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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Subdural injection of contrast medium during cervical myelography. Three patients (1 dog, 2 horses) are described where myelography was complicated, purportedly by injection of contrast medium into the meninges superficial to the subarachnoid space. Contrast medium injected in this location in a cadaver tended to accumulate dorsally within the vertebral canal, deep to the dura mater but superficial to the subarachnoid space. The ventral margin of the pooled contrast medium had a wavy or undulating margin and the dorsal margin was smooth. Pooled contrast medium was believed to be sequestered within the structurally weak dural border cell layer between the dura...
Emergence of rifampin-resistant Rhodococcus equi in an infected foal. To investigate the emergence of rifampin resistance in Rhodococcus equi strains isolated from foals and their environment in Japan, we compared the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities to rifampin of 640 isolates from 64 infected foals and 98 soil isolates from their horse-breeding farms. As a control, 39 human isolates from patients with and without AIDS were also tested for susceptibility to rifampin. All of the isolates showed rifampin sensitivity, except isolates from one infected foal and two patients with AIDS that showed rifampin resistance. To investigate the emergence of rifampin-r...
Incomplete nasomaxillary dysplasia in a foal. Atresia of the nasal punctum is the most common congenital anomaly for the equine nasolacrimal system. Nasomaxillary dysplasia has not been previously documented in foals, is of unknown etiology, and appears to be a rare condition. Conjunctivomaxillary sinostomy was successful in resolving the epiphora.
Hyaluronate concentration in tracheal lavage fluid from clinically normal horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. To establish concentration of hyaluronate (HA) in tracheal lavage fluid from healthy horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ANIMALS AND SAMPLES: Tracheal lavage fluid samples (n = 42) from 18 horses, 11 with COPD, and 7 control horses. Methods: Clinical examination of the respiratory tract, tracheal lavage, and blood sample collection were performed on horses without clinical signs of respiratory tract disease and horses with clinical signs of COPD. In some horses, 1 to 5 repeated examinations were performed at 1-week intervals. Tracheal lavage fluid samples were ...
The acute phase serum amyloid A protein (SAA) in the horse: isolation and characterization of three isoforms. Serum amyloid A (SAA) from acute phase horse serum was isolated using hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Three SAA isoforms with different isoelectric points, i.e. SAA pI 8.0, SAA pI 9.0 and SAA pI 9.7, were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis and further characterized with amino acid sequence analysis. These isoforms were found in similar concentrations in all animals investigated, with SAA pI 9.7 constituting about half of the total SAA content. Partial amino acid sequence analysis verified the previously published heterogeneous ...
The effect of the acute-phase response on in vitro drug metabolism and plasma protein binding in the horse. The effect of the acute-phase response (APR) on the activity of the hepatic drug-metabolizing system (DMS) and on the binding of phenylbutazone to plasma proteins was investigated in the horse. An APR was induced by intramuscular injections of Freund's complete adjuvant in five horses and, five days later, these horses together with five clinically normal horses were shot and the right ventral lobe of each liver removed. The hepatic microsomal fractions from the liver samples were isolated and significantly lower (p < 0.01) concentrations of cytochromes P450 and b5 and activities of aniline...
A simplified strong ion model for acid-base equilibria: application to horse plasma. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and Stewart's strong ion model are currently used to describe mammalian acid-base equilibria. Anomalies exist when the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is applied to plasma, whereas the strong ion model does not provide a practical method for determining the total plasma concentration of nonvolatile weak acids ([Atot]) and the effective dissociation constant for plasma weak acids (Ka). A simplified strong ion model, which was developed from the assumption that plasma ions act as strong ions, volatile buffer ions (HCO-3), or nonvolatile buffer ions, indicates th...
Cell-mediated cytolysis of equine herpesvirus-infected cells by leukocytes from young vaccinated horses. The objective of this study was to determine whether the administration of modified-live equine herpesvirus (EHV-1) to young horses with residual maternal antibodies stimulated EHV-specific cytolytic responses, and whether these responses were crossreactive between EHV-1 and EHV-4. Eighteen clinically normal Belgian cross-foals were used in the study and were commingled in two adjacent pens. Skin biopsies were harvested from 16 foals within 24 h of birth and fibroblast cultures were established, expanded and cryopreserved. Beginning at approximately 10 weeks of age, 10 randomly chosen foals we...
Pulmonary vascular pressures of strenuously exercising Thoroughbreds after administration of varying doses of frusemide. The frusemide dose-response for attenuation of exercise-induced pulmonary capillary hypertension was studied in 7 healthy, exercise-conditioned Thoroughbred horses using previously described haemodynamic procedures. Four different doses of frusemide were tested: 250 mg regardless of bodyweight (amounting to 0.56 +/- 0.03 mg/kg bwt), 1.0 mg/kg bwt, 1.5 mg/kg bwt and 2.0 mg/kg bwt. Frusemide was administered i.v., 4 h before exercise. Haemodynamic data were obtained at rest and during treadmill exercise performed at 14.2 m/s on a 3.5% uphill grade; this workload elicited maximal heart rate of ho...
