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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Artifactual nonlinearity due to wear grooves and friction in four-point bending experiments of cortical bone. Experiments and analyses were performed to determine the cause of a nonlinear force-deflection response observed in four-point flexural fatigue of beams of cortical bone machined from the mid-diaphysis of the equine third metacarpus. Observable grooves which formed on the beam surface at supports and load noses were found to be the primary cause of the nonlinearity. An additional geometric nonlinearity at large deflections revealed by finite element modeling may be minimized by using the smallest diameter supports and load noses recommended in ASTM 790. However, frictional constraint of the be...
Removal of a nasal polyp in a standing horse. Diagnosis and removal of a nasal polyp in a horse using standing chemical restraint and readily available equipment are described. Histopathology of the polyp and differential diagnoses are discussed.
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral prethcamide in horses. The respiratory stimulant prethcamide is a mixture of equal parts of crotethamide and cropropamide. A specific and sensitive gas chromatographic method for the determination of crotethamide and cropropamide in horse plasma and urine is described. Both components of prethcamide were extracted from plasma and urine into dichloromethane. The extracts were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with thermionic detection in the nitrogen-specific detection mode. The lower limits of quantitation were 4.0 ng ml-1 of plasma and 10.0 ng ml-1 of urine. Calibration curves were linear from 2.0-100 ng ml-...
Pregnancy-associated changes in material properties of the third metacarpal cortical bone in mares. To investigate the effect of late gestation, age, and parity on material properties of third metacarpal (MCIII) cortical bone in mares. Methods: 8 healthy mares (treatment group) that died or were euthanatized within 24 hours after parturition because of foaling complications and 6 age-matched, healthy, nonpregnant mares (control group). Methods: After random assignment for mechanical testing and microradiography, the dorsal half of transverse mid-diaphyseal sections of each MCIII bone was divided into lateral, dorsal, and medial regions. Cylinders of bone from each of the 3 regions were teste...
Quantitative ionspray liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric determination of reserpine in equine plasma. A method based on ionspray liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed for the determination of reserpine in equine plasma. A comparison was made of the isolation of reserpine from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction and by solid-phase extraction. A structural analog, rescinnamine, was used as the internal standard. The reconstituted extracts were analyzed by ionspray LC/MS/MS in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The calibration graph for reserpine extracted from equine plasma obtained using liquid-liquid extraction was linear from 10 to 5000 pg ml-1 and t...
Concentrations of keratan sulfate in plasma and synovial fluid from clinically normal horses and horses with joint disease. To determine whether keratan sulfate concentrations in plasma or synovial fluid from clinically normal horses were different from concentrations in horses with joint disease and whether concentrations varied with type of joint disease. Methods: Case-control study. Methods: 67 clinically normal horses, 10 clinically normal foals, and 160 horses with joint disease. Methods: ELISA was used to measure keratan sulfate concentrations. Results: Mean plasma keratan sulfate concentration (mean +/- SEM, 580 +/- 124 ng/ml) in foals peaked at 10 weeks of age. Mean plasma keratan sulfate concentration in c...
Antibiotic prophylaxis of lower respiratory tract contamination in horses confined with head elevation for 24 or 48 hours. To evaluate the administration of procaine penicillin prior to or during confinement with head elevation as a means of reducing the associated accumulation of inflammatory lower respiratory tract secretions and increased numbers of bacteria within the lower respiratory tract of confined horses. Methods: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different dose rates and dosing frequencies. In experiment A a single low dose (15,000 IU/kg) of procaine penicillin was administered to four horses immediately prior to confinement with head elevation for 48 hours. The systemic leucocy...
A comparison of the lipolytic and anticoagulative properties of heparin and pentosan polysulphate in the thoroughbred horse. The aim of the study was to develop a model for the pre-exercise elevation of plasma free fatty acids in the horse, with a view to its future use in investigations of fat metabolism during exercise. A comparison of the lipase releasing and anticoagulative effects of heparin and a related substance pentosan polysulphate was investigated. Furthermore, the ability of heparin and pentosan polysulphate to affect an increase in plasma free fatty acid concentration, when co-administered with-a triglyceride emulsion, was quantified. Doses of 0.39 and 1.3 mg kg-1 body wt of heparin and pentosan polysul...
