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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Histologic evaluation of nerve muscle pedicle graft used as a treatment for left laryngeal hemiplegia in standardbreds. A nerve muscle pedicle (NMP) graft was placed in the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD) muscle of 6 horses with induced left laryngeal hemiplegia. The NMP graft was created by use of the first cervical nerve and omohyoideus muscle. In 1 horse (control), the first cervical nerve was transected after placement of the NMP graft. One year after the surgical procedure, horses were examined endoscopically and then anesthetized. While the larynx was observed endoscopically, the first cervical nerve was stimulated. Horses were subsequently euthanatized, and the larynx was harvested. Prior to anesthesia,...
Influence of age on fibre type characteristics in the middle gluteal muscle of Andalusian foals. 34 Andalusian foals of both sexes were divided into three age-groups (A = mean age 1 month, B = 7 months, C = 14 months). Samples of the right m. gluteus medius were stained for m-ATPase and NADH-TR in order to determine fibre type composition and size as well as the relative area occupied by each type. Results revealed no statistically significant variation in the proportion of type I fibre among the three age-groups. Significant differences were recorded, however, for type II fibres; an increase in the proportion of IIA fibres was accompanied by a decrease in IIB ones, the difference being m...
Effects of atipamezole on xylazine sedation in ponies. Atipamezole antagonism of xylazine sedation was evaluated in six ponies. Atipamezole (0.15 mg/kg) or saline was injected intravenously 15 minutes after the ponies had been sedated with xylazine (1.0 mg/kg). Arterial blood pressure and gases, pulse and respiratory rates, the electrocardiogram, nose-to-ground distance and a subjective sedation score were recorded. The pretreatment nose-to-ground distance and PaO2 returned to normal sooner after atipamezole than after saline and the ponies' appetite and normal locomotion also recovered sooner. No significant differences were observed between the ...
Tension-band wiring and lag screw fixation of a transverse, comminuted fracture of a patella in a horse. A transverse, comminuted fracture of the patella was treated surgically by combining tension-band wiring and lag-screw fixation in a horse. Partial patellectomy or smaller detached fragments of the patella was performed. Satisfactory healing of the fracture was evident 10 weeks after surgery, and there were no complications. Implants were not removed. The horse was sound at a trot 4 months after surgery and was used for pleasure riding 8 months later.
Repair of superior palpebral defect in a horse by use of silicone subdermal implant. A silicone subdermal implant was used in the surgical repair of a superior palpebral defect in a horse. The right superior palpebra was missing from the lateral canthus superiorly to the 1 o'clock position, and a corneal ulcer, anterior uveitis, and right micropalpebral fissure also were observed. Lateral canthotomy and canthoplasty were performed to enlarge the palpebral fissure, and a silicone implant was inserted in the superior palpebra to replace the missing tarsal plate. These procedures resulted in a successful reconstruction, with improvement of palpebral function.
Metabolic response of horses to a high soluble carbohydrate diet: effects of low-intensity submaximal exercise and sodium bicarbonate supplementation. Four mares fed a low fiber, high soluble carbohydrate diet were used in a crossover design to evaluate the effects of dietary sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation during daily low-intensity submaximal working conditions. Mares were fed the diet at 1.7 times the maintenance energy requirement for mature horses at work. The horses tolerated the diet well and had no clinical abnormalities. Resting venous blood bicarbonate (HCO3), standard HCO3, and base excess (BE) concentrations significantly (P less than 0.05) increased with NaHCO3 supplementation, but no significant changes in resting v...
Villous hypoplasia of the small intestine in neonatal foals. To elucidate the pathomorphogenesis of extremely shortened small-intestinal villi, occurring spontaneously in neonatal foals, the morphology of the small intestine with stunted villi was studied in eight cases. All intestinal wall elements and the villi were poorly developed. Most villi were found to be extremely short throughout the entire length of the small intestine. The villous core consisted of undifferentiated, fibroblast-like cells held loosely together by ground substance which was rich in glycosaminoglycan. Development of the villous lamina propria was poor with respect to capillarie...
Reconstruction of the parotid duct in a horse using an interposition polytetrafluoroethylene tube graft. A Thoroughbred gelding was referred for treatment of a parotid duct fistula. This had developed after the referring veterinarian had excised a portion of the duct, and ligated the proximal end, as a means of treating a recurring sialocoele. This report describes the successful surgical reconstruction of the excised 15 cm portion of the parotid duct using an interposition polytetrafluoroethylene tube graft.
A tracheal tube-in-tube technique for functional separation of the lungs in the horse. The tube-in-tube technique for the functional separation of the lungs in intact anaesthetised adult horses is based on fibre-optic-guided left-sided endobronchial intubation avoiding tracheostomy. It facilitates a valid separation of the two lungs despite variability in bronchial and carinal anatomy. No clinical complications that could be related to its use have been seen.
