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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Correct occlusive bladder width for indirect blood pressure measurement in horses. The influence of occlusive bladder width on blood pressure, measured indirectly using a doppler ultrasound technique at the middle coccygeal artery, was studied in 6 anesthetized horses. The relationship was investigated on tails with and without hair, and the optimum bladder width (BW)/tail girth (TG) ratio was determined for systolic pressure (SP) and diastolic pressure (DP), with the data grouped as unclipped tails (TT-1), clipped tails (TT-2), and both unclipped and clipped tails collectively (TTB). The optimum BW/TG ratios for SP and DP were 0.296 and 0.866 for TT-1, 0.376 and 1.156 for T...
The repeatability of seminal characteristics of stallions. Fifteen seminal characteristics were measured in ejaculates from 4 laboratory stallions and from 164 commercial stud stallions. Complete field and laboratory data were available from 536 and 531 ejaculates, respectively. These were obtained over 4 breeding seasons (1974/75-1977/78) and 9 breeds were represented. Stallions at commercial studs produced 1-13 ejaculates at intervals of approximately 4 weeks and ranging from 1 h to 1 year apart. Intra-class correlations or 'repeatability' of each seminal characteristic were calculated. Significant between-stallion variation occurred in all characte...
Observations on the potential role of oesophageal radiography in the horse. Radiological features of the oesophagus of 7 normal horses and 13 with oesophageal lesions are described. The use of barium sulphate as a contrast agent and the techniqes of its administration are discussed. It is suggested that chronic intermittent oesophageal impaction with food material was a predisposing factor in the development of a localised oesophageal dilation in 3 horses and that one other probably resulted from an injury. A similar dilatation was seen which resulted from oesophageal constriction by a vascular ring. Megaoesophagus was seen in 2 ponies associated with grass sickness a...
Effect of pregnancy and collection technique on prostaglandin F in the uterine lumen of Pony mares. Uterine flushings were obtained through the cervix (Method A) and through the wall of the uterus after hysterectomy (Method B) of ovariectomized Pony mares after s.c. injection of oestrogen for 1 week and progesterone for 2 weeks (Exp. 1). Non-pregnant and pregnant mares were flushed by Method A on Day 14 after ovulation and the flushings compared with those of non-pregnant mares injected i.v. with flunixen meglumine, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, shortly before flushing (Exp. 3). Uterine flushings were also collected by Methods A and B from non-pregnant and pregnant Pony mares on Day ...
Control of the oestrous cycle in mares with altrenogest. The clinical effectiveness of the synthetic progestagen, altrenogest, was evaluated in field trials with 449 mares during the 1980 breeding season. An oral dose of 27 mg altrenogest was administered daily for 15 days. In the first trial treated mares were compared with controls, and in the second trial the effectiveness of treatment for prolonged or erratic spring oestrus was evaluated. Oestrus was suppressed in 94% of the treated mares in the first trial. The post-treatment response was related to the stage during the transition from winter anoestrus to the spring breeding season and degree o...
Tendon fibromas in 2 horses. FIBROMAS arise from connective tissue and occur in all domestic animals (Smith, Jones and Hunt 1972; Stannard and Pulley 1978). They are most frequently noted in the dermis or subcutis, but may be present wherever connective tissue occurs. In the dermis and subcutis of the horse fibromas are grossly similar to sarcoids and may be difficult to differentiate (Baker and Leyland 1975). Fibromas have been described as tumours of the tendon sheath or tendon proper in man (Flynn 1975), but have not been described in this location in the horse.
Effect of prolonged administration of anabolic and androgenic steroids on reproductive function in the mare. Administration to mares of the anabolic steroid, methandriol, at the maximum recommended dose (300 mg every 3 weeks) for 1 1/2 years had no effect on reproductive characteristics except for suppression of GnRH-induced LH release and a tendency to suppress basal LH levels and the height of the ovulatory LH surge. A 4-fold increase in dosage caused marked suppression of basal LH, the LH surge, and GnRH-induced LH release. Other reproductive responses were minimally affected. There were no behavioural effects, and no changes in weight occurred when mares were compared with matched controls. Small...