Serum thyroid hormone concentrations in New Zealand horses. Total thyroxine and total tri-iodothyronine concentrations were measured in the sera from 125 horses of mixed age, breed and sex, and varied clinical histories. While low serum thyroxine concentrations were detected in 35 horses, the majority of those horses had serum thyroxine values within the reference range when retested. Only one horse had a mildly decreased serum tri-iodothyronine concentration. Those horses in which the serum thyroxine concentration was low when retested had a normal thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation test. Hypothyroidism was not diagnosed in any horses in this s...
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the equine placenta by transrectal and transabdominal approach in the normal pregnant mare. The objective of this study was to determine normal variations in the utero placental thickness during mid- and late gestation in the mare. Normal, healthy pregnant mares (n = 9) were examined monthly from 4 mo of gestation until parturition by transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonography. At each examination, the combined thickness of the uterus and the placenta (CTUP) was measured at the placento-cervical junction (transrectally) and at the uterine body or the uterine horns (transabdominally). In addition, the echogenicity of the amniotic and allantoic fluids was evaluated by transrectal u...
Collagenolytic activity and its sensitivity to doxycycline inhibition in tracheal aspirates of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The collagenolytic activity and its sensitivity to doxycycline inhibition in tracheal aspirates (TA) of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was analyzed with SDS-PA gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), using Type 1 collagen as the substrate. Both autoactive and total collagenase activities were significantly higher in TAs of horses with symptomatic COPD than in TAs of healthy horses. Doxycycline inhibition studies suggest that most of the TA collagenase is of the neutrophil type (MMP-8), but some is derived from other cells such as fibroblasts and monocyte/macrophages (MMP-1) a...
[Poisoning of horses by the bark of the false acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia)]. The present study describes the poisoning due to Robinia pseudoacacia in two horses. One of the horses showed mainly intestinal symptoms such as decreased intestinal motility and obstipation of the pelvic flexure. In the second animal central nervous symptoms were predominant. It showed intermittent phases of somnolence alternating with phases of excitation and head pressing. In addition mydriasis and a lacking menace response could be observed. Sensation to the head and the spinal reflexes were reduced. Symptomatic treatment was initiated in both animals and recovery occurred within 2 days.
[Animal systemic iron sources utilized in vitro by staphylococci]. Under iron-restricted conditions staphylococcal strains could utilize in vitro several animals body iron sources in form of bovine haemoglobin, hemin, lactoferrin and transferrin, ovotransferrin, horse myoglobin ferritin and cytochrome C. Spectrum of utilized iron sources was not dependent on species affiliation and kind of siderophores system. Strains isolated from clinical materials utilized largest spectrum of animal iron body sources.
Keratomycosis in a Percheron cross horse caused by Cladorrhinum bulbillosum. This report describes an infection of a horse's cornea caused by Cladorrhinum bulbillosum. Minor surgery and treatment with antibiotics successfully resolved the infection. The only previous reported case involving this fungus was an Argentinian boy who was infected while working with horses.
Radiation hazards from horses undergoing scintigraphy using technetium-99m. This paper quantifies the extent of the radiation hazard to personnel from horses undergoing scintigraphy using technetium99m methylene diphosphonate (99Tcm-MDP). From the data produced it is possible to derive safe working protocols which are comfortably within the legislated limits for whole body doses as set out in the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1985. Measurements were made of the surface and environmental activities which result from individuals undergoing scintigraphic evaluation and also from urine contaminated bedding. The use of both high and low activities in the assessment of th...
Ultrasound spirometry in the horse: a preliminary report on the method and the effects of xylazine and lobeline hydrochloride medication. A new computerised ultrasound-based spirometry system according to Buess et al. (1995) modified by a double flow measurement facility was used to study pulmonary function in healthy horses and horses affected with subclinical and manifest chronic bronchiolitis (CB). The horses were first evaluated at rest without any medication. On another occasion all horses were tested following i.v. administration of xylazine (0.4 mg/kg) and following i.v. administration of lobeline hydrochloride (l.hy.; 0.2 mg/kg) to evaluate the effect of xylazine and l.hy. on different spirometric variables. Ultrasound-b...
