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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Effects of follicular fluid or progesterone on in vitro maturation of equine oocytes before intracytoplasmic sperm injection with non-sorted and sex-sorted spermatozoa. In Expt 1, compact cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in: (i) control medium (Hepes-buffered TCM-199 with 10% oestrous cow serum (OCS) + oestradiol, LH and FSH); (ii) Hepes-buffered TCM-199 with 20% follicular fluid; or (iii) control medium containing 250 ng progesterone ml(-1). Mature oocytes were collected by transvaginal aspiration as a positive control for the in vitro maturation (IVM) treatments. Oocytes were fertilized by ICSI and cultured in Menezo's B2 + 5% fetal calf serum (FCS). There were no significant differences among IVM treatments. In Expt 2, oocytes with expanded COC...
The structural morphology and epithelial association of spermatozoa at the uterotubal junction: a descriptive study of equine spermatozoa in situ using scanning electron microscopy. Uterotubal junction tissues (n=12) recovered from young nulliparous mares 4 h after insemination were examined for spermatozoa in situ using scanning electron microscopy. Mares were inseminated before ovulation with semen containing 66-85% morphologically abnormal spermatozoa and approximately 1 x 10(9) progressively motile spermatozoa. Spermatozoa were found in all the tissues and displayed a variety of relationships to the epithelium, depending on regional location, spatial constraints and epithelial surface characteristics. Spermatozoa were most abundant in the epithelial folds on the uteri...
Simultaneous recording of pituitary oxytocin secretion and myometrial activity in oestrous mares exposed to various breeding stimuli. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different breeding stimuli on uterine contractility and pituitary oxytocin release in five oestrous mares, in order to design better treatments for mares with defective physical uterine clearance mechanisms. Electrodes and strain gauges were implanted surgically on the uterine myometrium and myometrial activity was monitored with a Grass polygraph. A catheter was placed non-surgically in the intercavernous sinus of each oestrous mare to sample pituitary venous blood and a second catheter was placed in the jugular vein. Continuous sampling ...
Possible role of autoimmunity to spermatozoa in idiopathic infertility of stallions. Testicular degeneration is a major cause of subfertility in stallions, although an aetiological diagnosis cannot be made in most cases. In the present study, autoimmune testicular degeneration was induced and evaluated in stallions by immunizing stallions with their own spermatozoa mixed with an adjuvant. The factors evaluated included changes in semen quality and testicular histology. A large decrease in sperm number and quality was observed in response to sperm autoantigens. An ELISA test specific for antisperm antibodies was developed which enabled antibody titres in serum, seminal plasma a...
Mucus production by endometrium of reproductively healthy mares and mares with delayed uterine clearance. The aims of this study were to compare various staining and fixation techniques for endometrial biopsy samples and, thus, to investigate the mucociliary apparatus in endometrium from reproductively healthy mares and mares with delayed uterine clearance. Endometrial samples were collected from the left and right uterine horns of reproductively healthy mares (n=5) and mares with delayed uterine clearance (n=4) during anoestrus, transition, oestrus and dioestrus. Each sample of endometrium was fixed in either Bouin's fixative or formalin, and stained with alcian blue (pH 1.0 or 2.5), periodic aci...
Production of live foals from sperm-injected oocytes harvested from pregnant mares. In vitro fertilization in horses has been less successful than anticipated owing to: (i) the inability to collect large numbers of good quality oocytes; (ii) alterations in the zona pellucida that occur during in vitro maturation of equine oocytes; and (iii) inadequate preparation of equine sperm cells. In addition, studies in humans, mice and cattle have indicated that high concentrations of glucose in culture media may inhibit embryonic development in vitro and this may also be a problem for development of equine embryos in vitro. The aims of the present study were: (i) to achieve fertilizat...
Relationship between the degree of endometrial periglandular fibrosis and the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme in the equine endometrium. Endometrial periglandular fibrosis (EPF) has been proposed as a possible aetiology for equine embryonic and fetal loss. However, the pathophysiology of EPF is not well understood. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is found in macrophages, endothelium (during angiogenesis) and myofibroblasts at sites of fibrosis in the heart, kidneys, liver and skin in several species. An increase in local tissue ACE-binding activity appears to be a critical event in the initiation and progression of fibrosis in these tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between ACE activity in th...