Ileal intussusception in 16 young thoroughbreds. The paper describes the outcome of 16 cases of short-ileal-ileal intussusception in young Thoroughbred horses. The intussusception was often associated with chronic or intermittent low grade abdominal pain. At laparotomy, only the intussusception was reduced in one horse; in another, a myotomy of the thickened stenosed intussusception was carried out after reduction. In 11 cases as ileocaecal bypass anastomosis was performed proximal to the intussusception after its reduction. One horse was subjected to euthanasia during operation because of irreversible intestinal wall damage and another beca...
Critical and controlled tests of activity of moxidectin (CL 301,423) against natural infections of internal parasites of equids. The activity of moxidectin was evaluated in 1988 and 1989 against natural infections of internal parasites in 20 critical tests (n = 20 equids) and three controlled tests (n = 20 equids). Two formulations, injectable administered intramuscularly (i.m.) or intraorally (i.o.) and gel i.o., were given at dose rates of 0.2, 0.3 or 0.4 mg kg-1 body weight. For the critical tests (all three dose rates evaluated), removals of second instar Gasterophilus intestinalis were 93-100%, except (89%) for the injectable formulation (i.m.) at 0.2 mg kg-1. Removals of third instar G. intestinalis were 88-100% f...
Inheritance of hydrocephalus in horses. From 1974 to 1979, seven stillborn foals with internal hydrocephalus were encountered from one Standardbred trotter stallion which sired 239 registered foals. An hydrocephalic foal was also aborted by a daughter of the same stallion. One affected foal from Standardbred trotters and one from a Finnish Horses were also reported. In some cases, the condition caused severe dystocia. Based on field data, possible causes of the defect could neither be proved nor specifically overruled in individual cases. Hydrocephalus was obviously not an autosomal recessive single-locus defect, nor was it X-linked...
A two year, prospective survey of equine colic in general practice. The records of 200 colic episodes, collected prospectively, over a two year period, from first opinion cases, were analysed and compared with a control sample selected at random from the same population. Analysis by colic type revealed 72% spasmodic/undiagnosed; 7% surgical; 5.5% flatulent; 5% pelvic flexure impactions; 9.5% other implications and 1% colitis. A possible predisposing cause was identified in 43% of the spasmodic/undiagnosed cases. The total incidence of colic in each age group showed no statistically significant differences from the control population. Stallions were significant...
Hoof and distal limb surface temperature in the normal pony under constant and changing ambient temperatures. Forelimb surface temperatures were continuously monitored in four clinically normal ponies exposed to: (i) constant ambient temperature; (ii) a biphasic change in ambient temperature; and (iii) an incremental increase in ambient temperature. Limb surface temperatures were recorded at the hoof, metacarpus and forearm, and rectal temperature was also measured. Under constant ambient temperature, limb surface temperatures remained relatively constant. A pyrexic episode occurred in one pony under constant ambient temperature conditions and was characterised by an onset phase in which rectal temper...
Effects of induced alkalosis on performance in thoroughbreds during a 1,600-m race. There is considerable debate regarding the ergogenic effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on racing performance in horses. Anecdotal evidence suggests that NaHCO3 improves performance by increasing the buffering capacity of the blood and delaying the onset of hydrogen ion-induced fatigue. In a cross-over study, 16 Thoroughbred racehorses were given an aqueous solution of NaHCO3 (0.4 g/kg in 1 litre H2O) or a control treatment (1 litre H2O) before a 1600-m race. Treatments were administered 3 h before the race, which was the time to peak buffering capacity (2.5-3.0 h) determined in a separate...
Long-term outcome of tooth repulsion in horses. A retrospective study of 61 cases. The records of 61 horses undergoing tooth repulsion for treatment of alveolar periostitis were reviewed. Seventeen of 36 horses (47%) in which maxillary teeth were removed had serious postoperative complications, such as infection of a second tooth, bone sequestration, chronic sinusitis, draining tracts, retained dental packing, feed impaction of the alveolus or sinus, suture-line dehiscence, or skin-flap sloughs. Eight horses required at least one additional surgical procedure. Eight of 25 horses (32%) in which mandibular teeth were removed had serious postoperative complications, and four ho...
Suspensory apparatus prosthesis in the horse. Part 1: In vitro mechanical properties. Mechanical properties of equine suspensory apparatus preparations and three braided synthetic prostheses were evaluated in vitro. Force versus displacement plots and failure modes were recorded from single load-to-failure testing in 18 cadaver limbs before and after replacement of each suspensory apparatus with a prosthesis. Mean load at failure, energy to failure, and stiffness values of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prostheses were lower than those of the suspensory apparatus and aramid prosthesis. The PTFE prosthesis failed by elongation or rupture of the prosthesis. Mechanical properties ...
