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Topic:Clinical Symptoms
Clinical symptoms in horses encompass a range of observable signs that may indicate underlying health issues, such as disease, injury, or physiological stress. These symptoms can vary widely depending on the condition and may include changes in behavior, appetite, respiratory patterns, or physical appearance. Common clinical symptoms in horses include lameness, colic, coughing, nasal discharge, and changes in body temperature or heart rate. Identifying and interpreting these symptoms is an essential aspect of equine veterinary practice, as they provide critical information for diagnosis and management of health conditions. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the identification, assessment, and implications of clinical symptoms in equine health management.
Antibacterial susceptibility patterns for microbial isolates associated with infectious keratitis in horses: 63 cases (1986-1994). Seventy-three aerobic bacterial isolates were cultured from 64 eyes of 63 horses with infectious keratitis. Forty-two (58%) of the organisms isolated initially were gram-positive (g+, 10 genera) and 31 (42%) were gram-negative (g-, 5 genera). After local antimicrobial treatment, repeat cultures from samples obtained from 15 eyes of hospitalized horses yielded 21 secondary bacterial isolates. Staphylococci spp and Streptococci spp were the most common g(+) isolates and accounted for 79% of g(+) organisms isolated initially. Antibiograms revealed ticarcillin to be the most efficacious antibiotic...
Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitative measurement of serum amyloid A protein in horses. To measure the concentration of serum amyloid A (sAA) protein in horses, a sensitive and highly reproducible sandwich (ELISA) was established, using affinity purified SAA antibody. Results of the ELISA were found to have a high correlation (r = 0.95) with those of the single radial immunodiffusion test. Equine SAA concentration was measured by use of this ELISA. In clinically normal horses, the concentration of SAA was high immediately after birth to 2 weeks of age. After that, SAA concentration had periodic fluctuations in the range of approximately 1.0 to 30 micrograms/ml. Mean (+/- SD)) con...
Retrograde contrast radiography of the distal portions of the intestinal tract in foals. A technique for retrograde contrast radiography of the distal portions of the intestinal tract of foals was developed and then performed in 25 foals (1 to 30 days old) with colic. Retrograde contrast radiography was shown to be sensitive (100%) and specific (100%) for evaluating obstruction of the small colon or transverse colon. It was slightly less sensitive (86%) and specific (83%) for evaluation of the entire large colon, particularly in older foals. Retrograde contrast radiography provided increased diagnostic capability, compared with that for noncontrast radiography. Retrograde contrast...
Ependymoma of the neurohypophysis and hypernatremia in a horse. A 2-year-old Standardbred gelding was examined because of prolapse of the third eyelid; myoclonus of the muscles of the head, neck, and forelimbs; and persistent tail swishing. The horse had a high plasma sodium concentration but was not drinking water. The hypernatremia could not be corrected by means of IV administration of fluids, and the horse became worse and, 6 days later, died. At necropsy, a tumor was found to be compressing the neurohypophysis and the area in the brain in which the thirst centers are believed to be located. It is believed that hypernatremia in this horse was a result ...
Transendoscopic laser treatment of guttural pouch tympanites in eight foals. Guttural pouch tympanites was diagnosed in eight foals with respiratory stridor and tympanic swelling in the parotid region. Three foals were treated by transendoscopic neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser fenestration of the median septum between the guttural pouches. One foal died of pneumonia, and the other two foals recovered completely, although the fenestration later closed in one foal. Five foals were treated by creating a salpingopharyngeal fistula using transendoscopic laser irradiation; complete resolution of the tympanites occurred. Transendoscopic laser surgery in stand...
Small intestinal herniation through the epiploic foramen: 53 cases (1987-1993). The incidence of epiploic entrapment of the small intestine in horses undergoing celiotomy for colic was 5%. The condition was more prevalent in older (mean 9.81 years) gelding and Thoroughbred horses. Preoperative peritoneal protein level was a good prognostic indicator as it was significantly greater in the nonsurvivor (39.4 +/- 5.10) group than in the survivor group (26.6 +/- 14.0) (P<0.05). Abdominal ultrasonography allowed earlier diagnosis and surgical intervention in nonpainful cases with inconclusive rectal findings. Surgery was completed in 46 horses and 44 horses recovered from anaes...
Ocular Halicephalobus (syn. Micronema) deletrix in a horse. Ocular contents from a horse with a 4-week history of severe unilateral uveitis were submitted for histopathologic examination. A severe unilateral granulomatous chorioretinitis with intralesional Halicephalobus deletrix was diagnosed. The horse developed progressive neurologic signs several days following the surgery to remove ocular contents and implant a prosthesis and was subsequently euthanatized. A severe multifocal granulomatous encephalitis with intralesional H. deletrix, localized primarily to the optic chiasm, thalamus, and brain stem, was diagnosed from tissues acquired at necropsy....
Colour flow Doppler echocardiography in horses with cardiac murmurs. Thirty-two horses with cardiac murmurs typical of tricuspid, mitral and aortic regurgitation were studied using colour flow Doppler echocardiography. The dimensions and duration of any regurgitant signals, recorded at the cardiac valve suspected as being the site of origin of the murmur, were measured. Results were compared with flow signals described at the valves of normal horses (Blissitt and Bonagura 1995). Horses with murmurs suggestive of tricuspid (n = 8) and aortic (n = 8) regurgitation showed larger regurgitant signals at the tricuspid and aortic valves respectively, than has been rep...
