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Topic:Clinical Pathology
Clinical pathology in horses involves the study and analysis of biological samples to diagnose and monitor diseases and health conditions. This discipline encompasses various laboratory tests and procedures that assess the physiological and biochemical status of equines. Common analyses include hematology, biochemistry, urinalysis, and cytology, each providing insights into different aspects of equine health. Hematology evaluates blood components, such as red and white blood cells and platelets, to identify conditions like anemia or infection. Biochemistry tests measure enzymes, electrolytes, and metabolites to assess organ function and metabolic status. Urinalysis examines urine samples for indicators of renal function and systemic diseases. Cytology involves the microscopic examination of cells from tissues or fluids to detect abnormalities. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, applications, and diagnostic value of clinical pathology in equine medicine.
Investigating the CO2 laser for plantar digital neurectomy in horses. A histological study of plantar digital nerve sections cut with a carbon dioxide laser in horses was conducted. A series of nerve cuts were made with variable power densities to determine the appropriate theoretical level which would yield the most desired tissue effects. Power densities in the lower ranges used appeared to provide tissue effects judged most likely to prevent neuroma formation through increased thermal sealing of the proximal stump at the axon level. Clinical observation and follow-up of horses subjected to laser neurectomy tend to support the reported concept that the laser i...
Seasonal changes in blood serum protein fractions and in activity of AspAT and AlAT in Arabian brood mares and their foals. In 34 pure breed Arabian horses divided into four groups (Gr. I--10 pregnant mares, Gr. II--7 barren mares, Gr. III--10 foals born in 1981, Gr. IV--7 foals born in 1982) seasonal changes in total blood serum protein, its electrophoretic fractions and the activity of AspAT and AlAT were studied. Seasonal cyclicity was found in all groups in the amount of total serum proteins, and alpha 2- and beta 1-globulin fractions. Cyclicity was found in the level of albumin and activity of AspAT in three groups, not Gr. II, and in gamma-globulin, not Gr. IV. beta 2-globulin and AlAT cyclicity was found in ...
[Esophageal obstipation in the horse]. Etiology and therapy of equine esophageal obstipation are described in 79 cases seen at the Veterinary Surgery Clinic of the University of Munich.
Effects of repeated endotoxin injections on prostanoids, hemodynamics, endothelial cells, and survival in ponies. The objectives of this study were to determine the pathophysiological effects of increasing amounts of endotoxin administered intraperitoneally (IP) for 24 hr at which time an intravenous (IV) injection of endotoxin was given. The ability of flunixin meglumine (FM), a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug with antiprostaglandin activity, to provide protective effects was also determined. Eight ponies were divided into two groups of four ponies each; one group (untreated) received endotoxin only and the other group (treated) received endotoxin while being treated with flunixin. Hemodynamic and ser...
Clinical anaesthesia in the horse: comparison of enflurane and halothane. Anaesthesia was induced in 24 horses with xylazine and ketamine and maintained with halothane (12 cases) or enflurane (12 cases) in oxygen. Pulse rate, arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gas values, respiratory rate and tidal volume were measured at regular intervals during anaesthesia. Serial venous blood samples were taken for assay of glucose, urea, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and creatine kinase. Operating conditions and the horses' behaviour in the recovery period were also recorded. In the case ...
Cardiopulmonary effects of dopamine hydrochloride in anaesthetised horses. Dopamine hydrochloride was infused intravenously into six horses anaesthetised with halothane. Three dose rates; 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg/min, were evaluated in each horse. The cardiac output was significantly increased at 15 and 30 mins following administration of dopamine at 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg/min. The heart rate, facial artery pressure and pulmonary artery pressure remained unchanged. Total peripheral resistance was significantly decreased at 30 mins with 2.5 micrograms/kg/min and at 15 and 30 mins with 5.0 micrograms/kg/min. No significant change was produced in packed cell vo...
[Efficient drug forms and the means for using them in the intensive raising of animals]. Stated is the use of promising therapeutic formulae that produce prophylactic, metaphylactic, and curative effects at lower input of labour and handling, inciting lower unrest with animals, belonging chiefly to the type of the so-called 'therapeutic systems'. Particular attention is paid to drugs for programmed, continuous, and checkable release of the active ingredients in compliance with what is needed at the time (sustained release forms)-type OROS (oral osmotic system), type 'liquid reservoir', type 'glass cylinders', tablets and boluses of higher relative weight, or multilayer and mosaic ...