Effect of PGF-2 alpha on LH receptors in the equine corpus luteum. As quantified by Scatchard analysis, a 27 000 g crude luteal membrane fraction contained a single population of unoccupied LH receptors characterized by high affinity, ka = 0.647 +/- 0.158 X 10(11) M-1 and low binding capacity, Rt = 4.91 +/- 0.78 X 10(-11) M/mg membrane fraction. Acceptable hormonal specificity, reversibility, saturability, high affinity and tissue specificity indicated that the binding protein was a physiological receptor. To ensure that the methods used for Scatchard analysis were valid, hCG was characterized for specific activity and maximum bindability, non-specific bindin...
A quantitative study of the histological morphology of the endometrium of normal and barren mares. The density of uterine glands, height of surface epithelium, numbers of hemosiderin laden macrophages, inflammatory cells and layers of periglandular fibrosis were evaluated in uterine biopsies from 40 mares. These features were found to be highly variable in normal equine endometrium. Minor pathological changes appeared to be masked by this normal variability. Atrophy of uterine glands was recognized in mares which had been barren for more than three years. No significant differences were found between barren and normal mares in the height of epithelium, number of hemosiderin laden macrophage...
Anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin given intramuscularly in horses. The anthelmintic activity of ivermectin was evaluated in 18 female horses with naturally acquired parasitic infections. Horses were treated once (IM) with vehicle only (n = 6), 200 microgram/kg of body weight (n = 6), and 300 microgram/kg (n = 6). Efficacy of both dosages of ivermectin was greater than 99% against Gasterophilus spp, 100% against Trichostrongylus axei, Habronema muscae, H majus, and Draschia megastoma, 98% to 99% against adult cyathostomes, 86% to 97% against 4th-stage cyathostomes, and 100% against adult large strongyles. Although ivermectin was incomplete in its activity agai...
An investigation of sperm migration into the oviducts of the mare. A total of 23 mares were inseminated once within 0-6 h after clinical detection of ovulation, 14 with fresh and 9 with deep-frozen semen containing 0.1 x 10(9) to 4.7 x 10(9) motile spermatozoa. Within these two groups, the mares were slaughtered 2, 4 or 6 h after insemination and their genital tracts removed. The utero-tubal junction, isthmus and ampulla ipsilateral to the ovary in which ovulation occurred were flushed separately for sperm recovery. In 1 or 2 mares of each group, the uterine horn and corpus uteri, the cervix and vagina were also flushed. Tissue samples were collected from the...
Fertility of frozen equine semen. Semen of 16 stallions collected by the fractionated method and frozen in liquid nitrogen was used to inseminate 175 mares of different ages and in various reproductive conditions. Pregnancy was recorded in 91 mares of which 72 delivered a foal. Pregnancy followed by resorption occurred in another 10 mares and 9 aborted. The best results were obtained in the young primiparous and in older mares inseminated in the oestrous cycle that followed the post-partum oestrus. Overall, 64% of mares became pregnant and 56% gave birth to a living foal. The highest occurrence of fetal death and resorption we...
Time relationship between the respiratory cycle and limb cycle in the horse. Techniques developed for the detection and simultaneous recording of certain events in the respiratory and limb cycles are presented. The respiratory cycle and limb cycle were found to be in-phase only at the canter and gallop. The significance of any time relationship between events in respiration and in locomotion is discussed.
Studies on the composition and antibacterial activity of uterine fluid from mares. Forty uterine fluid samples were obtained during oestrus and dioestrus of successive cycles from 4 mares classified as resistant to bacterial infection of the uterus. The flushings were assayed for peroxidase activity and ability to influence phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Uterine fluid volumes and protein concentrations and serum oestrogen values were similar during oestrus and dioestrus. Serum progesterone concentrations were depressed during oestrus. Equine neutrophils adherent to glass slides were exposed to a genital strain of Streptococcus zooepidemicus suspended in salin...