Ophthalmic cyclosporine in equine keratitis and keratouveitis: 11 cases. Topical cyclosporine A was safely used in a series of 11 cases of equine keratitis and keratouveitis and appeared to be an effective anti-inflammatory agent in 9 cases. The clinical diagnoses included interstitial keratouveitis, endotheliitis, multifocal punctate keratopathy and a melting stromal ulcer. In most cases, the presence or absence of insidious bacterial infection was not conclusively determined. Topical cyclosporine A had no deleterious effects in this series of cases. The authors suggest that topical cyclosporine in both aqueous and lipid base vehicles should be investigated and ev...
Tendonitis of the deep digital flexor tendon in the distal metacarpal/metatarsal region associated with tenosynovitis of the digital sheath in the horse. Twenty-four horses with ultrasonographic evidence of tendonitis of the deep digital flexor tendon in the metacarpal/metatarsal region were seen over a 7 year period. Most horses had mild to moderate lameness and distension of the digital flexor tendon sheath in the affected limb. Intrasynovial analgesia of the digital flexor tendon sheath consistently improved the degree of lameness. Ultrasonography most commonly revealed small, distinct, often circular, focal hypoechoic areas within the deep digital flexor tendon which usually extended less than 1 cm proximodistally. The degree of lameness an...
Patterns of feeding and behaviour in horses recovering from dysautonomia (grass sickness). Three horses suffering from grass sickness were treated successfully but showed clinical signs which varied in severity and duration. They were all characterised by marked and often erratic changes in behaviour and appetite.
Unilateral choanal atresia in a foal. A 4-month-old Thoroughbred foal was examined because of a history of exercise intolerance and lack of airflow from the right nostril since birth. Endoscopy of the airways revealed complete membranous obstruction of the right nasal passage at the level of the nasopharynx and marked narrowing of the caudal aspect of the right ventral meatus. Unilateral choanal atresia was diagnosed. Laser ablation of the obstructing tissues was attempted through a videoendoscope. Scar tissue occluded the right nasal passage at follow-up examination 7 weeks later. Intranasal resection, using laparoscopic instrume...
Aseptic tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath, fetlock and pastern annular ligament constriction. The anatomy of the digital flexor tendon sheath and related tendons and ligaments is described. Diagnosis and management of acute tenosynovitis and long-term tenosynovitis and associated tendon injuries are discussed, as well as the syndrome of stenosis of the fetlock canal (or fetlock annular ligament constriction) and palmar annular ligament constriction. Desmitis of the palmar annular ligament is also described.
Ventricular tachycardia associated with exhaustive exercise in a horse. Ventricular tachycardia was diagnosed in a 12-year-old unconditioned Appaloosa gelding after a 3-day trail ride. Initial signs were those of abdominal discomfort, ileus, and dehydration. Medical treatment included IV administration of lactated Ringer's solution. During hospitalization, the horse developed ventricular tachycardia. Serum potassium concentrations were within reference limits; however, assessment of total body potassium stores was not performed. Resolution of the arrhythmia occurred with further fluid treatment and potassium supplementation. Cardiac arrhythmias should be considere...
Tendon, tendon sheath, and ligament injuries in the pastern. The palmar (plantar) aspect of the pastern is an anatomically complex area and an understanding of this is a prerequisite for accurate diagnosis of injuries in this area. The gross and normal ultrasonographic anatomy are described, and injuries of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and the digital flexor tendon sheath, the distal sesamoidean ligaments, and the palmar ligaments of the proximal interphalangeal joint are discussed.
Chyloabdomen in a neonatal foal. A 12-hour-old female standardbred foal developed signs of abdominal pain, tachycardia, tachypnoea and fever associated with chylous ascites. Small intestinal obstruction was due to segmental, mid-jejunal lymphangiectasia. Post mortem examination revealed a lack of communication between afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels in the mesenteric lymphocentre, a defect which was suspected to be congenital.
Cutaneous amyloidosis in a horse with lymphoma. A horse with malignant lymphoma (histiolymphocytic) and cutaneous amyloidosis is described. The lymphoma involved the dura mater of the spinal cord and some of the peripheral lymph nodes. Multifocal amyloid deposits were present in the skin and subcutis of the ventral abdomen but not within the lymphoma cell infiltrates or in the viscera.
Metacarpal fracture associated with lymphosarcoma-induced osteolysis in a horse. A 19-year-old Appaloosa gelding was reluctant to move. Radiography revealed diffuse, permeative lysis of the cortex and subchondral bone of the phalanges, third metacarpal bones, proximal sesamoid bones, radius, carpal bones, tibia, mandible, and nasal bones of the skull. A comminuted fracture of the distal aspect of the left third metacarpal bone was identified on a lateral to medial radiographic view of the left metacarpophalangeal joint. Histologic examination of the first phalanx, third metacarpal bone, and sternum revealed multifocal infiltrates of nodular lymphosarcoma in cortical and su...
The risks of the game: the confidential enquiry into perioperative equine fatalities. This research is about a study conducted to understand the causes and frequency of unexpected fatalities due to surgery or anesthesia within a week of surgery in horses, ponies, and […]
