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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Mushroom toxicity in a horse with meningioangiomatosis. We describe a fatal case of mushroom intoxication in an 18-y-o horse presumably due to Amanita verna. Horses are normally regarded as too fastidious to eat the ill-flavored toadstools. In this case, the horse had a rare benign brain tumor, meningioangiomatosis, which may have altered the horse's normal eating behavior resulting in consumption of the mushrooms.
Detecting Taxus poisoning in horses using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. A method is described for the analysis of taxine alkaloids by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. It is applicable to the detection of taxine alkaloids in the stomach contents of horses in which Taxus poisoning is suspected. Analysis of a leaf extract of Taxus baccata revealed unreported alkaloids of the same relative molecular mass as taxine B and isotaxine B.
Radiographic and clinical survey of degenerative joint disease in the distal tarsal joints in Icelandic horses. The prevalence of degenerative joint disease (DJD) in the distal tarsal joints and the relation between radiographic and clinical signs compatible with the disease were estimated in a population of Icelandic horses used for riding. The material consisted of 614 horses age 6-12 years (mean age = 7.9 years). Radiographs with 3 projections of each tarsus were made and a clinical examination, including palpation of the medial aspect of the distal tarsus and motion evaluation of the hindlimbs before and after a flexion test of the tarsus, was performed. Radiographic signs of DJD in the distal tarsa...
Equine dental disease part 4: a long-term study of 400 cases: apical infections of cheek teeth. Of 400 horses referred because of equine dental disease, 162 suffered from primary apical infections of their cheek teeth (CT), including 92 with maxillary CT infections and 70 with mandibular CT infections. Maxillary swellings and sinus tracts were more common (82 and 26% incidence, respectively) with infections of the rostral 3 maxillary CT, than with infections of the caudal 3 maxillary CT (39 and 5% incidence, respectively). Nasal discharge was more commonly present with caudal (95%) than rostral (23%) maxillary CT infections. Mandibular CT apical infections commonly had mandibular swellin...
Molten globule structure of equine beta-lactoglobulin probed by hydrogen exchange. The molten globule structure of equine beta-lactoglobulin has been inferred from the hydrogen exchange protection of the backbone amide protons. In order to make it possible to measure the hydrogen exchange kinetics of the individual backbone amide protons, the uniformly (15)N-labeled recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and the NMR peak assignment was obtained for most of the backbone protons. The chemical shift and NOE results obtained under the condition where the protein assumes the native structure are fully consistent with the known secondary structure of bovine beta-lac...
Chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases of the horse. A review of reported cases of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) of horses for which no etiology was identified included cases of granulomatous enteritis (GE), multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease (MEED), lymphocytic-plasmacytic enterocolitis (LPE), and idiopathic eosinophilic enterocolitis (EC). The terms EC and MEED were both used to describe a disease in horses characterized by infiltration of intestine and extraintestinal tissues with eosinophils. We use EC to describe IBD characterized by only intestinal infiltration by eosinophils. Horses with GE, MEED, or LPE are usually e...
Detection and quantitation of Ehrlichia risticii genomic DNA in infected horses and snails by real-time PCR. A real-time quantitative PCR using the TaqMan fluorogenic detection system (TaqMan PCR) was established for identification of Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever (PHF). The TaqMan PCR identified an 85 base pair section of the 16S rRNA gene by use of a specific fluorogenic probe and two primers. This technique was specific for eight tested E. risticii strains. The TaqMan system identified 10 copies of a cloned section of the 16S rRNA gene of E. risticii. The sensitivity and specificity of the TaqMan PCR were similar to those of conventional nested PCR. The TaqMan PCR was evalua...
Dermatophilosis: a threat to livestock production in Ethiopia. A retrospective study of dermatophilosis was made in livestock (cattle, sheep, horses and goats) of Ethiopia under different situations. The disease was reported for the first time in sheep (8.5%), goats (3.14%) and horses (2.84%) from Ethiopia. The occurrence of the disease in cattle was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in wet (6%) than in dry (3.6%) season and in cross (26.9%) than local (3.2%) breeds. The highest prevalence (35%) was noted in cross breeds kept under poor management in the rainy season. The threat of dermatophilosis to animal production in Ethiopia is indicated. Environmen...
