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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Serum thyroid hormone concentrations in New Zealand horses. Total thyroxine and total tri-iodothyronine concentrations were measured in the sera from 125 horses of mixed age, breed and sex, and varied clinical histories. While low serum thyroxine concentrations were detected in 35 horses, the majority of those horses had serum thyroxine values within the reference range when retested. Only one horse had a mildly decreased serum tri-iodothyronine concentration. Those horses in which the serum thyroxine concentration was low when retested had a normal thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation test. Hypothyroidism was not diagnosed in any horses in this s...
Concentrations of keratan sulfate in plasma and synovial fluid from clinically normal horses and horses with joint disease. To determine whether keratan sulfate concentrations in plasma or synovial fluid from clinically normal horses were different from concentrations in horses with joint disease and whether concentrations varied with type of joint disease. Methods: Case-control study. Methods: 67 clinically normal horses, 10 clinically normal foals, and 160 horses with joint disease. Methods: ELISA was used to measure keratan sulfate concentrations. Results: Mean plasma keratan sulfate concentration (mean +/- SEM, 580 +/- 124 ng/ml) in foals peaked at 10 weeks of age. Mean plasma keratan sulfate concentration in c...
Pasteurella caballi infection following a horse bite. The isolation of Pasteurella caballi from an horse-bite wound in a 56-year-old man is reported. Biochemical characteristics are described and compared with the other species representing the genus Pasteurella. This strain probably represents the first human isolate of P. caballi in France.
Removal of a nasal polyp in a standing horse. Diagnosis and removal of a nasal polyp in a horse using standing chemical restraint and readily available equipment are described. Histopathology of the polyp and differential diagnoses are discussed.
Case report: field-acquired subclinical Babesia equi infection confirmed by in vitro culture. A horse with no prior clinical history of equine piroplasmosis tested negative for Babesia caballi and Babesia equi in the complement fixation test before importation into the United States from France. After 5 years in residence in the United States, the animal tested serologically positive for B. equi by the complement fixation test, the immunofluorescent antibody test, and Western blot analysis. The carrier status of the horse was confirmed by culture of B. equi parasites. In vitro culture offers an efficient and comparatively inexpensive method to determine the carrier status of horses sus...
Experimental induction of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses using Sarcocystis sp. sporocysts from the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Sarcocystis sp. sporocysts isolated from eight feral opossums (Didelphis virginiana) were pooled and fed to 18 commercially reared budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), 14 wild-caught sparrows (Passer domesticus), one wild-caught slate-colored Junco (Junco hyemalis) and five weanling horses (Equus caballus). All budgerigars died within 5 weeks post inoculation (wpi). Histologic examination revealed meronts within the pulmonary epithelia and typical Sarcocystis falcatula sarcocysts developing in the leg muscles. Sparrows were euthanized 13 and 17 wpi and their carcasses were fed to four labora...
The Michigan equine monitoring system. II. Frequencies and impact of selected health problems. A prospective study was designed to document the frequencies of equine health problems in the state of Michigan, USA. A total of 2469 horses from a random sample of 138 equine operations were monitored in the study in two 12-month periods: 1992-1993 and 1993-1994. All the major breeds of horses in the state were proportionately represented in the sample. Using weighted annual incidence densities as measures of disease frequencies, the 10 most frequently observed groups of health problems were (from most to least frequent) leg lameness, dermatological problems, respiratory problems, hoof and fo...
Serologic markers in early stages of African horse sickness virus infection. Fifteen horses were experimentally infected with African horse sickness virus (AHSV) serotype 4. To learn more about the time course of production and specificity of AHSV-specific antibodies, sera were analyzed by immunoblot analysis. Only animals that survived for more than 9 days were able to develop a humoral immune response detectable by immunoblotting. The earliest serological markers corresponded mainly to VP5, VP6, and NS2 and to a lesser extent to VP3, NS1, and NS3. Neutralizing antibodies to VP2 were not detected by immunoblotting, suggesting that they are mostly conformation dependen...
Intra-abdominal testicular torsion in a horse without signs of colic. A 5-year-old Quarter Horse stallion was admitted for cryptorchidectomy. Abnormalities were not found on physical examination, except for an undescended left testis. Cryptorchidectomy was performed, using an inguinal approach. The tail of the epididymis was in the inguinal canal, and the testis was adjacent to the internal inguinal ring. The testis was dark reddish purple to black, resulting from torsion at the level of the body of the epididymis. On histologic examination, the left testis was necrotic, except for the tunica albuginea and tunica vaginalis visceralis covering the testis. Intra-a...
[Characterization of Rhodococcus equi isolates from horse and man]. In the present investigation 19 and 22 R. equi-cultures isolated from diseased horses and humans, respectively, could be correctly identified by their morphological, biochemical and serological properties. The rod-coccus life cycle appeared to be a common feature of almost all cultures investigated. The cultures were typeable with the typing system described by Prescott (1981). The predominant serotypes among the R. equi-isolates belonged to serotypes 1 and 2. Among the R. equi-isolates from horses haemagglutination-positive cultures were mainly found among isolates of serotype 1, those of ser...