Bone marrow response to large volume blood collection in the horse. Evaluation of erythropoietic regeneration in horses is difficult unless serial bone marrow aspirates are performed. To investigate the acute and chronic erythropoietic regenerative response of equine bone marrow following acute removal or loss of blood, sequential bone marrow aspirates over 4 weeks were taken from the sternum of five horses from which 20 ml kg(-1)of blood had been removed. We found that the total number of erythroid cells counted (expressed as a percentage of the total number of erythroid and myeloid cells counted) expanded initially by 13.7 per cent within 3 days after blood ...
A survey of white line disease in Japanese racehorses. A survey was carried out into white line disease in 1781 Thoroughbred racehorses kept in stables at the Japan Racing Association (JRA) Miho Training Center (MTC) September-October 1996. The survey was conducted while horses were being shod by farriers. The horses that still exhibited damaged white lines after regular trimming were diagnosed as having white line disease. The factors recorded were age, sex, number of diseased horses, number of diseased hooves, number of lesions by region over the bearing border of the hoof and the classified length of such lesions. The percentage of total diseas...
[35 leptospira isolated from the vitreous body of 32 horses with recurrent uveitis (ERU)]. 130 vitreous samples, systematically collected in 1998 from 117 horses during vitrectomy, were cultured for the presence of leptospires. All horses suffered from equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), also known as periodic ophthalmia or moon blindness, and were treated surgically to combat painful attacks, and to preserve vision. In 35 out of 130 vitreous samples (35/130 = 26.9%), leptospires could be isolated. These isolates belong to the grippotyphosa serogroup (n = 31) and to the australis serogroup (n = 4). So, for the first time, leptospires were recovered from eyes in vivo in a large number of...
Equine dental disease part 2: a long-term study of 400 cases: disorders of development and eruption and variations in position of the cheek teeth. Of 400 referred horses with dental disorders, 349 cases suffered from primary disorders of their cheek teeth, ninety of these from disorders of development or eruption, or displacements. These included 20 cases with rostral maxillary and caudal mandibular cheek teeth overgrowths, 16 with diastemata, 15 with grossly enlarged mandibular 'eruption cysts', 4 with grossly enlarged maxillary cheek teeth 'eruption cysts', 10 cases with supernumerary cheek teeth and 23 cases with displaced cheek teeth. These displacements were believed to be developmental in 16 cases and acquired in the remaining 7 ca...
Radiological study to evaluate suspected scapulohumeral joint dysplasia in Shetland ponies. A radiological study was performed to test the hypothesis that osteoarthritis of the scapulohumeral joint in Shetland ponies is secondary to shoulder dysplasia. Animals were selected into 3 groups: Group 1: Shetland ponies with a radiological and clinical diagnosis of scapulohumeral osteoarthritis (n = 8); Group 2: Shetland ponies without forelimb lameness (n = 12); Group 3: Horses/ponies without a history or clinical signs of forelimb lameness (n = 22). Anatomical indices were measured from mediolateral radiographs of a scapulohumeral joint from each animal. There was a significant difference...
The association of Clostridium botulinum type C with equine grass sickness: a toxicoinfection? The cause of grass sickness, an equine dysautonomia, is unknown. The disease usually results in death. Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is a common clinical manifestation in all forms of the disease. It is generally thought that equine grass sickness (EGS) is caused by an ingested or enterically produced neurotoxin which is absorbed through the GI tract. Clostridium botulinum was first implicated as a causative agent when it was isolated from the GI tract of a horse with EGS in 1919. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that EGS results from toxicoinfection with C. b...
A serological and clinical follow-up in horses with confirmed equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis. For diagnosis of equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (EGE) serological testing of antibodies to Ehrlichia equi is frequently used. An elevated antibody level is often misinterpreted as confirmative of active infection and results in treatment with antibiotics. If only seropositivity is considered as the diagnostic criterium, many horses showing convalescence titres will be treated. This study was undertaken to obtain information about the kinetics of antibodies during the course of infection and, for this purpose, 45 horses with clinical signs of EGE and confirmed ehrlichiaemia were monitored ser...
Effects of Actinobacillus equuli culture supernatants on equine neutrophil functions and survival. After exposure of equine granulocytes from both foals and adult horses to culture supernatants from clinical isolates of Actinobacillus equuli, phagocytic capacity and respiratory burst was examined by flow-cytometry and a chemiluminescence assay, respectively. One haemolytic isolate of an equine Actinobacillus was also included in the study. An average decrease of 22% in total number of granulocytes, in the flow cytometric assay (P < 0.01), and an average decrease of 26% in light emission, in the chemiluminescence assay (P < 0.001), was seen after exposure to bacterial culture supernata...
