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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Zinc and copper plasma levels in Icelandic horses with Culicoides hypersensitivity. Zinc concentration has been shown to have a potent immunomodulatory capacity, particularly influencing T helper cell organisation and cytokine secretion. Culicoides hypersensitivity (CHS) in horses resembles the early and late phase of type I hypersensitive reactions in man, characterised by a shift from T helper cell subtype 1 to T helper cell subtype 2 cytokine profile. In this pilot study, zinc and copper levels were measured in the plasma of 48 CHS-affected and 56 healthy Icelandic horses age 4-25 years (mean approximately 11 years) kept on 7 farms. Affected horses were divided into 3 grou...
Effects of intravenous lidocaine overdose on cardiac electrical activity and blood pressure in the horse. This study aimed to identify blood serum lidocaine concentrations in the horse which resulted in clinical signs of intoxication, and to document the effects of toxic levels on the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary systems. Nineteen clinically normal mature horses of mixed breed, age and sex were observed. Lidocaine administration was initiated in each subject with an i.v. loading dose of 1.5 mg/kg bwt and followed by continuous infusion of 0.3 mg/kg bwt/min until clinical signs of intoxication were observed. Intoxication was defined as the development of skeletal muscle tremors. Prior to admi...
Equine dysautonomia (grass sickness) is associated with altered plasma amino acid levels and depletion of plasma sulphur amino acids. To determine whether equine dysautonomia (ED) is associated with alterations in plasma amino acid metabolism, plasma amino acid profiles were determined for horses with acute (n = 10), subacute (n = 6) and chronic (n = 7) ED and for healthy cograzing horses (n = 6) and control horses (n = 10). Horses with acute ED had perturbations in plasma amino acid profiles resembling those of severe protein malnutrition. In addition, horses with ED and cograzing healthy horses had depletion of the plasma sulphur amino acids cyst(e)ine and methionine. As similar plasma amino acid perturbations occur in sub...
Esophagomyotomy and esophagopexy to create a diverticulum for treatment of chronic esophageal stricture in 2 horses. We report use of esophagomyotomy and esophagopexy to create a diverticulum for relief of chronic type I esophageal stricture in 2 horses. After esophagomyotomy, the mucosa was dissected free from the muscularis for approximately 180 degrees around the myotomy. Then, the tunica muscularis of esophagus was sutured to the sternocephalicus muscle ventrally and the periesophageal tissues dorsally to create a diverticulum without disruption of the esophageal mucosa. Clinical signs of esophageal stricture were relieved, and the horses were fed normal diets without further esophageal obstruction.
The effect of recurrent laryngeal neurectomy in conjunction with laryngoplasty and unilateral ventriculocordectomy in thoroughbred racehorses. To investigate the effects of recurrent laryngeal neurectomy (RLN) in combination with laryngoplasty and ventriculocordectomy on the postoperative performance of Thoroughbred racehorses treated for grade III left laryngeal hemiparesis (LLH). Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: Fifty-five Thoroughbred racehorses. Methods: Medical records for Thoroughbred racehorses treated surgically by laryngoplasty and laser ventriculocordectomy with or without RLN between June 1993 and December 1996 were reviewed. Outcome was evaluated subjectively by assessment of performance obtained from telephone inte...
Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the surgical margins of equine sarcoids for bovine papilloma virus DNA. To examine apparently normal skin around equine sarcoids for evidence of bovine papilloma virus (BPV) DNA, and to relate this finding to the observed recurrence after surgery. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: Forty-one equine sarcoids from 19 horses. Methods: The tumors were surgically excised at a measured distance of 8, 12, or 16 mm. Samples from the tumor and of the entire surrounding skin were taken at 4, 8, 12, and 16 mm from the tumor border and analyzed for the presence of BPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The samples were grouped per examined sarcoid, and...
Differential inhibition of equine neutrophil function by phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Neutrophils are recruited to the lungs of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and exhibit increased activity after antigen challenge, which may contribute to inflammation and lung damage. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase isoenzymes (PDEs) has been shown to attenuate human neutrophil functions including superoxide production, leukotriene (LT)B4 biosynthesis, enzyme and chemokine release. As equine neutrophils contain predominantly the isoenzyme, PDE4, the present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of rolipram, a PDE4 inhibitor, on equine neutrophil function. For...
