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Topic:Comparative Study
Comparative studies in equine research involve the systematic analysis of different horse breeds, management practices, or physiological responses to identify variations and similarities. These studies are instrumental in understanding how different factors influence health, performance, and behavior in horses. Common areas of comparison include genetic traits, nutritional requirements, disease resistance, and response to training. By evaluating these differences, researchers can develop targeted strategies for breeding, healthcare, and training. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that focus on the methodologies, findings, and implications of comparative studies in the context of equine science.
[Neurological disorders caused by equine herpesvirus type 1 and cauda equina neuritis in horses]. The differences in aetiology, symptomatology, pathomorphology, diagnosis and therapy between the nervous form (paralytic form) of Equine Herpes Virus, type 1, and Neuritis Caudae Equinae are reviewed. The conclusion is that in most cases it is possible to differentiate between these two clinical syndromes.
Specificity of pseudorabies virus serotests. Pigs experimentally inoculated with bovine herpesvirus-1 or equine herpesvirus-1 developed mild clinical disease signs. Regression of clinical disease was accompanied by development of specific virus-neutralizing antibodies. These antibodies did not react positively with pseudorabies antigens in the serum-virus neutralization test, an indirect radioimmunoassay, or a microimmunodiffusion test.
The primary structure of monomeric beta-lactoglobulin I from horse colostrum (Equus caballus, Perissodactyla). beta-Lactoglobulin-like proteins were detected in horse colostrum and normal milk using immunological techniques. In contrast to the beta-lactoglobulins sequenced so far these proteins are monomeric and genetically not homogenous. In this paper we report the first primary structure of a monomeric beta-lactoglobulin from horse colostrum. By means of an automatic liquid-phase sequenator the sequence of peptides obtained by tryptic digestion and by cyanogen bromide cleavage was determined. A limited tryptic digestion and hydrolysis with chymotrypsin provided the necessary overlapping peptides. Th...
Cadmium/zinc relationships in kidney cortex and metallothionein of horse and red deer: histopathological observations on horse kidneys. Cadmium and zinc were determined in kidney cortex of 63 horses and 51 red deer (Cervus elaphus). Cadmium and zinc were also determined in protein fractions obtained by Sephadex chromatography of kidney cortex from 10 horses and 4 red deer. Histopathological parameters in kidney cortex of horses were compared to cadmium content. The metal contents (on wet weight basis) in kidney cortex of the horses were 0.31 +/- 0.22 mmole Cd/kg (range 0.03-1.21) and 0.63 +/- 0.17 mmole Zn/kg (range 0.36-1.23). The Zn content increased with the Cd content, the Zn increase being less at higher concentrations. N...
An investigation of the effect of hesperidin complex and lemon bioflavonoid complex on growth and development of thoroughbred horses. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Hesperidin Complex and Lemon Bioflavonoid Complex (HC/LBC) on the growth and development of thoroughbred horses. The trial involved twenty-four foals (12 colts, 12 fillies) allotted to treatment shortly after weaning. The study was conducted for a 342-d growing phase and a 153-d training phase, or a total of 495-d. The HC/LBC was included in the test diet at a level calculated to supply the compound at 55 mg X kg body weight-1 X d-1. During the growing phase, average daily gain of colts that received HC/LBC was higher (P less than .05)...
Independence of exercise hypocapnia and limb movement frequency in ponies. The objective of this study was to determine whether changes in limb motion per se influence arterial CO2 partial pressure (PaCO2) during muscular exercise in ponies. Fifteen ponies were studied at rest and during 8 min of treadmill exercise when the work load was constant or when the work load was increased after the 4th min. Five different treadmill settings were selected to provide for a range of metabolic rate achieved with primary changes in either speed or grade (1.8 mph at 3, 8, and 15% grade; or 3 and 6 mph at 3% grade). The ponies exercised either on all four legs or on only the hindl...
Prevalence of organisms described as Actinobacillus suis or haemolytic Actinobacillus equuli in the oral cavity of horses. Comparative investigations of strains obtained and porcine strains of A. suis sensu stricto. Evidence was obtained to indicate that equine strains of organisms previously described as Actinobacillus suis or hemolytic variants of Actinobacillus equuli might constitute a separate group of organisms provisionally designated taxon 11. Four biovars were noticed within taxon 11. Selected DNA:DNA hybridizations support the classification of the mannitol positive biovar 2 of taxon 11 distinct from porcine A. suis. The final taxonomical position of taxon 11, however, has to await more detailed genetic studies including all biovars of taxon 11. A species name has not been suggested for the same...
Case-control study of risk factors associated with isolation of Salmonella saintpaul in hospitalized horses. In an investigation of a 1981-1982 outbreak of nosocomial Salmonella saintpaul infection in hospitalized horses at the University of California Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital in Davis, California, a case-control study was performed using data gathered from the records of 33 cases and 132 controls. Multiple logistic regression risk analysis was used to identify factors associated with isolation of the organism, controlling for the effects of other, possibly confounding variables. Horses receiving parenteral antibiotics were at 10.9 times greater risk of having S. saintpaul isolated than w...