Cross reactivity between human erythropoietin antibody and horse erythropoietin. Erythropoietin (EPO) is the primary hormone of erythropoiesis. Administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhuEPO) to improve racing performance in the horse represents a new form of blood doping, which has been associated with increased mortality. While immunoassay kits have become plentiful, very few commercial hormone assays are made specifically for equine research. There is a strong degree of sequence homology reported for EPO among species, which has allowed antibodies designed for human EPO research to be used to determine EPO concentration in other species. The objective of the...
Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae associated with an equine wound infection. No abstract available
Papillomatous pastern dermatitis with spirochetes and Pelodera strongyloides in a Tennessee Walking Horse. Papillomatous digital dermatitis is a common disease in cattle. The pastern dermatitis observed in a horse shared many of the gross characteristics of papillomatous digital dermatitis in cattle. Lesions included a mixture of proliferative and erosive changes, with a verrucose appearance in some areas. Microscopic similarities included pseudoepitheliomatous and papillomatous epidermal hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis, spongiosis of the epidermis, and intraepidermal spirochetes. The horse was also concurrently infected with Pelodera strongyloides. Papillomatous digital dermatitis in cattle is ass...
Extramedullary plasmacytoma in a horse with ptyalism and dysphagia. A Clydesdale mare was examined for weight loss, inappetence, ptyalism, and dysphagia. The main abnormality revealed by serum biochemistry was a marked hyperglobulinemia, and protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal gammopathy in the gamma region. The urine was positive for Bence Jones proteins. These findings suggested a plasma cell tumor. The neoplasm could not be located with extensive antemortem examination. At postmortem, neoplastic cells morphologically compatible with plasma cells and positive for equine IgG with imunoperoxidase staining infiltrated the pericardium, mediastinal stro...
Serum parathyroid hormone and calcitonin levels in racehorses with fracture. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) levels in fractured racehorses were measured by radioimmunoassay. Racehorses with fracture of large bone such as the radius, third metacarpus, third carpus, digital bone or tibia, showed normal PTH level and elevated CT level in the serum. Serum PTH level was slightly higher in racehorses with sesamoid bone fracture compared to that of healthy racehorses, but not statistically significant. Moreover, serum CT level of racehorses with sesamoid bone fracture was significantly higher than that of healthy racehorses. Racehorses with sesamoid bone ...
Tansy ragwort poisoning in a horse in southern Ontario. Bizarre behavior, apparent lameness, and colic were noticed in 1 of 3 horses on a pasture overgrown by weeds during a drought. Liver failure and hepatoencephalopathy were diagnosed, caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis associated with consumption of tansy ragwort. The horse made a full recovery when removed from the pasture.
Equine phacoclastic uveitis: the clinical manifestations, light microscopic findings, and therapy of 7 cases. This retrospective clinical study describes the clinical manifestations, light microscopic findings, and diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic lens rupture in the horse. Rupture of the lens capsule in the horse usually results in a chronic, blinding inflammation (phacoclastic uveitis) unless prompt surgical and medical therapies are implemented. The clinical manifestations of acute lens capsule rupture included: cataract; intralenticular displacement of iridal pigment; lens cortical fragments attached to the perforated lens capsule, iris, and corneal endothelium; miosis; aqueous flare; ...
Cerebello-olivary and lateral (accessory) cuneate degeneration in a juvenile American Miniature horse. A 12-month-old American Miniature horse colt was presented to the Virginia Tech Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a 7-month history of progressive ataxia. Physical examination revealed a head intention tremor, base-wide stance, and ataxia. Necropsy findings were confined to the brain. There were bilateral areas of liquefactive necrosis and cavitation corresponding to the dorsal accessory olivary and lateral (accessory) cuneate nuclei. Cerebellar folia of the dorsal vermis were thin. Microscopically, the cerebellar cortex was characterized by patchy areas of Purkinje cell loss with associated v...
