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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Near infrared spectroscopy in large animals: optical pathlength and influence of hair covering and epidermal pigmentation. The effects of epidermal pigmentation and hair covering on the relative transparency of various animal tissues to near infrared (NIR) light were examined, and the pathlengths of NIR light through tissues at four wavelengths in the NIR range were subsequently determined. Black hair covering and black or dark-coloured hooves prevented NIR light from penetration sufficient for conduction of pathlength or NIR spectroscopy measurements. Non-pigmented hair covering of the head did not appear to be a barrier to successful NIR light transmission. Tissues sufficiently transparent to NIR light had the d...
Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of rimantadine in horses experimentally infected with influenza virus A2. To determine pharmacokinetics of single and multiple doses of rimantadine hydrochloride in horses and to evaluate prophylactic efficacy of rimantadine in influenza virus-infected horses. Methods: 5 clinically normal horses and 8 horses seronegative to influenza A. Methods: Horses were given rimantadine (7 mg/kg of body weight, i.v., once; 15 mg/kg, p.o., once; 30 mg/kg, p.o., once; and 30 mg/kg, p.o., q 12 h for 4 days) to determine disposition kinetics. Efficacy in induced infections was determined in horses seronegative to influenza virus A2. Rimantadine was administered (30 mg/kg, p.o., q 1...
Techniques for evaluation of right ventricular relaxation rate in horses and effects of inhalant anesthetics with and without intravenous administration of calcium gluconate. To determine the most repeatable method for evaluating right ventricular relaxation rate in horses and to determine and compare effects of isoflurane or halothane with and without the added influence of intravenously administered calcium gluconate on right ventricular relaxation rates in horses. Methods: 6 Thoroughbred horses from 2 to 4 years old. Methods: 6 models (2 for monoexponential decay with zero asymptote, 3 for monoexponential decay with variable asymptote, and 1 for biexponential decay) for determining right ventricular relaxation rate were assessed in conscious and anesthetized hor...
Antibody responses to DNA vaccination of horses using the influenza virus hemagglutinin gene. Equine influenza virus infection remains one of the most important infectious diseases of the horse, yet current vaccines offer only limited protection. The equine immune response to natural influenza virus infection results in long-term protective immunity, and is characterized by mucosal IgA and serum IgGa and IgGb antibody responses. DNA vaccination offers a radical alternative to conventional vaccines, with the potential to generate the same protective immune responses seen following viral infection. Antigen-specific antibody isotype responses in serum and mucosal secretions were studied i...
Ultrasonographic anatomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon in horses. The ultrasonographic anatomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (AL-SDFT) in the horse is presented. Comparison between anatomical sections of isolated limbs and ultrasound scans of the distal antebrachium in sound horses enabled the authors to establish the normal reference ultrasonographic images of this structure. The AL-SDFT inserts 7-14 cm above the antebrachiocarpal joint on the palmaromedial aspect of the radius. Ultrasonographically it appears as an uniformly echogenic structure located deep to the median artery. The knowledge of ultrasonographic anatomy...
A method for determination of equine hoof strain patterns using photoelasticity: an in vitro study. During impact, equine hooves undergo viscoelastic deformations which may result in potentially harmful strains. Previous hoof strain studies using strain gauges have been inconclusive due to arbitrary gauge placement. Photoelastic stress analysis (PSA) is a full-field technique which visually displays strains over entire loaded surfaces. This in vitro study identifies normal hoof strain patterns using PSA. Custom-made photoelastic plastic sheets were applied to the hoof surface. The hooves were axially loaded (225 kg) under level and varus/valgus conditions. Strain patterns were video-recorded...
Endoscopic examination of the tarsal sheath of the lateral digital flexor tendon in horses. This study was designed to develop a reliable technique for endoscopic examination of the tarsal sheath of the lateral digital flexor tendon of horses. The anatomy of the tendon sheath and associated structures was studied in detail in cadavers before determining portals for the insertion of an arthroscope into the sheath. Approaches into the sheath through the proximal pouch and through the flexor retinaculum, at the level of the sustentaculum tali, were performed and compared in cadavers. The proximal pouch portal permitted visualisation only of the proximal half of the sheath, while the app...
Comparison of bacteriology and cytology of tracheal fluid samples collected by percutaneous transtracheal aspiration or via an endoscope using a plugged, guarded catheter. Cytological and bacteriological results from tracheal fluid samples obtained endoscopically using a telescoping, plugged catheter (TPC) were compared with results from samples collected by percutaneous transtracheal aspiration (PTA). The TPC technique and PTA were performed in random order on 9 healthy Standardbred geldings. Three weeks later the procedures were performed on the same horses in the reverse order. The presence of oropharyngeal contamination was determined by quantitative bacteriology and quantification of squamous epithelial cells (SEC)/ml sample. The relative numbers of macroph...