Effect of treatment with erythromycin on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell populations in foals. To determine whether oral administration of erythromycin alters the inflammatory response to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in young horses. Methods: 12 healthy, unweaned, mixed-breed foals of either sex, between 2 and 4 months old. Methods: BAL was performed; 250 ml of phosphate-buffered saline solution (300 mOsm, pH 7.4) was administered in 50-ml aliquots. Foals were carefully monitored for 4 days, then erythromycin base (25 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 12 h) was given to foals of the treated group. After 4 days, foals were reanesthetized, and the same lung was relavaged. Cytologic examination ...
Comparison of racing performance before and after treatment of incomplete, midsagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in standardbreds: 49 cases (1986-1992). To assess the effect of incomplete, midsagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx (P1) on racing performance in Standardbreds. Methods: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: 49 Standardbred horses admitted to the George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals between July 1986 and December 1992 with a definitive radiographic diagnosis of an incomplete, midsagittal fracture of P1 and a known method of treatment. Methods: Performance index and racing time were compared before and after diagnosis and treatment of fracture, using ANOVA that controlled for the effects of horse, gender, age, track leng...
Measurement of cardiac output in standing horses by Doppler echocardiography and thermodilution. Measurement of cardiac output by Doppler echocardiography were compared to simultaneous measurements by thermodilution in 9 conscious horses. In the Doppler technique, mean blood flow velocities for estimation of cardiac output were recorded from the aorta and pulmonary artery. The flow area of each vessel was calculated from the vessel diameter, measured from a 2-dimensional ultrasound image. Differences in the site and method of measuring the vessel diameter altered the estimation of cardiac output by the Doppler method. Cardiac output was modified by the i.v. infusion of 4 micrograms/kg bwt...
Effects of delayed serum separation and long-term storage on the measurement of thyroid hormones in equine blood samples. Studies were conducted to determine the effects of delaying the separation of serum from the clot and of long-term storage of serum samples on the measurement of thyroid hormones in blood from horses using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay. The measured concentrations of T3 and T4 were not affected by leaving serum on the clot for as long as 24 hours at room temperatures. Storage of serum for 19 to 22 months at -20 degrees C resulted in significant increases of measured T4, but not T3. These studies support previous work demonstrating that thyroid hormones are resistant to degradation, i...
Biochemical, histochemical, and immunohistochemical characterization of distal tibial osteochondrosis in horses. To compare the biochemical, histochemical, and immunohistochemical profiles of articular cartilage from horses with naturally acquired distal tibial osteochondrosis (OC) with cartilage from a similar location in clinically normal horses. Methods: 9 affected horses (group 1, 16 OC lesions) and 4 control horses (group 2, 8 normal osteochondral specimens). Methods: OC specimens were collected during arthroscopic removal of the fragment, and control specimens were collected by aseptic osteotomy. Uronic acid, total protein, total glycosaminoglycan (GAG), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and keratan sulfat...
A clinical trial of probiotic administration for prevention of Salmonella shedding in the postoperative period in horses with colic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotic administration on the prevalence of fecal shedding of Salmonella, the prevalence of postoperative diarrhea, the length of antimicrobial therapy, and the length of the hospitalization stay during the postoperative period in horses with colic. Two commercially available probiotics for horses were used in a double-blind prospective study of 200 horses undergoing surgery for colic. Probiotic or placebo was administered PO once a day for 7 days postoperatively, and fecal cultures for Salmonella were obtained daily for 10 days. After...
Heart rate variability in the horse by ambulatory monitoring. Using a microprocessor controlled Ambulatory Monitoring System (AMS) developed by one of us (LvD), we have been studying the changes in and control of heart rate in the resting horse. The system provides us with InterBeat Intervals (IBI in milliseconds), motion sensing, and a time domain measure (mean successive differences: MSD) of heart rate variability for periods up to 72 hours. Thoracic impedance is also available but parameters for the equine chest are not currently available. The system is completely noninvasive, small, and carried on a surcingle worn by the subject. The equine subject ...
Medroxyprogesterone acetate antagonizes inhibitory effects of conjugated equine estrogens on coronary artery atherosclerosis. Although estrogen replacement therapy is associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease and reduced extent of coronary artery atherosclerosis, the effects of combined (estrogen plus progestin) hormone-replacement therapy are uncertain. Some observational data indicate that users of combined hormone replacement consisting of continuously administered oral conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) and oral sequentially administered (7 to 14 days per month) medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) experience a reduction in risk similar to that of users of CEE alone. However, the effects of combined, con...
