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Topic:Clinical Pathology
Clinical pathology in horses involves the study and analysis of biological samples to diagnose and monitor diseases and health conditions. This discipline encompasses various laboratory tests and procedures that assess the physiological and biochemical status of equines. Common analyses include hematology, biochemistry, urinalysis, and cytology, each providing insights into different aspects of equine health. Hematology evaluates blood components, such as red and white blood cells and platelets, to identify conditions like anemia or infection. Biochemistry tests measure enzymes, electrolytes, and metabolites to assess organ function and metabolic status. Urinalysis examines urine samples for indicators of renal function and systemic diseases. Cytology involves the microscopic examination of cells from tissues or fluids to detect abnormalities. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, applications, and diagnostic value of clinical pathology in equine medicine.
Equine congenital defects. In a 13-year survey of equine congenital defects that resulted in death or required euthanasia in central Kentucky, necropsies were performed on 608 deformed fetuses or newborn foals. The following congenital anomalies were observed: contracted foal syndrome (33.2%), miscellaneous limb contraction (20%), multiple defects (5.3%), microphthalmia (4.6%), craniofacial malformations (4.3%), cleft palate (4.0%), heart defects (3.5%), umbilical defects (3.5%), and hydrocephalus (3.0%). Eleven less frequently occurring anomalies constituted the balance of the congenital defects in fetuses and newborn ...
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefazolin in horses. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefazolin given (IV, IM) to horses at the dosage of 11 mg/kg were investigated. The disposition of cefazolin given by IV route was characterized by a rapid disposition phase with a half-life of 5 to 10 minutes and a subsequent slower elimination phase with a half-life of 35 to 46 minutes. The total plasma clearance of cefazolin averaged 5.51 ml/min/kg and was due mainly to renal clearance (5.39 ml/min/kg) of unchanged drug. The volume of distribution at steady-state averaged 188 ml/kg. Plasma protein binding of cefazolin at a concentration of 10 micr...
Bilateral degenerative coxofemoral joint disease in a foal. Bilateral degenerative coxofemoral joint disease and noninflammatory osteonecrosis in the femoral heads were diagnosed in a 5-month-old Standardbred colt. Cytologic evaluation and bacterial cultures of coxofemoral synovial fluid, and radiographic and pathologic examination of the coxofemoral joints were conducted. The cause was not determined; however, a thrombus found in association with 1 focus of osteonecrosis was suspected as an etiologic factor.
Airway reactivity in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). We measured lung function and airway reactivity to histamine administered by aerosol in two groups of ponies. Principal ponies had a history of heaves, a disease characterized by recurrent airway obstruction when ponies are housed in a barn and fed hay; control ponies had no history of airway obstruction. Ponies were paired (principal and control) and measurements were made when principal ponies were at pasture and in clinical remission (period A), following barn housing when principal ponies had acute airway obstruction (period B), and after a further 1 and 2 wk at pasture (periods C and D). ...
Evaluation of fluorescein dye as an indicator of small intestinal viability in the horse. In 6 horses, 2 types of ischemic lesions were created in small intestinal segments by selective ligation of vessels and intestinal wall for 1, 2, or 3 hours. After confirming the ischemia by IV injection of sodium fluorescein, the ligatures were released. Five minutes later, the fluorescent patterns were documented photographically. Observed patterns ranged from normal (identical to that observed in unaffected bowel) to a patchy distribution of non-fluorescence (indicating incomplete perfusion). None of the experimental segments was normal when reevaluated 1 month later. The typical appearance...
Necrosis and rupture of the aorta and pulmonary trunk in four horses. Four horses are described with rupture of the aortic arch and pulmonary trunk which resulted in a fistula between these vessels. Ruptures were located near the ligamentum arteriosum. Histological examination of the vessel walls revealed media necrosis which was probably due to intimal thickening and/or medial fibrosis of the vasa vasorum.
[Electrocardiography in the horse. (2). Disorders of impulse formation and impulse conduction]. The cardiac arrhythmias, classified in disturbances of impulse formation and conduction disturbances, their genesis and clinical significance are described and illustrated with electrocardiograms, registered with the bipolar chest leads.
[Thrombectomy of the descending aorta in the horse]. Thrombosis of the aorta as the cause of intermittent claudication in the horse appears to be rare. Two cases out of about 10 000 horses 1973-1984 are discussed. There are various views on its aetiology, whereby haemodynamic factors and disturbances of coagulation have been mentioned as well as parasites. For treatment surgical methods should be explored in addition to medical procedures. History, diagnosis and the attempt of an aortic thrombectomy in a 12 year old thoroughbred mare are described in this paper. A standardbred stallion was left untreated on owners wish.