Seasonal changes in the white blood cell system, lyzozyme activity and cortisol level in Arabian brood mares and their foals. In 34 pure-breed Arabian horses divided into four groups (Gr. I, ten pregnant mares; Gr. II, seven barren mares; Gr. III, ten foals born in 1981; Gr. IV, seven foals born in 1982) seasonal changes in the white blood cell system, cortisol level and lyzozyme activity were studied. Seasonal periodicity was found in all groups for the number of lymphocytes, segmented neutrophils and eosinophils and cortisol level. Leukocyte periodicity was found in three groups, but not in the barren mares. In lyzozyme activity there was periodicity in three groups but not in the youngest foals. In the stab neutro...
Arthrodesis of the pastern joint in the horse. Arthrodesis of the pastern joint was performed in six horses with a history of acute trauma and in 10 horses with a history of chronic lameness of one to six months duration. Five surgical techniques were employed: curettage of the joint, lag screw compression and immobilisation in a plaster cast; curettage, compression using a T plate and immobilisation; drilling, lag screw compression and immobilisation; lag screw compression and immobilisation; and curettage and immobilisation. Pre- and postoperative clinical course are described together with significant radiographical findings. The best r...
Topography and enterocyte morphology of the small bowel mucosal surface in equine granulomatous enteritis. The jejunal mucosa of 4 cases of equine granulomatous enteritis and 2 control horses was investigated by light microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Attention was focused upon changes in mucosal topography and enterocyte morphology in the inflamed mucosa. Structural changes ranged in severity from only a slight thickening and shortening of villi to the appearance of a virtually flat mucosa, upon which crypts opened directly or through shallow cavities encircled by collars of epithelial cells. Between these extremes, the mucosa showed a variety of patterns, all charac...
Equine tracheobronchial lavage: comparison of lavage cytologic and pulmonary histopathologic findings. Differential cell counts were done on bronchial lavage specimens from 166 horses. Postmortem gross and histologic examinations were done to determine the pathologic diagnosis of the lungs from these horses. Ninety-two (55%) were normal, 18 (11%) had interstitial pneumonia, 13 (8%) had bronchopneumonia, 13 (8%) had focal eosinophilia, 11 (7%) had diffuse eosinophilia, 11 (7%) had chronic bronchitis, and 8 (5%) had suppurative bronchitis. Little relationship was found between cellular features of the lavage specimens and the pathologic status of the lungs of individual horses.
Spontaneous craniofacial malformations and central nervous system defects in an aborted equine foetus. Developmental defects are rarely reported in the horse. Severe craniofacial and central nervous system defects in an equine foetus are described and their possible causation and pathogenesis are suggested.
[Direct and indirect methods of the diagnosis of pregnancy in mares]. This review article deals with a critical comparison between the direct clinical diagnosis for the pregnancy of the mare (rectal and in some cases also vaginal exploration) and indirect methods. Both methods are discussed whether they can be seen as a mutual completion or are suitable for their own. The indirect methods for the pregnancy diagnosis include the hormone-analytic tests as progesterone concentration in serum or milk, the biological and immunological measurements for PMSG in the serum, finally the biological and chemical methods for estrogen contents in the urine of the mare. Furthe...
Evaluation of a technique for measurement of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in equine urine. gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) activity in equine urine was measured, using an assay developed for use with serum and was found to be reproducible. The GGT activity was measured in samples prepared by serial dilution of exogenous GGT with equine urine, and the activity was determined to be linear between 21 IU/L and 407 IU/L. The behavior of exogenously added GGT was compared in equine serum and urine. The enzyme behaved similarly in both fluids. The GGT activity was measured in serum and urine samples after storage at -20, 4, and 25 C for 24 and/or 72 hours. Enzyme activity decreased afte...
Endotoxin-induced hematologic and blood chemical changes in ponies: effects of flunixin meglumine, dexamethasone, and prednisolone. To evaluate the effect of certain drugs on hematologic changes, blood chemical values, and survival in endotoxin shock, anesthetized ponies were given (IV) endotoxin (Escherichia coli O55:B5) and then treated as follows: Group A ponies--given a saline infusion at 5 minutes and at 3 hours after they were given endotoxin; group B ponies--given flunixin meglumine at 5 minutes and at 3, 6, 9, and 24 hours after they were given endotoxin; group C ponies--treated with dexamethasone; and group D ponies--treated with prednisolone at 5 minutes and at 3, 9, and 24 hours after they were given endotoxin. ...