Results of screw fixation combined with cortical drilling for treatment of dorsal cortical stress fractures of the third metacarpal bone in 56 Thoroughbred racehorses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate screw fixation with cortical drilling as a surgical treatment for dorsal cortical stress fractures of MCIII in the Thoroughbred racehorse. Details of age, sex, limb affected, fracture assessment, and post operative recommendations were obtained from medical records and radiographs. Fracture healing was assessed radiographically at the time of screw removal. Performance evaluation was determined from race records obtained from The Jockey Club Information System, Lexington, Kentucky. Fifty-six Thoroughbred racehorses were treated surgically for stress fr...
Expression of endothelin in equine laminitis. Biosynthesis of endothelin-1 (ET-1), the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor yet identified, is increased following myocardial infarction (MI) in man. Pathological events which occur in the connective tissues of the equine hoof during laminitis are similar in some respects, to changes occurring in the myocardial connective tissues following MI in man. The objective of this study was to determine whether ET-1 expression in connective tissues obtained from the hoof of laminitic horses is increased compared with tissues obtained from healthy horses. Expression of ET-1 in connective tissues of ...
The effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on wound healing in horses. Laser therapy is used in many countries, including South Africa, for the treatment of skin wounds. Low level galium aluminium arsenide (GaAlAs) laser was administered to full thickness skin wounds (3 x 3 cm) induced surgically on the dorsal aspect of the metacarpophalangeal joints of 6 crossbred horses in a randomised, blind, controlled study. Treated wounds that received a daily laser dosage of 2 J/cm2 were compared with nontreated control wounds on the opposite leg. There were no wound complications. Both groups of wounds were cleaned daily using tap water. Wound contraction and epithelialis...
Caesarean section and other methods for assisted delivery: comparison of effects on mare mortality and complications. Data from 116 mares that had caesarean section or vaginal delivery at 2 university hospitals were analysed in 5 groups, as follows: dystocia corrected by caesarean section, Group DCS (n = 48); elective caesarean section, Group ECS (n = 10); caesarean section concurrently with colic surgery, Group CCS (n = 8); assisted vaginal delivery, Group AVD (n = 22); and controlled vaginal delivery under general anaesthesia, Group CVD (n = 28). Survival rate in all mares that had caesarean section, excluding Group CCS, was 88% (51/58). All mares in Group ECS survived and Group CCS had the lowest survival ...
Efficacy of a commercial vaccine for preventing disease caused by influenza virus infection in horses. To evaluate efficacy of a commercial vaccine for prevention of infectious upper respiratory tract disease (IURD) caused by equine influenza virus. Methods: Double-masked, randomized, controlled field trial. Methods: 462 horses stabled at a Thoroughbred racetrack. Methods: Vaccine or saline solution placebo was administered 4 times in the population at 6-week intervals. The vaccine contained 3 strains of inactivated influenza virus, and inactivated equine herpesvirus type 4. Horses received 1 or 2 doses of vaccine or placebo prior to onset of a natural influenza epidemic, and were examined 5 d/...
A comparison of the bioequivalence of 0.5% fenbendazole top dress pellets or 10% fenbendazole oral suspension against a spectrum of equine parasites. A controlled test was conducted to assess the efficacy bioequivalence of a single dose of 0.5% fenbendazole (FBZ) top dress pellets to a 10% FBZ suspension formulation (Panacur suspension 10%, Hoechst Roussel Vet). Thirty horses with naturally-acquired parasite infections, in replicates of three, were used. Strongyle egg per gram counts were not significantly different (P>0.1) between groups pretreatment, but FBZ treated groups were significantly different from the control group post-treatment. At necropsy, which occurred seven to nine days post-treatment, two methods of nematode recovery were...
Factors influencing recovery from and duration of lameness in Michigan (USA) horses. The objective of this study was to identify factors that may affect recovery from and duration of a case of lameness in a stratified random sample of Michigan horses. This was done using data from Phase-II of the Michigan equine monitoring system (MEMS Phase-II), the equine health-monitoring study [Kaneene et al., Prev. Vet. Med. 29 (1997b) 277-292; Ross and Kaneene, Prev. Vet. Med. 28 (1996a) 209-224; Ross and Kaneene, Prev. Vet. Med. 29 (1996b) 59-75; Ross et al., Am. J. Vet. Res. 59 (1997) 23-29]. In this study, statistical modelling was conducted to evaluate risk factors affecting recovery...
[Diagnosis, therapy and endocrinologic parameters of persistent follicles in mares in comparison with preovulatory follicles]. During the 1997 breeding season persistent follicles were diagnosed in 17 mares. In 16 of these mares a total of 17 follicles were transabdominally punctured and the steroids oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone were measured in the follicular fluid and in blood serum. In ten mares serving as a control group preovulatory follicles were punctured. The follicular fluid of the persistent follicles revealed a very high variability of the steroid concentrations. Depending on the steroid ratio within the follicles, eight follicles were rated as being intact, three follicles were undergoing atre...