In vitro mechanical properties of different equine hoof wall crack fixation techniques. Hoof wall cracks need mechanical stabilisation to allow healing. Common techniques are fixation with screws, wires and plates or bonding of a patch across the crack. An in vitro system to determine the shear properties of equine hoof crack repairs is described. The force and displacement at yield, stiffness and ultimate force were determined for 4 repair techniques based on an acrylic material, polyurethane patch attached with cyanoacrylate adhesive, steel plate attached with screws and a transverse metal bar cut into the hoof wall. The cyanoacrylate bonded patch repair had lower values for al...
[Evaluation of intravenous immunotherapy with purified F(ab’)2 fragments (Viperfav)]. To assess early clinical and biological prognosis factors in viper envenomings, and assess efficacy of Viperfav immunotherapy. Viperfav contains purified F(ab')2 fragments of equine antibodies. Methods: A retrospective case review study of viper envenomings collected by two poison centers in France, treated or not treated by Viperfav, was conducted. Two hundred seven cases of viper bites including 119 moderate or severe envenomings (Grade II and III, recorded in adults and children and collected from 1992 to 1997 were included. Before treatment, clinical gradation and early biological severity...
Transabdominal ultrasonographic determination of fetal gender in the horse during mid-gestation. Gender determination of the equine fetus using transabdominal ultrasonography was studied in 20 mares. One group of 10 research mares was scanned repeatedly every 2 weeks from 100 days gestation to parturition, while the second group of 10 client mares was subjected to echography once during mid-gestation. In males, the penis and/or prepuce was observed on 71 occasions from 102 days to 258 days gestation. On cross-sectional views, the male external genitalia had a round shape with parallel linear echogenic foci up to approximately 140 days gestation and then appeared triangular. Fetal testes w...
Outcome and racing performance after internal fixation of third and central tarsal bone slab fractures in horses. A review of 20 cases. Twenty horses with central and third tarsal bone slab fractures, were treated internal fixation. Eighteen of the 20 cases were Standardbred trotters, one was a Thoroughbred racehorse and one a Swedish Warmblood. The central tarsal bone (CT) was involved in 12 cases and the third tarsal bone (T3) in 8 cases. The fractures were treated by lag screw fixation with one (18 cases) or two (2 cases) 3.5 or 4.5 mm cortical screws. Horses were confined to stall rest for one month and then put on a gradually increasing exercise programme. Convalescence time was 3-8 months until the fracture had healed an...
Measurements of reproductive function in stallions treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pyrimethamine. To evaluate the effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pyrimethamine treatment on various measures of reproductive function in healthy pony stallions. Methods: Randomized complete block study. Methods: 12 healthy, mature pony stallions. Methods: Stallions were assigned to treatment and control groups balanced for age and various characteristics of reproductive function. The treated group received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pyrimethamine for 90 days during summer and fall; the control group was not treated. Semen characteristics, sexual behavior, testicular volume, and sperm produc...
Quantitative real-time PCR for equine cytokine mRNA in nondecalcified bone tissue embedded in methyl methacrylate. Specific amplification and quantitation of nucleic acid sequences by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been extensively used for the detection of viral infection and gene expression. Although successful amplification of DNA and RNA sequences extracted from paraffin embedded tissue have been described, there are presently no reports available regarding RNA analysis from bone and calcified tissues embedded in hydrophobic acrylic resin. Here we describe a general method for quantitation of specific mRNA sequences extracted from undecalcified bone sections, fixed in paraformaldehyde, and emb...
Equine reproductive pharmacology. This article reviews therapies and strategies commonly used to treat diseases of the mare's genital tract and modulate the reproductive cycle of the mare. Many reproductive treatments are based on historical use and empirical evidence rather than well controlled clinical studies. This article attempts to present practical information in a summary form while highlighting the need for continued research documenting the efficacy and safety of reproductive therapies.
Formulary of common equine drugs. This article presents in easily accessible form a collection of drug names and dose rates for the drugs recommended or referred to by the authors of the individual articles in this issue. Although the formulary provides recommendations for drug use, the reader is cautioned that the responsibility for the choice of agent, formulation, dose, and dose interval lies with the clinician. The author also addresses regulations that govern the use of drugs in competition horses.
