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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Roaring in Clydesdales. An endoscopic survey was performed to assess arytenoid cartilage movement during quiet respiration in 48 Clydesdale horses. Physical characteristics which could influence the length of the recurrent laryngeal nerves were also recorded from these horses and the relationship of these characteristics to the presence of abnormal left arytenoid cartilage movements was assessed statistically. Some degree of abnormal arytenoid movement was observed in 50% of the animals over one year of age. No significant correlation between sex, age, estimated weight, height, or neck length could be found although ...
Do magnetic fields influence soft tissue wound healing?–A preliminary communication. Magnetic fields have been considered for treating many ailments over man's history. There have been many anecdotal unsupported claims for successful treatment of soft tissue injury although reports have been more substantive in the orthopaedic field. The widespread clinical and veterinary use of a light self-adhesive magnetic foil in Europe prompted this trial of experimental wound healing. One hundred and sixty Sprague-Dawley rats had a linear 2.5 cm incision or a circular 1 cm skin defect made over the mid-dorsal spine. Equal numbers were randomised to receive either a magnetic foil or a dum...
Fiberoptic gastroduodenoscopy in the horse. A method of fiberoptic gastroduodenoscopy and biopsy was developed for use in large horses. A 275 cm X 13.5 mm fiberendoscope was used to examine the stomach and proximal portion of the duodenum. Food was withheld for 24 to 48 hours before examination. In more than 50 horses, gastric and duodenal structures were easily visualized. A variety of lesions was detected, including parasitic lesions, gastric ulcers, gastric neoplasia, and pyloric stenosis. Mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained in selected cases.
Two techniques for detection of antibodies against Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi in horse sera. Two techniques were developed to detect antibodies against the exosubstance of C. equi called equi-factor. In the first technique serum samples are tested against native equi-factor produced by the growth of C. equi on agar medium. A positive result is manifested by the development of precipitation lines. The second test is based on neutralization of prepurified equi-factor by antibody, resulting in the inhibition of its hemolytic synergism with staphylococcal beta toxin. Sera (125 samples) from horses of different ages, kept in localities with a history of C. equi infections, were examined. T...
Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test and serum lysozyme assay in newborn Arabian foals and mares.
Summary:
Serum lysozyme (LZM) activity and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction capacity of circulating phagocytes were determined by the lysoplate technique and the microquantitative method, respectively. As blood donors 47 clinically normal Arabian foals ranging in age from 6 hours to 22 days and their 40 dams were used.
A significantly (p < 0.05) lower serum LZM activity was found in foals older than 24 hours, compared with the mares (40.84 U/ml ± 15.32 and 48,96 U/ml ± 17.9, respectively), but the LZM/phagocyte ratio was similar in foals and mares.
Circulating phagocytes f...
Intensive care of the neonatal foal. The basic concepts of diagnosis and treatment in the abnormal neonatal foal are presented. Methods of restraint, sedation, and general nursing care are discussed, as well as more specific techniques of respiratory and circulatory system support.
Effects of aerosolized histamine and carbachol in the conscious horse. Pulmonary function tests were performed in seven conscious, standing horses. Changes in pulmonary mechanics and ventilation volumes were measured after inhalation challenge with saline (baseline), histamine (1% w/v solution for 5 min) and carbachol (0.5% w/v solution for 3 min). Comparisons between baseline and posthistamine values revealed a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in nonelastic work of breathing (Wb), maximum change in transpulmonary pressure (max delta Ppl), and pulmonary resistance (RL), while dynamic compliance (Cdyn) decreased (P less than 0.05). Tripelennamine completely...
Glycogen depletion patterns in horses competing in day 2 of a three day event. Muscle biopsy samples were collected from the left middle gluteal muscle of the horses participating in day 2 (speed and endurance test) of a three day event. Six Thoroughbred horses were biopsied the day before and within 30 minutes of completion of the speed and endurance test. Serial muscle sections were reacted histochemically for myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity after acid pre-incubation to demonstrate Type I, IIA and IIB fibers and the glycogen content in the individual fibers was assessed using the periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reaction. Total glycogen in muscle was measured fluoro...
Comparison of peripheral blood and uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis: chemotactic and cell elastimetry analysis. The functional competence of peripheral blood and uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from 12 mares were analyzed for chemotactic responsiveness using a chemotactic chamber (filter) assay and for deformability by cell elastimetry analysis. Peripheral blood PMN obtained from control mares and from 8 mares experimentally inoculated via the uterus with 1 x 10(9) Streptococcus zooepidemicus had similar normal chemotactic responsiveness and were highly deformable before and at 12 hours after inoculation. Uterine PMN obtained 12 hours after uterine inoculation with S zooepidemicus fro...