[Results of the surgical treatment of colic, represented by case material of 1983 from the Munich-Riem horse hospital]. The results of the ileus surgery in horses by a consistent performing of a known and standardised clinical and operative procedure are very good, provided that there are surgeons who have experience in abdominal surgery and that there is a co-operating team for the pre- and post-operative care.
Investigating the CO2 laser for plantar digital neurectomy in horses. A histological study of plantar digital nerve sections cut with a carbon dioxide laser in horses was conducted. A series of nerve cuts were made with variable power densities to determine the appropriate theoretical level which would yield the most desired tissue effects. Power densities in the lower ranges used appeared to provide tissue effects judged most likely to prevent neuroma formation through increased thermal sealing of the proximal stump at the axon level. Clinical observation and follow-up of horses subjected to laser neurectomy tend to support the reported concept that the laser i...
Seasonal changes in blood serum protein fractions and in activity of AspAT and AlAT in Arabian brood mares and their foals. In 34 pure breed Arabian horses divided into four groups (Gr. I--10 pregnant mares, Gr. II--7 barren mares, Gr. III--10 foals born in 1981, Gr. IV--7 foals born in 1982) seasonal changes in total blood serum protein, its electrophoretic fractions and the activity of AspAT and AlAT were studied. Seasonal cyclicity was found in all groups in the amount of total serum proteins, and alpha 2- and beta 1-globulin fractions. Cyclicity was found in the level of albumin and activity of AspAT in three groups, not Gr. II, and in gamma-globulin, not Gr. IV. beta 2-globulin and AlAT cyclicity was found in ...
[Esophageal obstipation in the horse]. Etiology and therapy of equine esophageal obstipation are described in 79 cases seen at the Veterinary Surgery Clinic of the University of Munich.
Effects of repeated endotoxin injections on prostanoids, hemodynamics, endothelial cells, and survival in ponies. The objectives of this study were to determine the pathophysiological effects of increasing amounts of endotoxin administered intraperitoneally (IP) for 24 hr at which time an intravenous (IV) injection of endotoxin was given. The ability of flunixin meglumine (FM), a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug with antiprostaglandin activity, to provide protective effects was also determined. Eight ponies were divided into two groups of four ponies each; one group (untreated) received endotoxin only and the other group (treated) received endotoxin while being treated with flunixin. Hemodynamic and ser...
Clinical anaesthesia in the horse: comparison of enflurane and halothane. Anaesthesia was induced in 24 horses with xylazine and ketamine and maintained with halothane (12 cases) or enflurane (12 cases) in oxygen. Pulse rate, arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gas values, respiratory rate and tidal volume were measured at regular intervals during anaesthesia. Serial venous blood samples were taken for assay of glucose, urea, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and creatine kinase. Operating conditions and the horses' behaviour in the recovery period were also recorded. In the case ...
Cardiopulmonary effects of dopamine hydrochloride in anaesthetised horses. Dopamine hydrochloride was infused intravenously into six horses anaesthetised with halothane. Three dose rates; 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg/min, were evaluated in each horse. The cardiac output was significantly increased at 15 and 30 mins following administration of dopamine at 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg/min. The heart rate, facial artery pressure and pulmonary artery pressure remained unchanged. Total peripheral resistance was significantly decreased at 30 mins with 2.5 micrograms/kg/min and at 15 and 30 mins with 5.0 micrograms/kg/min. No significant change was produced in packed cell vo...
[Efficient drug forms and the means for using them in the intensive raising of animals]. Stated is the use of promising therapeutic formulae that produce prophylactic, metaphylactic, and curative effects at lower input of labour and handling, inciting lower unrest with animals, belonging chiefly to the type of the so-called 'therapeutic systems'. Particular attention is paid to drugs for programmed, continuous, and checkable release of the active ingredients in compliance with what is needed at the time (sustained release forms)-type OROS (oral osmotic system), type 'liquid reservoir', type 'glass cylinders', tablets and boluses of higher relative weight, or multilayer and mosaic ...
Seasonal changes in the white blood cell system, lyzozyme activity and cortisol level in Arabian brood mares and their foals. In 34 pure-breed Arabian horses divided into four groups (Gr. I, ten pregnant mares; Gr. II, seven barren mares; Gr. III, ten foals born in 1981; Gr. IV, seven foals born in 1982) seasonal changes in the white blood cell system, cortisol level and lyzozyme activity were studied. Seasonal periodicity was found in all groups for the number of lymphocytes, segmented neutrophils and eosinophils and cortisol level. Leukocyte periodicity was found in three groups, but not in the barren mares. In lyzozyme activity there was periodicity in three groups but not in the youngest foals. In the stab neutro...