Luteal deficiency and embryo mortality in the mare. Four separate components combine to produce the progesterone and biologically active 5 alpha-reduced pregnanes needed to maintain pregnancy in the mare. The primary corpus luteum (CL) is prolonged beyond its cyclical lifespan by the down-regulation of endometrial oxytocin receptors to prevent activation of the luteolytic pathway and its waning progesterone production is supplemented from day 40 of gestation by the formation of a series of accessory CL which develop in the maternal ovaries as a result of the gonadotrophic actions of pituitary FSH and the equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG). Fr...
Laparoscopic surgical technique for repair of rectal and colonic tears in horses: an experimental study. To determine the efficacy of laparoscopic surgical techniques for repair of rectal lacerations in horses. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Thirty-two segments of equine bowel placed in an equine pelvitrainer, 8 equine cadavers, and 3 normal horses. Methods: In experiment 1, 3 laparoscopic intestinal-repair techniques were evaluated in an equine pelvitrainer: suturing with needle holders, with an automatic suture device, and stapling with a hernia stapler. In experiment 2, descending colon lacerations were sutured laparoscopically using needle holders in a pelvitrainer and in equine cadave...
Effects of nandrolone treatment on recovery in horses after strenuous physical exercise. To test the effect of nandrolone on their recovery, six adult half-bred riding horses performed a competition exercise test (CET) and a standardized exercise test (SET) on consecutive days before and after a 2-week treatment with the anabolic steroid nandrolone laurate. Blood samples were collected during and between these tests for the determination of red cell volume and concentrations of blood lactate, plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, glycerol, triglycrides, erythropoietin, cortisol, insulin, and glucagon. Muscle biopsy specimens were taken immediately after the CET and before th...
Analgesic effect of butorphanol and levomethadone in detomidine sedated horses. The analgesic potency of butorphanol 25 microg/kg bodyweight (BW) and levomethadone 100 microg/kg BW, administered together with detomidine 10 microg/kg BW, was measured in twelve Warmblood horses in a randomized, blinded cross-over study. Detomidine with saline 10 ml 0.9% was used as placebo. The nociceptive threshold was determined using a constant current and a pneumatic pressure model for somatic pair Detomidine alone and in combination with butorphanol or levomethadone caused a significant temporary increase (P < 0.05) of the nociceptive threshold with a maximum effect within 15 min and a...
Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis in 34 horses using two parallel 5.5-mm cortical bone screws. To report clinical experience with arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint in horses using two parallel 5.5-mm cortical bone screws placed in lag fashion. Methods: Retrospective, clinical study. Methods: Thirty-four horses, aged 1 to 19 years. Methods: Medical records for all horses admitted (1991-1997) for pastern arthrodesis using two 5.5-mm ASIF cortical bone screws, in parallel orientation, and placed in lag fashion by use of a combined aiming device to facilitate accuracy were reviewed. Signalment, lameness diagnosis, duration of lameness, limb(s) involved, and outcome were reco...
An in vitro biomechanical investigation of an intramedullary nailing technique for repair of third metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in neonates and foals. To evaluate a dorsoproximal extra-articular approach for insertion of 8.25-mm, solid-titanium, intramedullary (IM) interlocking nails into ostectomized foal third metacarpal (MC3) and third metatarsal (MT3) bones; to compare the monotonic mechanical properties of IM nail constructs with paired intact bones; and to determine the effects of age, body weight, fore- or hindlimb, and left or right limb on the mechanical testing variables. Methods: Twenty bone pairs (10 MC3, 10 MT3) collected from 10 foals of various weights and ages. Methods: One bone from each pair was randomly selected to be oste...
Influence of oocyte collection technique on initial chromatin configuration, meiotic competence, and male pronucleus formation after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of equine oocytes. There is a great variability in the success of horse oocyte maturation and fertilization among laboratories. This study was conducted to determine if the meiotic and developmental competence of horse oocytes could be dependent on the method of oocyte collection, i.e., aspiration of follicular fluid with a vacuum apparatus, or opening follicles and scraping the granulosa layer. Horse oocytes were recovered from abattoir ovaries by aspiration or scraping and classified as having compact (Cp), expanded (Ex), or partial (P) cumuli. In Experiment 1 (Part A in May and Part B in October), oocytes wer...
Neuro-ophthalmological sequelae of horse-related accidents. The aim of this study was to highlight the neuro-ophthalmological dangers associated with horse riding, and working around horses, and the importance of wearing adequate headgear to protect the rider from neuro-ophthalmic injuries. It raises the questions of whether the current laws regarding helmet use are satisfactory, and whether helmets currently used are of an adequate standard. Methods: The records over a 20-year period of one neuro-ophthalmologist in Adelaide were reviewed producing 22 patients with neuro-ophthalmological sequelae of head injuries as a result of horse-related accidents....