[An epizootiologic study of an outbreak of equine influenza in the Czech Republic in the fall of 1995]. A mild outbreak of acute respiratory infection was reported in racing horses in the fall of 1995. Four studs were investigated for the sources and routes of infection. In five horses from two herds, virus isolates were obtained which, in preliminary typing experiments, were identified as the influenza A/equi 2 virus. The presence of this illness in all the examined herds was confirmed by a rise in specific antibody titres. The affected animals included both older vaccinated horses and young horses not yet vaccinated. Epidemiological studies suggested that the spread of infection occurred in si...
Naturally occurring persistent and asymptomatic infection of the guttural pouches of horses with Streptococcus equi. During an outbreak of strangles on a farm with approximately 1500 horses, the spread of Streptococcus equi infection was monitored by repeated nasopharyngeal swabbing and culture. In order to control the infection and prevent new introductions of strangles on to the premises, a system of quarantine and swabbing of cases and all incoming animals was instituted. Long-term carriage of the organism was detected in four clinically healthy convalescent animals, and in two of 350 new ponies; it persisted for between seven and 39 months, but it was detected only intermittently by the culture of swabs ...
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the equine placenta by transrectal and transabdominal approach in the normal pregnant mare. The objective of this study was to determine normal variations in the utero placental thickness during mid- and late gestation in the mare. Normal, healthy pregnant mares (n = 9) were examined monthly from 4 mo of gestation until parturition by transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonography. At each examination, the combined thickness of the uterus and the placenta (CTUP) was measured at the placento-cervical junction (transrectally) and at the uterine body or the uterine horns (transabdominally). In addition, the echogenicity of the amniotic and allantoic fluids was evaluated by transrectal u...
Fatal encephalitis due to novel paramyxovirus transmitted from horses. In September, 1994, an outbreak of severe respiratory disease affected 18 horses, their trainer, and a stablehand in Queensland, Australia. Fourteen horses and one human being died. A novel virus was isolated from those affected and named equine morbillivirus (EMV). We report a case of encephalitis caused by this virus. Results: A 35-year-old man from Queensland had a brief aseptic meningitic illness in August, 1994, shortly after caring for two horses that died from EMV infection and then assisting at their necropsies. He then suffered severe encephalitis 13 months later, characterised by unc...
Gazelle herpesvirus 1: a new neurotropic herpesvirus immunologically related to equine herpesvirus 1. A herpesvirus was isolated from Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsoni) kept at a zoological garden in Japan during an outbreak of epizootic acute encephalitis. The virus, gazelle herpesvirus 1 (GHV-1), was serologically related to equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1). However, DNA fingerprints of GHV-1 were different from those of EHV-1 and other equine herpesviruses. Southern hybridization with probes of cloned BamHI fragments derived from UL and US segments of EHV-1 revealed differences in the DNA restriction profiles throughout the entire genome. Nucleotide sequences were determined for a conserved r...
[The therapy of equine sarcoid with a non-specific immunostimulator–the epidemiology and spontaneous regression of sarcoids]. 20 sarcoid-affected horses from a practice in the northern Jura were used in this experiment. The mean age of the 20 horses was 3.9 years at the time of the first observation of sarcoid tumors. On the average, 4.4 tumours were noted per horse. 10 of the horses were treated in a double-blind study with an unspecific immunostimulant (Baypamun P), 10 others received a placebo. One single tumour only was treated per horse. The injections were given under and around the sarcoid. In eight out of the 20 horses all tumours regressed totally or for more than 50% of their initial size. Five of these had...
Complete upper airway obstruction and syncope caused by a subepiglottic cyst in a horse. Subepiglottic cysts have been identified in adult horses and in foals,
and are usually associated with partial upper airway obstruction
(Raker 1976, Koch and Tate 1978, Stick and Boles 1980, Tulleners
1991). We report the unusual presentation of complete upper
airway obstruction and syncope caused by a subepiglottic cyst.
[Re-emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in French Guiana. Apropos of 1 confirmed case]. Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that occurs in equine species and in man. The strains can be grouped epidemiologically into two major categories: enzootic and epizootic. Enzootic strains cause sporadic human disease and are not associated with disease among equines. These strains are found throughout Florida. Central America, northern South America and Brazil. Epizootic strains are associated with enormous morbidity and mortality in equine species. In man, VEE virus infections are largely asymptomatic and in children and young adults there is an increased...
Analysis of equine scintigraphical lung images. A method is proposed (1) to create inhalation to perfusion ratio (I/Q) images from equine lung scintiscans and (2) to analyse these I/Q images. This method was applied to five healthy horses in order to establish reference ranges of I/Q distribution pattern. Computed I/Q images were divided in three regions based on the activity due to the inhalation (I) versus perfusion (Q) procedure. For each region a regional mismatching factor (Iri), i.e. the I/Q of the region, and an intraregional mismatching factor (Lri), which expresses the variability of pixels' I/Q within the region, were calculated. ...