Inhibition of interleukin-1 activity by equine synovial fluid. The presence, in equine synovial fluid, of inhibitors of interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity has been investigated by means of an assay involving IL-1-mediated production of PGE2 by synovial cells. Inhibitors of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta were identified in normal synovial fluid and synovial fluid from two horses with early joint disease. Inhibitors of IL-1 alpha were also present in synovial fluid from two horses with long-standing joint disease. However, IL-1 beta inhibitory activity was not present in fluid from the horses with more chronic joint disease. The effect appeared to be specific for IL-1...
Effect of probenecid on the pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone in healthy mares. Pharmacokinetic values for flunixin meglumine (1 mg/kg of body weight) and phenylbutazone (4 mg/kg) dosages were determined after a single IV injection with and without concurrent intragastric administration of probenecid (50 mg/kg) in 6 healthy mares. Significant difference was not apparent in the pharmacokinetic values of flunixin meglumine with and without concurrent probenecid administration. Significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) increase was evident in the 12-hour mean concentration of phenylbutazone (11.45 +/- 1.66 micrograms/ml without probenecid; 14.56 +/- 1.20 micrograms/ml with ...
Spontaneous echocardiographic contrast in the thoroughbred: high prevalence in racehorses and a characteristic abnormality in bleeders. Spontaneous echocardiographic contrast is the term used by ultrasonographers to describe particulate material visible in intracardiac blood by ultrasound. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of spontaneous contrast in a farm population of Thoroughbreds and in the farm's racehorses. The results showed that spontaneous echocardiographic contrast is common in Thoroughbreds, and that the prevalence of contrast is affected by age, male gender, racing and pregnancy. The amount of right-sided cardiac contrast was quantitated by videodensitometry and was increased in horse...
Aerosol pirbuterol: bronchodilator activity and side effects in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). The dose of aerosol pirbuterol that could be administered safely to ponies (weight approximately 200 kg) was determined by observation for sweating, trembling and excitement and measurement of heart and respiratory rates during cumulative administration of the drug. Sweating, trembling and excitement were first observed following a dose of 2,400 micrograms and became more severe at 3,200 micrograms. These effects were accompanied by an increase in heart rate but not a change in respiratory rate. When 3200 micrograms was administered without prior administration of lower doses, side effects wer...
Corticocancellous bone biopsy from the 12th rib of standing horses. Unicortical corticocancellous bone biopsy specimens 4.5 mm and 6.5 mm in diameter were obtained without long-term complications from the 12th rib in eight standing horses. However, the bone specimens were unsuitable for histologic or histomorphometric evaluation. In in vitro comparisons of biopsy specimens 6.5 mm and 12 mm in diameter, and of unicortical and transcortical biopsy specimens, 12 mm transcortical specimens yielded the most cancellous bone. Transcortical bone biopsy specimens 12 mm in diameter were obtained from eight horses by using power-assisted trephination. The surgical proced...
Plasma elimination and urinary excretion of procaine after administration of different products to standardbred mares. Plasma and urinary concentrations of procaine were examined in Standardbred mares after subcutaneous administration of various doses (80 mg to 1600 mg) of procaine hydrochloride. Regardless of dose, peak plasma procaine values occurred within 1 h, but remained detectable in a dose-dependent manner, with procaine present at 1 h with the 80 mg dose and 6 h at the 1600 mg dose. Similarly, peak urinary procaine concentrations were attained within 1.5 to 3 h, irrespective of dose, while detection time was dose-dependent, being 23 h for 80-200 mg doses but as long as 30-54 h with the 1600 mg dose. W...
Pulmonary blood flow distribution in anesthetized ponies. Results of recent investigations in humans and dogs indicate that gravity-independent factors may be important in determining the distribution of pulmonary blood flow. To further evaluate the role of gravity-independent factors, pulmonary blood flow distribution was examined using 15-microns radionuclide-labeled microspheres in five prone ponies over 5 h of pentobarbital sodium anesthesia. The ponies were killed, and the lungs were excised and dried by air inflation (pressure 45 cmH2O). The dry lungs were cut into transverse slices 1-2 cm thick along the dorsal-ventral axis, parallel to gravit...
Brachygnathia in horses: 20 cases (1979-1989). The medical records of 20 horses admitted to the veterinary medical center with a diagnosis of brachygnathia over a 10-year period (1979 to 1989) were reviewed. The study included 18 foals and 2 adult horses. Males were affected 5.7 times more frequently than females. The amount of disparity between the mandible and premaxilla varied between 0.75 and 3 cm. Sixteen foals were treated surgically with the temporary application of premaxillary tension band devices. Thirteen of the 16 surgical cases were available for follow-up evaluation. All of the surgically treated animals had improved incisive...