The influence of lameness on equine stride length consistency. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of orthopaedic pain on the variation of stride length as a kinematic system-parameter in 21 horses with forelimb lameness. Data were collected while the horses were trotting on a treadmill during a minimum of 12 motion cycles, both before and after intra-articular or perineural anaesthesia. Stride length was assessed for each motion cycle, and the mean and standard deviation were calculated for each condition. Forelimb lameness was documented as percentage of asymmetry of vertical head movement. With significant decrease of forelimb lameness af...
[Comparison of direct smear observations and bacteriologic culture results carried out on equine tracheal secretions]. The aim of the study was to assess the relation between the direct smear observations and bacteriological results carried out on equine tracheal secretions. A total of 304 cases comprising both the direct smear (Gram stain) and the bacteriological culture, over a period of 8 years, were submitted to this retrospective study. Most of the specimens (78%) were obtained using tracheal washings while the rest (22%) originated from tracheal brushings. A total of 96 specimens (32%) were negative for both direct smear and culture. The positive predictive value of direct smears appeared high (81-96%) w...
Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with L-NAME does not increase lactate production at rest or during short-term high-intensity exercise in Thoroughbred horses. The present study was carried out to determine whether inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase promotes anaerobic metabolism in exercising horses, resulting in a significantly increased blood lactate concentration. N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is a potent inhibitor of NO synthase that has been tested in horses and other species. Two sets of experiments, namely placebo (saline control) and L-NAME (20 mg/kg, i.v.) studies, were carried out on seven healthy, sound, exercise-trained, Thoroughbred horses in random order, 6 to 7 days apart. In both experiments, an incremental exe...
Comparison of 2 techniques for regional antibiotic delivery to the equine forelimb: intraosseous perfusion vs. intravenous perfusion. The purpose of this study was to compare the synovial fluid concentrations and pharmacokinetics of amikacin in the equine limb distal to the carpus following intraosseous and intravenous regional perfusion. The front limbs of 6 horses were randomly assigned to either intraosseous or intravenous perfusion. A tourniquet was placed distal to each carpus and the limb perfused with 500 mg of amikacin. Systemic blood samples and synovial fluid samples were collected over 70 min from the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, metacarpophalangeal joint, and digital flexor sheath. The tourniquet was remov...
Plasma ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone concentrations in horses after endurance rides. To evaluate changes in plasma ionized calcium (Ca2+) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in horses competing in endurance rides. Methods: Longitudinal clinical study. Methods: 28 horses. Methods: Venous blood samples were obtained from horses before and after racing 80 km. Plasma pH and concentrations of Ca2+, PTH, inorganic phosphorus, albumin, lactate, and magnesium were measured. Results: Overall, a significant decrease in mean (+/- SD) plasma Ca2+ concentration (from 6.44 +/- 0.42 to 5.64 +/- 0.42 mg/dl) and a significant increase in plasma PTH concentration (from 49.9 +/- 30.1 to...
Plasma glucose and insulin responses of Thoroughbred mares fed a meal high in starch and sugar or fat and fiber. Plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin following a meal were compared in twelve Thoroughbred mares fed a pelleted concentrate (PC), a traditional sweet feed high in sugar and starch (SS), or a feed high in fat and fiber (FF). The feeds had similar DE and CP but differed in fat (19, 32, and 166 g/kg DM, respectively), NDF (199, 185, and 369 g/kg DM, respectively) and nonstructural carbohydrates (574, 645, and 247 g/kg, respectively). Mares were randomly assigned to two groups balanced for foaling date and weight. All mares received PC in late gestation; then, after foaling, one group was ...
Comparison of thiopentone/guaifenesin, ketamine/guaifenesin and ketamine/midazolam for the induction of horses to be anaesthetised with isoflurane. Forty-eight horses subjected to elective surgery were randomly assigned to three groups of 16 horses. After premedication with 0.1 mg/kg acepromazine intramuscularly and 0.6 mg/kg xylazine intravenously, anaesthesia was induced either with 2 g thiopentone in 500 ml of a 10 per cent guaifenesin solution, given intravenously at a dose of 1 ml/kg (group TG), or with 100 mg/kg guaifenesin and 2.2 mg/kg ketamine given intravenously (group KG), or with 0.06 mg/kg midazolam, and 2.2 mg/kg ketamine given intravenously (group KM). Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. The mean (sd) end tidal isof...