Pulmonary distribution of aerosolized technetium Tc 99m pentetate after administration of a single dose of aerosolized albuterol sulfate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. To determine whether pulmonary distribution of aerosolized technetium Tc 99m pentetate is improved after inhalation of a single dose of albuterol sulfate in horses susceptible to recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Methods: 6 horses with heaves and 4 horses with normal respiratory tract function. Methods: Images were obtained during ventilation of horses at baseline (maximal change in pleural pressure during tidal breathing [deltaPpImax] >15 cm H2O) and after aerosolized albuterol sulfate (360 microg) administration, with a 24-hour washout period between experiments. The deltaPpImax was ...
Anesthesia of horses with a combination of detomidine, zolazepam, tiletamine, and isoflurane immediately after strenuous treadmill exercise. To evaluate effects of strenuous exercise in adult horses immediately before anesthesia and to determine whether prior exercise affects anesthesia induction, recovery, or both. Methods: 6 healthy Thoroughbreds in good condition and trained to run on a treadmill, each horse serving as its own control. Methods: Horses ran on a treadmill until fatigued, then were sedated immediately with detomidine hydrochloride and anesthetized with a zolazepam hydrochloride-tiletamine combination. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen for another 90 minutes. Blood samples were taken before, during...
Aerosolized albuterol sulfate used as a bronchodilator in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. To determine the dose of aerosolized albuterol sulfate required to cause bronchodilation in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and duration of this effect. Methods: 19 horses with RAO (10 in experiment 1; 9 in experiment 2). Methods: Horses were moved from pasture to stables, and airway obstruction was induced. Pulmonary function was measured in 10 horses before and 5, 10, and 30 minutes after administration of vehicle or 120, 240, 360, or 720 microg of the drug. Nine horses received vehicle or 360 or 720 microg of albuterol, and pulmonary function was measured at baseline and 5 mi...
In vitro contractile responses and contracture testing of skeletal muscle from Quarter Horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis. To determine whether increased sensitivity to pharmacologic agents was a general property of equine exertional myopathies, including polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) in Quarter Horses. Methods: 5 adult Quarter Horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis and abnormal polysaccharide accumulation in skeletal muscle and 4 clinically normal adult Quarter or Quarter-type horses. Methods: Twitch time course measurements and contracture responses to various concentrations of caffeine and halothane for small bundles of intact external intercostal muscle fibers were measured in all horses. Results: Caff...
Follicle deviation and intrafollicular and systemic estradiol concentrations in mares. By definition, follicle deviation begins on the day the two largest follicles of a wave begin to differ in growth rates. The relationships between follicle deviation and intrafollicular and systemic estradiol concentrations were studied in ponies, using a two-follicle model in which all but the two largest follicles were ablated. A 20-microliter sample of follicular fluid was obtained from each of the two follicles by transvaginal ultrasonography. In experiment 1, the two follicles were sampled when the larger follicle reached 15 mm. No differences (p > 0.05) in post-sampling follicle chara...
Nitric oxide synthase activity in healthy and interleukin 1beta-exposed equine synovial membrane. To quantitate nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in healthy and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta)-exposed equine synovial membrane. Methods: 6 healthy horses, 2 to 8 years old. Methods: Recombinant human IL-1beta (0.35 ng/kg of body weight) was injected intra-articularly into 1 metacarpophalangeal joint of each horse. The contralateral joint served as an unexposed control. All horses were euthanatized 6 hours after injection of IL-1beta, and synovial membrane specimens were assayed for NOS activity by measuring conversion of arginine to citrulline. Severity of inflammation was semiquantitated by ...
Effect of hypothyroidism on blood lipid concentrations in horses. To measure and compare concentrations of selected blood lipids before and after thyroidectomy in horses. Methods: 5 healthy adult mares. Methods: Mares were confirmed to be euthyroid. Thyroidectomy was performed, and hypothyroidism was confirmed. Selected blood lipid variables were measured before hypothyroidism was induced and weekly for 4 weeks after induction. Plasma concentrations of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) were measured. The composition of VLDL and LDL also was ...
Cardiorespiratory effects of a tiletamine/zolazepam-ketamine-detomidine combination in horses. To determine cardiorespiratory effects of a tiletamine/zolazepam-ketamine-detomidine (TZKD) combination in horses. Methods: 8 healthy adult horses. Methods: Horses were instrumented for measurement of cardiorespiratory, acid-base, and electrolyte values. Each horse was given xylazine (0.44 mg/kg of body weight, IV) 10 to 15 minutes prior to induction of recumbency by administration of the TZKD combination. Cardiorespiratory, acid-base, and electrolyte values were measured at 5-minute intervals for > or =30 minutes. Results: All horses became recumbent within 1 minute after IV administration of...
