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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Outcome of treatment in 23 horses with progressive ethmoidal haematoma. This paper describes the outcome of treatment in 23 horses with an ethmoidal haematoma. In 22 cases a diagnosis could be made by endoscopic means alone but in 1 horse the lesion was confined to the maxillary sinus and a diagnosis was made only at surgery. One horse was destroyed at the owner's request but the other 22 underwent radical excision of the lesion via a facial flap approach under general anaesthesia. Post-operative haemorrhage was controlled by nasal packing with a gauze bandage and this was removed between the 2nd and 4th post-operative day. One horse died from encephalitis the day...
Measurement of muscle surface capillary blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry. Muscle surface capillary blood flow was measured in the biceps femoris and lateral head of the triceps brachii muscles in six horses before and during halothane anesthesia by using laser Doppler flowmetry. During 90 minutes of anesthesia, muscle surface capillary blood flow was reduced to 20% to 40% of preanesthetic values. Muscle surface capillary blood flow tended to be lower in dependent muscles than in nondependent muscles, and this disparity was greater in the forelimbs than in the hind limbs.
The effect of transcervical uterine manipulations on establishment of uterine infection in mares under the influence of progesterone. Four pony mares were used in a cross-over study to investigate the effect of different treatments on experimentally-induced endometritis. The mares were treated with progesterone to facilitate establishment of uterine infections. They received an intrauterine infusion of Streptococcus zooepidemicus 5 days after the start of progesterone therapy. Five days later, they were treated by intrauterine infusions of 2 g ampicillin in 50 ml sterile water or by sterile water without antibiotic for 3 consecutive days. Prior to infusion of Strep. zooepidemicus, no bacteria were cultured from the uteri of ...
Anatomy of the prepubic tendon in the horse, cow, sheep, goat, and dog. Analyses of the fibers in the prepubic tendon of the horse and ruminants have shown that it is composed of the crossed and uncrossed tendons of origin of the pectineus muscles, the pelvic tendons of the rectus and obliquus abdominis muscles, and the tendons of origin of the cranial parts of the gracilis muscles. Pelvic attachments of the linea alba and the yellow abdominal tunic are incorporated in it. It is not a transverse ligament, and it is not homologous to the human superior (cranial) pubic ligament. The dog differs in 4 respects: (1) the pectineus tendons do not cross, but each originat...
Effects of unopposed conjugated equine estrogen on lipoprotein composition and apolipoprotein-E distribution. Administration of conjugated equine estrogen to 31 postmenopausal women for 3 months produced 14.6% and 9.4% decreases in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein-B (apoB), and 11.5%, 12.7%, and 9.6% increases in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apoA-I and apoA-II, respectively. Phospholipids of HDL2 and HDL3 were increased 57.9% and 19.3%, respectively, while relatively small increases in cholesterol of the two subfractions were not significant. Compositions of LDL and HDL and its subfractions were altered substantially with estrogen treatment. The proportio...
A kinematic and strain gauge study of the reciprocal apparatus in the equine hind limb. Hind limb kinematics were recorded in five horses at walk and trot using an opto-electronic CODA-3 system. Simultaneously, in vivo strain in the completely tendinous peroneus tertius muscle was registered by implanted mercury-in-silastic strain gauges. The origin-insertion length patterns of the peroneus tertius were calculated from raw kinematic data and from data corrected for the error caused by skin displacement, and compared with the directly measured strain. The strain patterns calculated from externally measured kinematic data appeared to be in accordance with the directly measured stra...
Microvascular permeability changes in ischemia/reperfusion injury in the ascending colon of horses. The normal microvascular permeability of the ascending colon in horses and the microvascular permeability of that segment after ischemia and reperfusion were investigated. Microvascular permeability was estimated by the ratio of lymphatic protein to plasma protein concentration (Cl/Cp) at high lymph flow rates in 8 adult horses in 2 equal groups: normal and ischemic (2-hour period). Lymphatic flow rates and lymph and plasma protein concentrations were determined. Intestinal biopsy specimens were obtained at the end of each experiment. Flow independent values were selected and compared by one-w...
Bronchoscopy of the horse. The endobronchial anatomy of 12 lung specimens from horses and 12 healthy, standing, sedated horses was evaluated, using a 200-cm-long, 9.5-mm-diameter videoendoscope. On the basis of these findings, the nomenclature system of Amis and McKiernan was modified for identification of airways of horses during bronchoscopy. Lobar bronchi are identified on the basis of the side of the bronchial tree on which they were found and the order in which they originated from the primary bronchus. Thus, RB1, RB2, and RB3 referred to right cranial lobar bronchus, respectively. On the left side, the designation...