[Neurological disorders caused by equine herpesvirus type 1 and cauda equina neuritis in horses]. The differences in aetiology, symptomatology, pathomorphology, diagnosis and therapy between the nervous form (paralytic form) of Equine Herpes Virus, type 1, and Neuritis Caudae Equinae are reviewed. The conclusion is that in most cases it is possible to differentiate between these two clinical syndromes.
Antibodies to equine antithymocyte globulin in heart transplant recipients: evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay. An isotype-specific microELISA is presented for the measurement of antibodies to equine antithymocyte globulin in human heart transplant recipients. The assay conditions were optimized and evaluated in serial samples from 40 patients receiving a cardiac allograft. The results demonstrate that despite steroid immunosuppression and T cell cytopenia the majority of patients receiving antithymocyte globulin develop significant antibody responses, with some producing very high titres. IgM and IgG isotypes tended to predominate, with peak antibody responses occurring during the second and third week...
Experimental infection of mares with Haemophilus equigenitalis. Inoculation of Haemophilus equigenitalis into the uterus of 7 mares caused a disease clinically indistinguishable from contagious equine metritis. The duration of clinical signs varied from 4 to 11 days. The causative organism persisted for a relatively short time (2 to 10 weeks) in 5 mares, but in 2 others it established a carrier status and persisted until they were killed 6 and 10 months after infection. H. equigenitalis was recovered from the vestibule of the vagina and from a combined swab of the clitoral fossa and sinuses throughout the course of the infection. In some mares there were e...
Population distributions of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone after oral and i.v. dosing in horses. Experiments to determine the residual plasma concentrations of phenylbutazone and its metabolites found in horses racing on a 'no-race day medication' or 24-h rule were carried out. One dosing schedule (oral-i.v.) consisted of 8.8 mg/kg (4 g/1000 lbs) orally for 3 days, followed by 4.4 mg/kg (2 g/1000 lbs) intravenously on day 4. A second schedule consisted of 4.4 mg/kg i.v. for 4 days. The experiments were carried out in Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses at pasture, half-bred horses at pasture, and in Thoroughbred horses in training. After administering the i.v. schedule for 4 days to Thor...
Prevalence of organisms described as Actinobacillus suis or haemolytic Actinobacillus equuli in the oral cavity of horses. Comparative investigations of strains obtained and porcine strains of A. suis sensu stricto. Evidence was obtained to indicate that equine strains of organisms previously described as Actinobacillus suis or hemolytic variants of Actinobacillus equuli might constitute a separate group of organisms provisionally designated taxon 11. Four biovars were noticed within taxon 11. Selected DNA:DNA hybridizations support the classification of the mannitol positive biovar 2 of taxon 11 distinct from porcine A. suis. The final taxonomical position of taxon 11, however, has to await more detailed genetic studies including all biovars of taxon 11. A species name has not been suggested for the same...
Spavin: a proposed term for a non-fracture associated canine hock lesion. In accordance with macroscopic and microscopic features of the tarsal joint degeneration in the greyhound dog, the possibility of establishing a direct relation between this process and spavin or bone spavin is proposed. To date this has been considered limited to equine and occasionally bovine stock. This investigation has been carried out on three different levels: macroscopic, radiological and histological and has been completed with the corresponding graphic documentation.
Importance of uniform cuff application for equine blood pressure measurement. Seventeen horses were used to determine the variances associated with blood pressure cuff application (Sp2) and with other inherent errors (So2). Systolic pressure values had Sp2 = 3.9 mmHg and So2 = 5.6 mmHg, while diastolic pressure values had Sp2 = 1.1 mmHg and So2 = 4.4 mmHg. Thus, to be considered different, two blood pressure means (in mmHg), each derived from three readings, had to differ by at least 3.9 for systolic pressure and 3.4 for diastolic pressure when all readings were made without cuff displacement; 6.8 for systolic pressure and 4.6 for diastolic pressure when the cuff was re...