Determination of methocarbamol in equine serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and atmospheric pressure ionization-mass spectrometric confirmation. Urine and serum samples collected from four standard-bred mares after and oral regimen administration of methocarbamol were extracted and analyzed. The method consisted of enzyme hydrolysis followed by a one-step liquid-liquid extraction, separation on a reversed-phase (RP-18) column, and detection using an ultraviolet (UV) detector. The confirmation was carried out using a liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-API-MS) system. Maximum methocarbamol concentrations of 1498, 1734, 1547, 2322 micrograms/mL in urine and 4.9, 1.7, and 3.6 micrograms/mL in serum ...
[Spontaneous and manual embryo reduction in mares: a twin prevention programme]. Data from the literature and own data for 67 twin pregnancies were used to establish the factors essential to the decision on how to treat twins at different gestational ages. Spontaneous (natural) reduction was compared with manual embryo reduction. Manual embryo reduction is always indicated when a twin is diagnosed before day 16 after ovulation. Thereafter, the type of fixation is the main determinant. Manual embryo reduction is always first choice for bilateral and unilateral non adjacent embryos and must be applied as early as possible. The change of natural reduction up to day 30, is hig...
Results of a combined dexamethasone suppression/thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in healthy horses and horses suspected to have a pars intermedia pituitary adenoma. To evaluate results of a combined dexamethasone suppression/thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test in horses suspected clinically to have a pars intermedia pituitary adenoma (PIPA). Methods: Case-control study. Methods: 7 healthy adult horses and 5 horses suspected to have a PIPA. Methods: A baseline blood sample was collected, and dexamethasone (40 micrograms/kg [18 micrograms/lb] of body weight, IV) was administered; a second blood sample was collected 3 hours later, and TRH (1.1 mg, IV) was administered; serial blood samples were collected 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes and 21...
[Application possibilities of laser surgery in veterinary medicine. 3: Literature review and some case reports]. The transmission of the laser beam trough flexible fibers enables an endoscopic application. Since this technique is minimal invasive and often does not require general anaesthesia there is an increasing interest in the use of laser techniques-for example in equine upper respiratory tract surgery. This paper gives a review about reported laser application in the different fields of veterinary surgery with emphasis on laser practice in dermatology, ophthalmology and endoscopic laser application.
In vivo determination of surface tension in the horse trachea and in vitro model studies. We measured the surface tension in the trachea of the non-anaesthetised horse from the spreading behaviour of fluid drops, using videotracheoscopy. To do this, we placed small oil drops onto the tracheal wall with a thin Teflon tubing inserted into a videocolonoscope used in humans. Either 5 ml of saline (control) or 5 ml of bovine lipid extract surfactant (BLES) at 4 mg/ml were administered. Tracheal surface tension was 31.9 +/- 0.54 mN/m (Mean +/- SEM, n = 30) in the control experiments and 24.5 +/- 0.51 mN/m (Mean +/- SEM, n = 21) in the entire trachea after the administration of BLES. Thes...
Abdominal surgery in foals: a review of 119 cases (1977-1994). The case records of 119 young horses (all less than age one year) that underwent an exploratory celiotomy during a 17 year period were examined to determine the surgical findings, short- and long-term outcome, and prevalence of small intestinal disease compared to previous reports in the mature horse. Physical and laboratory values were compared for long-term survivors vs. nonsurvivors and the frequency of post operative intra-abdominal adhesions was determined. The most common cause for exploratory celiotomy was small intestinal strangulation, followed by enteritis and uroperitoneum. Six hors...
Use of Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate renal arterial blood flow in horses. To obtain Doppler ultrasonographic images of renal arteries in horses and to establish reference range values for systolic and diastolic renal arterial blood flow and resistive indices. Also to determine whether Doppler ultrasonography could be used in horses to detect changes in renal blood flow after IV administration of furosemide. Methods: 11 clinically normal adult horses. Methods: Pulsed-wave Doppler examinations were performed on arcuate arteries of 5 sedated horses. Continuous-wave Doppler examinations were performed on pyelorenal arteries in 7 nonsedated horses and were repeated in 6 ...
Anesthetic potency of desflurane in the horse: determination of the minimum alveolar concentration. To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane (DES) in the horse. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: Six healthy adult horses (three males and three females) weighing 370 +/- 16 kg and aged 9 +/- 2 years old. Methods: Anesthesia was induced with DES vaporized in oxygen via a face mask connected to a large-animal, semiclosed anesthetic circle system. The horses were endotracheally intubated and positioned in right lateral recumbency. Inspired and end-tidal DES were monitored using a calibrated Ohmeda RGM 5250 multigas analyzer (Ohmeda-BOC, Spain). The MAC of desflurane t...