Effects of xylazine on airway function in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction. The effect of IV administration of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist xylazine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg of body weight) was examined in ponies with recurrent obstructive pulmonary disease, commonly called heaves. Six ponies with the disease (principals) were studied during clinical remission and during an acute attack of airway obstruction precipitated by stabling and feeding of dusty hay. Six control ponies were also studied. In principal ponies with airway obstruction, xylazine administration significantly (P < 0.05) decreased pulmonary resistance and increased dynamic compliance, but did n...
Furosemide-induced electrolyte depletion associated with echinocytosis in horses. Echinocytes have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of exertional diseases in horses. To evaluate the hypothesis that echinocytes are dehydrated erythrocytes, we decreased blood sodium and potassium concentrations in 4 horses by administering furosemide (1.0 mg/kg of body weight, q 12 h) for 2 days and we monitored CBC, serum and erythrocyte sodium and potassium concentrations, and echinocyte numbers. Serum sodium concentration decreased progressively over the 48 hours of furosemide administration, then returned to near baseline concentration at 168 hours. A statistically significant decrea...
Low energy laser irradiation treatment for second intention wound healing in horses. Low energy helium-neon laser irradiation was administered to full thickness skin wounds (3 cm x 3 cm) on the dorsal surface of the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints and cranial surface of the tarsocrural joints of eight horses. The effects on wound healing were analyzed statistically. There were no differences (p > 0.55) observed in the rate of wound healing between the low energy laser irradiated wounds and the control wounds. There was a significant difference (p < 0.006) observed in the rate of healing between the anatomical sites. Tarsal wounds healed more rapidly than f...
Periodic paralysis in quarter horses: a sodium channel mutation disseminated by selective breeding. We recently reported on a linkage study within a Quarter Horse lineage segregating hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), an autosomal dominant condition showing potassium-induced attacks of skeletal muscle paralysis. HYPP co-segregated with the equine adult skeletal muscle sodium channel alpha subunit gene, the same gene that causes human HYPP. We now describe the Phe to Leu mutation in transmembrane domain IVS3 which courses the horse disease. This represents the first application of molecular genetics to an important horse disease, and the data will provide an opportunity for control or e...
Effects of ketamine infusion on halothane minimal alveolar concentration in horses. Eight adult horses were used in a study to determine ketamine's ability to reduce halothane requirement. To obtain steady-state plasma concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 micrograms/ml, loading doses and constant infusions for ketamine were calculated for each horse on the basis of data from other studies in which the pharmacokinetic properties of ketamine were investigated. Blood samples for determination of plasma ketamine concentrations were collected periodically during each experiment. Plasma ketamine concentrations were determined by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectromet...
Evaluation of an automated system for hemoglobin measurement in animals. In veterinary medicine, PCV determined by centrifugation of blood in a microhematocrit tube is the most common clinical test used to initially assess and monitor anemic and polycythemic animals. In contrast, blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, rather than PCV, is generally determined in human patients. One automated system photometrically measures blood Hb concentration after conversion of Hb to azide methemoglobin without dilution and was found to be a simple and accurate instrument for use in human medicine. We evaluated the system for its accuracy in measuring blood Hb concentration in ani...
Cardiac cycle length variability in ponies at rest and during exercise. We evaluated cardiac cycle length variability in ponies at rest and during strenuous exercise with and without premedication with atropine. In the absence of premedication, cardiac cycle length at rest was 1,112 +/- 53 ms, the individual cardiac cycle length standard deviation (SDCL) was 75 +/- 23 ms, and the individual cycle length coefficient of variation (CVCL) was 6.32 +/- 1.62. Exercise significantly decreased (P < 0.05) all three indexes (290 +/- 9 ms, 5 +/- 1 ms, and 1.65 +/- 0.20, respectively). Atropine premedication significantly reduced resting cardiac cycle length (685 +/- 46 ms...
Acetylsalicylic acid and blood coagulation in the horse. Equine blood may contain salicylic acid (SA) taken up as free acid or represents the metabolite of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). To obtain information of SA in race horses we screened blood samples of trotting-horses routinely drawn to be analyzed for doping substances. The individual values determined followed a Gaussian distribution displaying a geometric mean of 19 ng SA per ml serum. A probit analysis revealed linear relationship (r = 0.995). Additional studies examined the antithrombotic efficacy of ASA in the horse. An oral dose of 300 mg ASA considerably elevated the bleeding time for mor...
Effect of hypertonic and isotonic saline solutions on plasma constituents of conscious horses. Blood constituents and vascular volume indices were determined in 5 standing horses by use of 2-period crossover experimental design. Horses were either administered hypertonic (2,400 mosm/kg of body weight, i.v.) or isotonic (300 mosm/kg, i.v.) saline solution. Each solution was administered at a dosage of 5 ml/kg (infusion rate, 80 ml/min). Samples for determination of PCV, plasma volume, blood volume, plasma osmolality, total amount of plasma protein and plasma concentrations of protein, Na, K, and Cl were collected at 0 hour (baseline, before fluid infusion) and 0.5 hour (at the end of flu...