Glucocorticoid suppression of oestrus, follicles, LH and ovulation in the mare. Dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, was administered (30 mg/day) from Day 10 after ovulation to assess the involvement of the adrenal glands in the ovulatory cycle. Only 1 of 8 mares treated in this way exhibited behavioural oestrus, compared to 7 of 8 control mares. Mean maximum LH concentration and follicle size were significantly reduced. Ovulation occurred in 1 and possibly in 2 other treated mares, compared to all 8 control mares. The results demonstrated that dexamethasone can interfere with ovulation and associated events in the mare, but the mechanism of action is uncertain.
Isolation and some properties of equine alpha 1-antitrypsin. 1. Equine alpha 1-antitrypsin was isolated from horse plasma by a combination of ammonium sulfate and acidification precipitation followed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, molecular sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and affinity chromatography on Cibacron Blue-agarose. 2. The purified protein showed a single precipitin arc on immunoelectrophoresis in agarose but gave two bands on discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). 3. Both bands appeared to interact equally with trypsin and were thought to represent two isoinhibitors of equine alpha 1-AT.
Immunity to and immunotherapy for Rhodococcus equi. Immune responses to Rhodococcus equi were assayed in mares and foals on 7 studs in south-eastern Australia using skin test reactivity to the intradermal injection of culture filtrate and an indirect fluorescent antibody test. The prevalence of positive skin-test reactions did not differ between studs with a history of R. equi disease and those without but there were more mares with high antibody titres on studs with a disease history. A leucocyte extract prepared from mares that were skin-test positive was evaluated for its ability to protect foals exposed to experimental or natural challenge:...
A comparison of agents for inducing parturition in mares in the pre-viable and premature periods of gestation. Various regimens of prostaglandins, alone or followed by oxytocin, were given to induce parturition in mares during the pre-viable and premature periods of gestation and in near-term mares. The most successful method of induction was found to be 2 i.m. injections of 500 micrograms fluprostenol (Equimate: I.C.I.) at a 2-h interval followed (if necessary) by 10-20 i.u. oxytocin injected i.v. in 5 i.u. serial increments every 15-20 min. Peak concentrations of the prostaglandin metabolite (PGFM) in response to the inducing agents were shown to be associated with delivery at, but not before, 320 da...
Effect of number and frequency of inseminations on fertility of mares. Data from 257 normally cyclic mares used in trials over a 10-year period were examined to establish the relationship between the number of inseminations per cycle, duration of oestrus and pregnancy rate. Mares that became pregnant were inseminated more (P less than 0.05) frequently per cycle than mares that did not become pregnant (3.4 versus 2.8). First-cycle pregnancy rates of 22.2, 34.0, 38.6, 52.5, 58.3 and 52.2% were attained when mares were inseminated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 or more times per cycle, respectively. The duration of oestrus in mares that became pregnancy was longer (P less than ...
The cryo-jaw, a clamp designed for in vitro rheology studies of horse digital flexor tendons. A clamp designed for holding tendons in force/elongation studies is described. No slippage occurred when tensile forces up to 13,800 N were applied to horses digital flexor tendons fixed in this clamp.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and measurement of antibody titer in horse serum. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detection of immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG antibodies against a serologically common antigen (original endotoxin protein), protease, and elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The P aeruginosa antibody in horse sera was measured, using ELISA. Horseradish peroxidase-labeled rabbit anti-horse IgM and IgG antibodies were used for enzyme-labeled antibody conjugate. 5-Aminosalicylic acid and H2O2 were used for substrate. Sera collected from a vaccinated horse, a newborn foal, and 72 healthy racehorses were investigated for antibodies against P aer...