Effects of intrauterine infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin in anestrous and steroid treated pony mares. This study was conducted to determine if Escherichia coli endotoxin was absorbed from the equine uterus and if exogenous progesterone and estrogen affected the absorption of intrauterine endotoxin. Six mature anestrous pony mares were used in three consecutive crossover experiments (Periods) with a 14 day recovery between each period. Mares were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (three mares per group) and received an intrauterine infusion of either saline or endotoxin. Treatment groups were reversed and readministered after 14 days completing a crossover design (Period 1). Duri...
Phycomycosis caused by Basidiobolus haptosporus in two horses. Basidiobolus haptosporus was isolated from a horse with a rapidly progressive ulcerative lesion of the ventral midline. The pathologic findings of an irregular line of yellow material composed of hyphae, eosinophils, and granulomatous inflammation between the superficial edematous tissue and the underlying muscle, and hyphae in tissue sections intimately surrounded by granular eosinophilic cuffs were considered diagnostic for this and one other case diagnosed retrospectively. Both horses were successfully treated by surgery and potassium iodide.
Effects of furosemide on the racing times of horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. In 3 groups of horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), comparisons of racing times and finishing positions were made between the 5 races before the horses were given furosemide and 5 races after furosemide administration. The horses were grouped according to 3 methods used to diagnose EIPH: group 1, observation of hemorrhage at the nostrils within 1 hour after a workout or race; group 2, observation of pulmonary hemorrhage only by endoscopic examination after a race or workout; and group 3, observation of hemorrhage at the nostrils during a race or immediately after a race. G...
Changes in blood flow distribution in equine lungs induced by anaesthesia. The distribution of blood flow to the lungs was measured with labelled microspheres injected into horses before and during anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with glycerol guaiacolate ether and ketamine, and maintained with the spontaneous breathing of halothane in oxygen. In a preliminary group of six horses, flow distribution was observed during anaesthesia in sternal, dorsal and right lateral recumbency. In two other groups, each of four horses, the flow distribution with time during either sternal or right lateral recumbency was observed. A small, constant proportion of the 15 micron dia...
Aspects of pharmacology in the neonatal foal. Other therapeutic agents used in foals for specific diseases are discussed elsewhere. The marked effect of species, age, and degree of maturity on drug metabolism in the neonate reinforces the danger of interspecies extrapolation of pharmacology, the need for information specific for the foal, and the necessity for monitoring drug levels in the individual. Suggested antimicrobial doses are listed in Tables 3, 4, and 6. Recommended doses of anticonvulsants and sedatives are listed in Table 8 and in the article "Intensive Care of the Neonatal Foal." The following are recommendations for drug the...
Nutritional support of the foal during intensive care. Provision of adequate nutritional support to the sick neonatal foal is a vital part of intensive care; frequently, however, it is very difficult to accomplish. In this article, current recommendations concerning both enteral and parenteral nutrition are discussed.
Antibiotic susceptibilities of Salmonella species isolated at a large animal veterinary medical center: a three year study. The antibiograms of 408 Salmonella species isolated from large animals were collected during a three year study from 1981 through 1983. The predominant Salmonella serogroup among these isolates was group B. A consistently high percentage of all isolates were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. A pattern of increasing resistance to chloramphenicol and gentamicin was documented for serogroup B isolates while the susceptibility of the isolates to neomycin increased. There was a decrease in the incidence of susceptibility to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim among the group E isolates. These cha...
Variation of fiber types in the triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris of horses. The distribution of type-I and type-II fibers in 9 different parts of the musculi triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris was studied to determine whether biopsies from these muscles give reliable information. All 4 investigated muscles were not homogeneous in their fiber-type distribution. Large differences existed among different muscle parts. The percentage of type-I fibers increased toward the deeper and cranial parts of the muscles. In the same zone of the gluteus muscle, differences of 30% were found for type-I fibers. Therefore, results obtained by biopsie...
Musculoskeletal disorders in neonatal foals. Angular limb deformities are not uncommon in foals. Mild angular deviation due to laxity of supporting soft tissues often resolves spontaneously. However, external splinting or casting may be needed in severe cases or in those that do not resolve. When incomplete ossification of carpal or tarsal bones is the cause of the limb deformity, external support is mandatory to prevent further deformation and abnormal development of the bones. When epiphyseal and metaphyseal abnormalities cause axial deviation, surgical intervention is usually necessary. Circumferential periosteal transection and/or tr...