Clinical evaluation of the serodiagnostic value of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Rhodococcus equi infection in foals. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of serum IgG antibodies against Tween 20-extracted antigen of strain ATCC 6939 was applied in Hidaka, Japan to a total of 752 sick foals showing a variety of signs of infectious disease. An optical density (OD) value of more than 0.3 was tentatively fixed to be positive on the basis of readings made of healthy horse sera in previous studies. During a 2 year study, 138 of the 752 sick foals showed an OD value of 0.3 or higher and were designated as 'suspected of R. equi infection'. Age distribution during the initial medical examination...
Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in standing horses. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using laparoscopy to remove cryptorchid testes from standing horses. Methods: Prospective clinical study. Methods: Eleven client-owned horses ranging in age from 4 months to 2 years. Methods: Abdominal insufflation was initiated and maintained using a 20 F insufflation tube, attached via a stopcock, to the low pressure regulator on a standard carbon dioxide pressure tank. After trocar and laparoscope placement in the ipsilateral flank the testes were identified. Local anesthesia of the structures to be manipulated was administered t...
Diagnosis and management of a malignant granulosa cell tumor in a holstein nulligravida: a case study. Transrectal palpation of an 18-mo-old, anestrous Holstein nulligravida revealed an enlarged left ovary. Ultrasonographically, the mass resembled known equine granulosa cell tumor (GCT) images. Slowly, virilism developed. Fifty-five days after initial diagnosis, unilateral ovariectomy was performed The presurgical serum concentration of testosterone was equal to that of a mature bull. During the 3 mo period following surgery, estrus expression resumed, the serum testosterone concentration returned to baseline, and the heifer was diagnosed pregnant following AI. A low grade, malignant GCT was th...
Localized sequence heterogeneity in the long terminal repeats of in vivo isolates of equine infectious anemia virus. The role of in vivo long terminal repeat (LTR) sequence variation of the lentivirus equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) has not been explored. In this study, we investigated the heterogeneity found in the LTR sequences from seven EIAV-seropositive horses: three horses with clinical disease and four horses without any detectable signs of disease. LTR sequences were targeted in this study because the LTR U3 enhancer region of tissue culture-derived isolates has been identified as one of the few hypervariable regions of the EIAV genome. Furthermore, LTR variation may regulate EIAV expression in...
Opsonic effect of equine plasma from different donors. The ability of equine plasma from different donors to enhance phagocytic capacity was assessed in neutrophils obtained from seven foals, aged 7-8 days (Study A), and from seven adult horses (Study B). Neutrophils were allowed to phagocytize fluorescent yeast cells opsonized with plasma from one of three donors or with pooled serum, all previously frozen (-18 degrees C) and thawed. The results were analysed by flow cytometry. In study A, fresh autologous foal serum was also used for opsonization, and in study B, heat-inactivated plasma and pooled serum were used in addition to untreated samples...
Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Rhodococcus equi infections in foals. Since the 1986 Rhodococcus equi workshop, there have been major breakthroughs in understanding the epidemiology of, the virulence of, and the immune response to, this intriguing pathogen. However, with the exception of the use of hyperimmune plasma for the prevention of the disease (Martens et al., 1989; Madigan et al., 1991) the clinical aspects of R. equi infections have essentially remained unchanged. This article reviews the various clinical manifestations and summarizes recent advances in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of R. equi infections in foals.
Use of yohimbine to reverse prolonged effects of xylazine hydrochloride in a horse being treated with chloramphenicol. A 1-year-old Standardbred gelding had received xylazine hydrochloride (0.75 to 1.00 mg/kg [0.34 to 0.45 mg/lb] of body weight, IV) during 2 surgeries for debridement of a wound. The horse was given chloramphenicol (55 mg/kg [25 mg/lb], PO, q 6 h) for 5 days, and was anesthetized a third time with xylazine (0.75 mg/kg, IM). Five hours after administration of xylazine, the horse remained markedly sedated and had clinical signs of gaseous distention of the large bowel (bloat) requiring trocharization. Administration of yohimbine (0.03 mg/kg [0.01 mg/lb], i.v.) eliminated signs of sedation within ...
Use of tenoscopy for management of septic tenosynovitis caused by a penetrating porcupine quill in the synovial sheath surrounding the digital flexor tendons of a horse. A 6-year-old Quarter Horse gelding with acute onset of a grade-4/5 lameness of the left forelimb 21 days after an encounter with a porcupine was examined. Quills had been removed by the referring veterinarian, and the horse had been treated with antibiotics and hydrotherapy for 14 days. The horse was pyretic and had effusion in the digital synovial sheath. Signs of pain were elicited on palpation of the area. A tentative diagnosis of septic tenosynovitis caused by a porcupine quill was made. Exploratory tenoscopy revealed large amounts of fibrin in the sheath and a 1.2-cm quill. Bacteriologic ...