Spavin: a proposed term for a non-fracture associated canine hock lesion. In accordance with macroscopic and microscopic features of the tarsal joint degeneration in the greyhound dog, the possibility of establishing a direct relation between this process and spavin or bone spavin is proposed. To date this has been considered limited to equine and occasionally bovine stock. This investigation has been carried out on three different levels: macroscopic, radiological and histological and has been completed with the corresponding graphic documentation.
DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family. To determine whether DNA survives and can be recovered from the remains of extinct creatures, we have examined dried muscle from a museum specimen of the quagga, a zebra-like species (Equus quagga) that became extinct in 1883 (ref. 1). We report that DNA was extracted from this tissue in amounts approaching 1% of that expected from fresh muscle, and that the DNA was of relatively low molecular weight. Among the many clones obtained from the quagga DNA, two containing pieces of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were sequenced. These sequences, comprising 229 nucleotide pairs, differ by 12 base substitu...
The amino acid sequence of equine alpha-lactalbumin. The amino acid sequence of equine alpha-lactalbumin has been determined with the aid of an automatic sequencer. The protein chain consists of 123 amino acids and has a Mr of 14218. Elucidation of the structure involved sequence determination of native protein (residues 1-32), cyanogen bromide fragments, and tryptic, chymotryptic and S. aureus V8 proteolytic peptides. Approximately 67% of the residues are identical with corresponding residues of bovine alpha-lactalbumin B, and there is close homology with alpha-lactalbumin of other species.
Some unusual features of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in horses. Seven horses ranging from three to 15 years of age had nephrotic syndrome; at necropsy, renal tissue of all seven horses had the morphologic lesions of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis). Homogeneous eosinophilic material which filled the glomerular capillary lumina was found in five horses. Ultrastructurally, this material primarily consisted of electron-dense deposits with a fibrillar pattern in five horses and in one horse, rhomboid crystalline deposits which resembled deposits seen in human cryoglobulinemia. The association of mesangioprolif...
Quantitation of the immunoglobulins in reproductive tract secretions of the mare. IgG, IgA, IgM and albumin concentrations were measured in serum, follicular fluid and oviductal, uterine and intestinal secretions of the horse. Follicular protein concentrations were found to be dependent on serum concentration and molecular size. Of the immunoglobulins only IgG was detectable in oviductal secretions, but IgG:albumin ratios did not differ significantly from those in serum. IgG, IgA and IgM were measured in uterine secretions, with IgG predominant. Serum transudation into uterine secretions was minimal. In intestinal secretions, IgA levels were slightly higher than IgG, with a...
Dosage requirement of pancuronium in halothane-anesthetized ponies: a comparison of cumulative and single-dose administration. Cumulative vs single-bolus administration of pancuronium was studied in halothane-anesthetized ponies. Dosage levels were determined by giving small increments (0.01 to 0.04 mg/kg of body weight) until the desired relaxation occurred (0.125 +/- 0.038 mg/kg for 90% to 99% reduction of prerelaxant twitch height), then an additional 0.037 +/- 0.024 mg/kg for obliteration of twitch response. The dosage level defined by cumulative administration was then administered as a single bolus 2 more times, once on each of 2 days. Dosage requirements for the 2 methods correlated well. The difference in dura...
Continuous cultivation of equine lymphocytes: evidence for occasional T cell-like maturation events in horses with hereditary severe combined immunodeficiency. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 14 foals with hereditary severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) were studied to determine the extent of lymphocyte differentiation that occurs in this disorder. PBMC from all 14 horses had the morphologic characteristics of large granular lymphocytes (LGL). Cells from only one of 14 horses were responsive to phytolectin stimulation in a standard blastogenesis assay; however, PBMC from all 14 horses proliferated in continuous culture in the presence of partially purified interleukin 2. Furthermore, there were differences in the growth patterns of ...
Genetic organization of the polymorphic equine alpha globin locus and sequence of the BII alpha 1 gene. The equine alpha globin gene complex comprises two functional alpha genes and an alpha-like pseudogene arranged in the order 5'-alpha 2-(5kb)-alpha 1-(3kb)-psi alpha-3'. A single (embryonic) zeta-like sequence lies within a 12 kb region 5' to the alpha 2 gene. We have determined the sequence of the alpha 1 gene of the BII haplotype, one of two most common haplotypes (the other being BI) which encode alpha globins with either Tyr (BI) or Phe (BII) at codon 24 in both linked alpha genes. In BI and BII the non-allelic alpha 2 and alpha 1 genes respectively code for Gln or Lys at codon 60, thus ac...
Mare lactotransferrin: purification, analysis and N-terminal sequence determination. Mare lactotransferrin has been purified and analyzed. Its molecular mass is 81 kDa. A 28 amino acid long N-terminal sequence was established and a first series of comparisons with other transferrins was performed.
Serum testosterone levels in young normal horses. Serum testosterone levels were measured in normal young male horses (29 to 34 weeks old). No differences were found between gelded and intact males. The values for all the horses were low. On the basis of their testosterone levels, all the horses were prepubertal.