Contagious equine metritis: experimental infection in the donkey. Contagious equine metritis (CEM) was reproduced in 3 of 4 donkey mares with an Irish streptomycin-resistant strain of Haemophilus equigenitalis isolated from an experimental case of the disease in a pony mare. Although some variability in clinical response occurred, there was no evidence that semen enhanced the clinical severity of the infection. Variable amounts of vaginal discharge and associated inflammatory changes of the vagina and/or cervix, similar to those seen in the horse, were observed. All the affected donkeys made spontaneous clinical recoveries and so far as could be detected, su...
Neurologic diseases. The responses of apparently healthy newborn foals to neurologic testing differ significantly from those of adult horses. These responses and the diagnostic techniques pertinent to neurologic problems are reviewed as a basis for evaluation of the compromised neonatal foal. The more frequently encountered neurologic diseases are discussed in a problem-oriented format. These clinical problems include behavioral abnormalities, convulsions, changes in consciousness, blindness, ataxia without loss of strength, ataxia with weakness and paralysis, and the floppy foal.
Intravenous histamine administration in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Pulmonary function and airway reactivity to IV histamine were measured in a group of ponies with a history of recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) and their age-, weight-, and gender-matched controls. Ponies were studied during a period of clinical remission (period A), after exposure to a barn environment (period B), and twice during a 2-week recovery phase (periods C and D). At periods A, C, and D, PaO2, dynamic compliance (Cdyn), pulmonary resistance, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, and the log dose of histamine required to reduce Cdyn to 65% of base-line value (log ED65Cdyn) of princ...
Plasma and serum concentrations of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in racing Thoroughbreds 24 hours after treatment with various dosage regimens. The plasma and serum concentrations of phenylbutazone (PBZ) and oxyphenbutazone were measured in 158 Thoroughbred horses after various doses of PBZ wer given. All horses were competing or training at racetracks in various parts of the country. All horses used in the study had not been given PBZ 24 hours before they were placed on a specific dosage schedule. Samples were collected 24 hours after the last PBZ administration. Four grams of PBZ were given daily by stomach tube, paste, or tablet for 3 days. On day 4, 24 hours before sample collection, an IV dose of 2 g of PBZ was given, regardless ...
Morphology of three strains of contagious equine metritis organism. Examination of recently isolated cultures of three strains of Contagious Equine Metritis Organism grown on specially formulated, serum-free, clear typing medium revealed the presence of numerous colonial opacity variants. These colonies were prepared by a number of fixation and staining techniques and examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Opaque and transparent phenotypes produced copious amounts of extracellular material compared with intermediate-opacity phenotypes which produced little or none. Also unique to intermediate colonies were numerous thin intercellular strand...
Efficacy of ivermectin against Dictyocaulus arnfieldi in ponies. The efficacy of orally administered ivermectin against induced Dictyocaulus arnfieldi infection was evaluated in a controlled study comprising 12 yearling ponies. Treatment with ivermectin paste, at a dose rate of 200 micrograms/kg bodyweight orally once, was 100 per cent effective against both adult and immature or inhibited stages of the horse lungworm. Similar control of second and third instars of Gastrophilus intestinalis was observed and no nematode eggs were present in faeces from seven to 15 days after treatment when the study was terminated.
Ultrasound as a tool for assessment of bone quality in the horse. A simple non-invasive method is described for calculating the transverse apparent velocity of sound of horse bone. This was achieved, both in vivo and at post mortem examination using the metacarpal bone and its covering soft tissue. On 34 post mortem specimens (ie, 68 limbs) from horses older than one year an average measurement of 2802 +/- 37 (1sd) m/sec was obtained. There were changes noted according to age and at different sites on the shaft of the metacarpus. The highest readings were obtained in the proximal shaft where the cortex was thickest. The velocity values gradually decreased to...
Contribution of the nasal septum to the radiographic anatomy of the equine nasal cavity. The radiopacity of the equine cartilaginous nasal septum and its covering mucosa seen on dorsoventral radiographs was determined to be of sufficient density to be useful in the diagnosis of any disorder of this anatomic structure. Radiographically, the frontal and nasal bones dorsally and the vomer and palatine process of the incisive bone ventrally do not completely obscure the nasal septum and its covering mucous membrane.
[Comparison of the efficacy of ivermectin in injectable form and as a paste in horses]. A comparison was made of the efficacy of Ivermectin administered as an injection and as a paste. Fourteen horses which were naturally infected with small strongyles were divided into three groups. Animals of group 1 received an injection of 5 ml Ivermectin, equivalent to 500 kg bodyweight, horses of group 2 received one injector with Ivermectin as a paste (for 500 kg body weight), a third group remained untreated as a control. Faecal examinations and larval cultures on the day of treatment and 14, 28 and 42 days later showed that both injection and paste had a 100 percent efficacy against matu...