Effects of pentoxifylline on equine neutrophil function and flow properties. Pentoxifylline has been reported to improve peripheral vascular circulation by altering the flow properties of blood. To determine if the hemorrheological effects of pentoxifylline were mediated by alterations in neutrophil function and/or flow properties, we evaluated the drug's effects on equine neutrophils in vitro. Pentoxifylline, at a concentration of 1 x 10(-1) M, but not at concentrations of 1 x 10(-6) M to 1 x 10(-2) M, markedly suppressed neutrophil superoxide production, zymosan phagocytosis and adherence to nylon wool. Pentoxifylline failed to improve neutrophil filterability throug...
Immune responses of specific pathogen free foals to EHV-1 infection. Four foals were raised under specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions. At 3 to 4 months of age, SPF foals and 1 other non-SPF foal were intranasally inoculated with equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1). Clinical signs included depression, fever, inappetence and intermittent coughing. Clinical recovery was complete by seven days but high titres of virus were detected in nasal mucus for at least 10 days after inoculation. Clinical illness was less severe in the non-SPF foal. Interferon was detected in the nasal mucus of all foals from 2 days post infection (dpi), persisting until 8 or 10 dpi. ELISA...
[Electrophoretic studies of serum protein fractions in horses with laminitis]. The spectrum of serum proteins was evaluated in 46 horses affected with spontaneous laminitis and correlations between the severity of the disease and changes of the protein pattern were analyzed. The investigation was made in two groups; group A consisted of 21 horses of various breeds (warmblood, thoroughbred, standardbred) and group B of 25 ponys. Each group was subdivided according to the severity of the disease, using the OBEL-grade (OG) classification system. Serum proteins were separated by different one- and two-dimensional electrophoretic methods. Sera analysed by cellulose acetate el...
Ovarian mass in three mares with regular estrous cycles. Three mares with regular estrous cycles and a large ovary were examined. In each case, the ovary was composed of a single, fluid-filled cavity with a thick capsule. The ovarian mass was surgically removed from each mare. Histologic diagnosis of each mass was different.
Ultrastructural mucosal injury after experimental ischemia of the ascending colon in horses. The ultrastructural injury that develops sequentially in the ascending colon during experimentally induced ischemia was examined in 6 halothane-anesthetized horses. Colonic ischemia was created by 2 types of vascular occlusion 24 cm proximal and distal to the pelvic flexure. In all horses, transmural vascular compression was created. The colonic venous circulation was obstructed in 3 horses, whereas in the other 3 horses, arterial and venous circulation was obstructed. Two additional horses were anesthetized as controls for determination of any morphologic alterations associated with the exper...
Sex does not influence serum osteocalcin levels in standardbred horses of different ages. The influence of sex on serum osteocalcin levels was studied in 99 Standardbred horses, 52 males and 47 females. The age varied between the day of birth and five years old. A significant inverse correlation (r = -0.87, p 0.05). When the subjects were divided into five age groups of six months or less, 6 to 18, 18 to 24, 24 to 36 and between 36 and 60 months, no significant influence of sex was noted. A predictive model for serum osteocalcin levels (y = 52.19 - 0.026 age in days, r2 = 0.76) for Standardbred horses aged between the day of birth and five years is described.
Streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli as a marker of vulvovestibular contamination of endometrial culture swabs in the mare. To investigate the vulvovestibular contamination of endometrial culture swabs in the mare, a liquid culture of a streptomycin-resistant strain of Escherichia coli was applied to the vulvovestibular area of mares and used as a marker of contamination of endometrial culture swabs. Prior to taking endometrial swabs, the perineal area was washed with soap, rinsed with water, and dried. Endometrial culture swabs were taken from mares that were in anestrus or diestrus and from mares that were in estrus. When a manual transvaginal swabbing technique was used, 22 of 24 endometrial swab specimens from ...
Removal of nasogastric tube fragments from three horses. Three horses were admitted for retrieval of polyurethane nasogastric tube fragments. The fragments were removed from the esophagus or stomach of 2 horses by manipulation of a snare introduced through the biopsy port of an endoscope. The fragments were surgically removed from the stomach of the third horse.
An arthroscopic biopsy procedure for obtaining osteochondral samples from the equine midcarpal joint. An in vivo biopsy technique was developed to harvest cylindrical osteochondral core samples (2 mm diameter x 2 mm depth) from the articular surfaces of radial carpal bones in adult horses for use in osteoarthritis drug kinetic studies. A 25 degree arthroscope was introduced into the midcarpal joint through the dorsolateral surface, and a custom-built motorized core drill was introduced through the dorsomedial surface to create the osteochondral core samples. A total of 24 core samples were sequentially harvested in vivo, and 16 at postmortem, from eight horses on four different occasions withi...