Plasma mepivacaine concentrations after caudal epidural and subarachnoid injection in the horse: comparative study. The venous plasma concentrations of mepivacaine were determined in 7 adult mares (420 +/- 17.1 kg) given an injection of a 2% solution of the hydrochloride at either the sacral (S2-3 to S5-C1) epidural space or the midsacral (S2-3) subarachnoid space. An average dose of 91.4 +/- 15.7 mg (4.6 +/- 0.8 ml) was needed to produce caudal epidural analgesia (CEA) and 26.7 +/- 5.4 mg (1.3 +/- 0.3 ml) to produce caudal subarachnoid analgesia (CSA). Maximal caudal analgesia extended from spinal cord segments S-1 to coccyx during CEA and CSA. The onset of analgesia as measured by response to superficial ...
Antibodies to Berne virus in horses and other animals. After inoculation into 2 foals, Berne virus induced neutralizing antibody, but did not cause clinical symptoms. In a horizontal study of seropositive mares and their offspring, a decline of maternal antibodies and a sudden synchronous seroconversion in all foals were observed, again without clinical symptoms. The virus is widespread in the Swiss horse population and has been so during the last decade; rises in antibody titers were noted in 9% of paired sera sampled at random. Positive reactions were also obtained in serum neutralization tests and ELISA using small numbers of horse sera from Ge...
Isolation and partial characterization of bovine and equine factor D. Bovine and equine factor D were purified to apparent homogeneity as evidenced by a single protein staining band on 7.5-17.5% SDS-PAGE slab gels under both reducing and non-reducing conditions. An apparent mol. wt of 15,000 for bovine D and 22,500 for equine D were noted after SDS-PAGE gel analysis of both reduced and non-reduced preparations. A single polypeptide chain for both proteins was evidenced by the lack of any change in the electrophoretic mobility under each of these conditions. The bovine and equine D were enriched 3347- and 9447-fold, with a 20 and 29% yield of hemolytic activity, ...
Characterization of intrauterine mobility of the early equine conceptus. Intrauterine mobility patterns of the embryonic vesicle were characterized on Days 9 to 17 after ovulation in pony mares using real-time ultrasonography (n=5 or 7 mares per day). The location of the vesicle was determined by dividing the uterus into right horn, left horn, and body. Each uterine horn was further divided into three approximately equal portions (cranial third, middle third, caudal third), yielding seven segments (body plus three portions of each horn). Location of the vesicle within the uterus was recorded every five minutes for two consecutive hours (25 location determinations p...
[Interaction of bis-phosphorylated methanes with mammalian esterases]. The interaction of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase, horse serum butyrylcholinesterase and rat liver carboxylesterase with insecticides (RO)2P(O)SCH(COOEt)SP(O)(OR)2 (I) and (RO)2P(O)SCH(COOEt)OP(S)(OR)2 (II) was studied. The type I and II compounds were not hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase and inhibited the esterases irreversibly. A complex pattern of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase by these compounds was caused by kinetically-manifested formation of an enzyme-inhibitor complex. The compounds I and II were more selective towards butyrylcholinesterase than towa...
Extenders for preservation of canine and equine spermatozoa at 5 degrees C. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of six extenders and three glycerol levels on the motility of sperm stored at 5 degrees C. Using a split-ejaculated design, semen from 10 dogs and 12 stallions was extended with egg-yolk-tris (EYT), egg-yolk-bicarbonate (EGB), Beltsville F-3 (BF-3), Cornell University (CUE), caprogen (CAP) and heated skim milk (SM) extenders. After cooling to 5 degrees C, additional extender containing 0% to 12% glycerol was added to provide a final concentration of 0%, 3% or 6% glycerol. Regardless of glycerol level, a higher (P<0.05) percentage of can...
Prevalence of equine sarcocystis in British horses and a comparison of two detection methods. Sarcocystis was detected in oesophageal samples from 245 (62 per cent) of 394 horses and ponies killed at a Cheshire abattoir between February and August 1981. Prevalence of infection was closely related to age, increasing from 28.6 per cent of animals up to two years old to 88.9 per cent of those over eight years old. There were no significant regional differences in prevalence between horses from north west England, Yorkshire or South Wales. Significantly more female horses were infected (69.7 per cent) compared with males (56.2 per cent). Gross examination methods detected fewer than 55 per...
Biotin-labeled antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BLA-S-ELISA) for the detection of Japanese encephalitis antibody in human and a variety of animal sera. A biotin-labeled antigen (BLA) was adapted to a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (S-ELISA) for detection of Japanese encephalitis (JE) antibody in a variety of animal sera. JE antigen was fixed on the wells of a microplate and became bound to the specific antibody which could react with a peroxidase-labeled avidin conjugate and azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazolin sulfonic acid) (ABTS) as a substrate. The BLA-S-ELISA could simultaneously detect JE antibody in all hemagglutination inhibition (HI) positive sera from man, swine, monkey, horse, cattle, rabbit, rat, mouse and pigeon by using th...