Lymphangiosarcoma in a horse. A 15-year-old Dutch Warmblood mare presented with respiratory distress and anorexia. Clinical examination revealed liquothorax and an abdominal mass. At necropsy, an infiltrating tumour was found in the visceral trunk, continuing through the diaphragm into the mediastinum. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry and electronmicroscopy showed empty channels lined by atypical endothelial cells, and neoplastic cells in a disorganized pattern, consistent with the diagnosis of a lymphangiosarcoma.
Resection of the common digital extensor tendon in a gelding. A four-year-old gelding was lame owing to a chronic septic common digital extensor tendon and sheath. The horse had been treated by open surgical lavage but the sepsis had recurred after three months. Physical, ultrasonographic, cytological and histological examinations confirmed chronic septic tenosynovitis and tendonitis. The entire intrathecal component of the common digital extensor tendon was resected under general anaesthesia and the synovial lining of the sheath was ablated. Postoperatively the horse regained good limb function and became sound.
Oral vesicular lesions in horses without evidence of vesicular stomatitis virus infection. To report clinical and serologic findings in horses with oral vesicular lesions that were consistent with vesicular stomatitis (VS) but apparently were not associated with VS virus (VSV) infection. Methods: Serial case study. Methods: 8 horses. Methods: Horses were quarantined after appearance of oral lesions typical of VS. Severity of clinical signs was scored every 2 to 5 days for 3 months. Serum samples were tested for antibodies by use of competitive ELISA (cELISA), capture ELISA for IgM, serum neutralization, and complement fixation (CF). Virus isolation was attempted from swab specimens ...
Forced expiration: a test for airflow obstruction in horses. The purpose of this study was to assess whether our method of inducing forced expiration detects small airway obstruction in horses. Parameters derived from forced expiratory flow-volume (FEFV) curves were compared with lung mechanics data obtained during spontaneous breathing in nine healthy horses, in three after histamine challenge, and in two with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pre- and posttherapy with prednisone. Parameters measured in the healthy horses included forced vital capacity (FVC = 41.6 +/- 5.8 liters; means +/- SD) and forced expiratory flow (FEF) at various perc...
Identification and phylogenetic comparison of Salem virus, a novel paramyxovirus of horses. A virus that could not be identified as a previously known equine virus was isolated from the mononuclear cells of a horse. Electron microscopy revealed enveloped virions with nucleocapsid structures characteristic of viruses in the Paramyxoviridae family. The virus failed to hemabsorb chicken or guinea pig red blood cells and lacked neuraminidase activity. Two viral genes were isolated from a cDNA expression library. Multiple sequence alignments of one gene indicated an average identity of 45% as compared to Morbillivirus N protein sequences. A weaker relationship was found with Tupaia paramy...
Electrically elicited blink reflex in horses with trigeminal and facial nerve blocks. To reassess reference values for the components of the electrically induced blink reflex, document reference values for facial motor nerve conduction velocity, and demonstrate usefulness of the blink reflex as a diagnostic tool in peripheral facial and trigeminal nerve dysfunction in horses. Methods: 10 healthy adult horses (8 males, 2 females) without neurologic abnormalities. Methods: Blink reflex tests were performed by electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve and facial (auriculopalpebral) nerve. Reflex and direct muscle-evoked potentials of the orbicularis oculi muscles were recor...
Corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, and optical corneal diameter in Rocky Mountain Horses with cornea globosa or clinically normal corneas. To compare corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, and optical corneal diameter in Rocky Mountain Horses with cornea globosa and those with clinically normal corneas. Methods: 129 Rocky Mountain Horses. Methods: Ultrasonic pachymetry was used to measure corneal thickness. Applanation tonometry was used to measure intraocular pressure. A Jameson caliper was used to measure optical corneal diameter. Results: The central and temporal peripheral portions of the cornea were significantly thicker in horses with cornea globosa than in horses with clinically normal corneas, but corneal thicknesses in...
