciola hepatica]. Ten pony foals were infected with Fasciola hepatica; five animals received up to 1000 metacercariae orally, the remaining animals received up to 80 specimens of 24 hours old adulescariae intraperitoneally. The rate of development of the parasites varied in a wide range between 0,2 and 41%. Most of the liverflukes were found in animals severely infected with strongyles in the same time. Only 22 weeks after oral infection, the flukes had reached a length of 20 mm and sexual maturity. Fasciola-eggs could not be detected in the feces.
Studies on left ventricular isotonic function in conscious and anaesthetized ponies. The effects of thiopentone-halothane and thiopentone-ether anaesthesia on left ventricular isotonic function were assessed in Welsh Mountain ponies from measurements of left ventricular stroke work, minute work, stroke power, mean ejection rate and tension-time index.
All of these variables were affected similarly during anaesthesia, an initial marked reduction being followed by a progressive return towards control levels in the later stages of anaesthesia. Quantitative differences between the effects of each agent were evident, the depression which occurred during halothane anaesthesia bei...
An outbreak of Swainsona poisoning in horses. On 6 properties in south-western Queensland an outbreak of nervous disease occurred horses due to ingestion of Swainsonia (Darling pea). Loss of condition, depression, hyperaesthesia and hyperexcitability were seen in affected horses. At autopsy of 2 horses generalised c ytoplasmic vacuolation was seen in the neurones of the central nervous system and in the liver, adrenal and thyroid. The clinical and pathological features were similar to those described in horses suffering from Swainsona poisoning in Australia and Astragalus and Oxytropis in North America.
[Results obtained using various types of suture material in laparotomy and the treatment of umbilical hernia in horses (author’s transl)]. Comparative studies were done on healing of the wound following laparotomy through the ventral wall of the abdomen (paramedian incision or in the linea alba) in seventy horses and following surgical treatment of umbilical hernia in eighty-five (young) horses, in which perlon, (chromic) catgut, stainless steel wire and polyglycollic acid were used as suture material. Though with some reserve, as the study was concerned with the comparison of findings in clinical cases in which a number of conditions may vary, it is concluded that steel wire and polyglycollic acid are preferable to perlon and (c...
Dystrophic myodegeneration in adult horses. Five horses with histories of colic developed signs of myocardial failure and skeletal muscle disease. Necropsy revealed pale areas in the cervical, pectoral, pelvic, and cardiac musculature; histologically, the lesions were indicative of dystrophic myodegeneration. Serum vitamin E concentrations were normal in 2 of the horses but serum selenium concentrations were normal in 2 of the horses, but serum selenium concentrations were low when compared with values obtained from clinically normal horses.
Equine cerebrospinal fluid: reference values of normal horses. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from the atlanto-occipital (AO) and lumbosacral (LS) subarachnoid spaces of 24 horses and 21 ponies that had no clinical evidence of neurologic disease. Depth of needle insertion, pressures, refractive index, rapid reagent strip test (protein, glucose, blood, pH) results, cell counts, content of protein, glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, urea nitrogen, and cholesterol, and activities of creatine phosphokinase, aspartate transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were determined. The resulting clinical r...
Effects of blood contamination on cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Data were obtained from 190 cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from both clinically normal and diseased dogs, cats, cows, and horses. Red blood cells, indicating blood contamination, were identified in 115 samples. White blood cells were a rare finding in normal animals. Blood contamination appeared to have little effect on white blood cell numbers even though, in several samples, thousands of red blood cells were identified. An accepted formula to correct for blood contamination was found to be an unreliable method to determine "uncontaminated" values for white blood cells, total protein, ...
[Comparative investigations of depigmented and melanomatous lesions in gray horses of the lipizzaner breed (author’s transl)]. The morphological substrates of pigmented and depigmented skin as well as the structural characteristics of spontaneously developing melanomas were revealed by clinical, light- and electron microscopic methods in gray horses (Lipizzaner breed) from the Vienna Spanish Riding School. On clinical investigations in a group of 31 older horses (more than 10 years old) 20 exhibited melanomas, whereas 23 younger animals (less than 10 years of age) had no evidence for visuable melanotic tumors. Concomitantly with the progressive graying of the hair a depigmentation of the skin was frequently observed. ...
Clinical application of cerebrospinal fluid creatine phosphokinase determination. Creatine phosphokinase activity was determined in cerebrospinal fluid samples submitted for analysis from 126 animals suspected of having central nervous system disease. Values less than 1 sigma unit/ml were obtained on 32 samples and values less than or equal to 1 sigma unit/ml were obtained on 94 samples. The creatine phosphokinase values were increased in all cases of feline toxoplasmosis and feline infectious peritonitis. From other cases, especially seizure disorders and suspected poisonings, and apparent aid in prognosis for future cases was identified.
An evaluation of chemical restraining agents in the horse. An evaluation of acepromazine (0.5 mg/kg intramuscularly), azaperone (0.7 and 0.9 mg/kg intramuscularly) and xylazine (2.0 mg/kg intramuscularly) as chemical restraining agents was carried out in seven horses. (Xylazine and azaperone were used at the recommended dose rates; acepromazine at five times the recommended dose rates). Of the three drugs administered only azaperone produced sufficient sedation in all the horses to allow a percutaneous needle muscle biopsy to be taken from six muscles. With acepromazine and xylazine this procedure could be successfully carried out in five and four hor...
Phenylbutazone and the horse–a review. The clinical uses and side-effects of phenylbutazone in man, horses, and other animals are reviewed. The blood dyscrasias commonly described in man have not been reported in the horse, although several of the more minor side-effects have occasionally been seen (e.g. water retention, depression, transient staggering and phlebitis). Despite the lack of documented evidence, the toxicity of phenylbutazone in the horse is considered to be lower than that in man. This may be associated with the lower dose rates normally used, the more rapid plasma clearance rate and the comparatively younger age of ...
