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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Differences in quantitated electroencephalographic variables during surgical stimulation of horses anesthetized with isoflurane. The effects of noxious surgical stimulation on the electroencephalogram (EEG) in 15 horses anesthetized with isoflurane were evaluated during orthopedic (group 1) and soft tissue (group 2) procedures. The quantitative EEG variables theta/delta ratio (T/D), alpha/delta ratio (A/D), beta/delta ratio (B/D), median power frequency (MED), and 80% spectral edge frequency (SEF 80) recorded during Surgeries at 1.7% end-tidal concentration of isoflurane (ET(iso)) were compared with values from five nonstimulated control horses anesthetized at 1,7% ET(iso). The EEG variables T/D, A/D, MED, and SEF 80 fr...
Infection of the intertubercular bursa in horses: four cases (1978-1991). To determine the clinical outcome of horses treated for infection of the intertubuercular bursa (infectious bicipital bursitis). Methods: Retrospective analysis of case records. Methods: Four horses referred for treatment of infectious bicipital bursitis. Methods: Medical records of horses that were severely lame on admission were reviewed. Results: In 3 horses, palpation over the bicipital bursa as well as flexion and extension of the scapulohumeral joint were resented. Ultrasonography performed in 1 horse revealed that the bicipital bursa was large and that excessive amounts of fluid contain...
Detection of bacteria in equine synovial fluid by use of the polymerase chain reaction. Equine synovial fluid aliquots were inoculated with Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Actinobacillus equuli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus zooepidemicus to obtain approximate concentrations of 1000, 100, 10, and 1 colony forming U/mL. Synovial fluid aliquots were also inoculated with an unquantitated inoculum of Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium perfringens. Inoculated synovial fluid was incubated in trypticase-soy broth or Columbia broth for approximately 12 hours. Then aliquots were removed for DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for detection of...
Thrombocytopenia in horses: 35 cases (1989-1994). The records of 3,952 equine patients presenting to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine were evaluated to determine risk factors associated with thrombocytopenia. Of 2,346 horses from which a CBC was obtained, 35 (1.49%) were thrombocytopenic (platelet count < 75,000/microL). A reference population of 189 horses with normal platelet counts (75,000 to 300,000/microL) was also studied. Standardbred horses were at increased risk for thrombocytopenia, but age and gender were not identified as significant risk factors. Horses with inf...
[Distribution of Borna disease virus in naturally infected animals with clinical disease]. Borna disease (BD) is a naturally occurring enzootic encephalomyelitis of horses and sheep. The aetiological agent, Borna disease virus (BDV) is an unclassified, neurotropic, negative stranded RNA virus. The study aimed at providing further information on BD of naturally infected animals. Samples obtained from 20 animals (18 horses, 1 donkey, 1 sheep) were investigated by a series of virological and molecular biological tests. The highly sensitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was used to analyze the tissue distribution of BDV-specific RNA. BDV-specific RNA wa...
Ultrasonographic assessment of fetal well-being during late gestation: development of an equine biophysical profile. Mares with complicated pregnancies (illness, problems at parturition or delivery of an abnormal foal, n = 30) were scanned transabdominally from 298 days gestation to term in order to measure fetal size, evaluate fetal well-being and characterise the intrauterine environment. The results of the last scan obtained prior to parturition were compared to normal data obtained from fetuses of comparable gestational age to develop a biophysical profile specific for the equine fetus. Twelve mares produced a normal foal (positive outcome) and 18 mares delivered 19 abnormal foals (negative outcome). Bot...
Spinal accessory nerve biopsy as an ante mortem diagnostic test for equine motor neuron disease. The effectiveness of spinal accessory nerve branch biopsy evaluation as a means to confirm the diagnosis of equine motor neuron disease (EMND) was investigated. Sixteen horses with histories and clinical signs suggestive of EMND and 16 control horses with neither histories nor clinical signs of any neurological disorder, were subjects of the study. Biopsy samples of the ventral branch of the spinal accessory nerve were obtained either surgically, under general anaesthesia or post mortem immediately after euthanasia. Evaluation was done on the spinal cord of all horses to serve as the definitiv...
Evaluation of a one-step test for rapid, in practice detection of rotavirus in farm animals. An immunochromatographic test for the detection of group A rotavirus was evaluated against a reference group A rotavirus ELISA, by using a panel of 161 bovine, porcine and equine faecal samples submitted for routine examination. The sensitivity of the test was 89 per cent and the specificity 99 per cent compared with the ELISA. Its reproducibility was 100 per cent. The simplicity and rapidity of the test procedure make it suitable for use in practice.
Evaluation of vaccination of horses as a strategy to control equine monocytic ehrlichiosis. To determine whether preferentially vaccinated horses were at risk for exposure to Ehrlichia risticii, whether horses with equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (EME) were likely to have been nonvaccinated, and whether clinical severity and financial costs associated with care and treatment of EME were less for vaccinated horses with EME than for nonvaccinated horses with EME. Methods: Cross-sectional and case-control studies. Methods: Information on usage of E risticii bacterins to control EME was collected for 2,587 horses located on 511 farms throughout New York. Each horse was tested for serum ant...
Prognosis for return to racing after recovery from infectious pleuropneumonia in thoroughbred racehorses: 70 cases (1984-1989). To determine the percentage of Thoroughbred racehorses that would be capable of racing performance after recovery from infectious pleuropneumonia. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 70 Thoroughbred horses that had recovered from pleuropneumonia. Only horses 5 years old known to be in race training at the time of illness were included in the study. Results: Forty-three of the 70 (61%) horses raced after recovery, and 24 of the 43 (56%) won at least 1 race. Horses that required placement of an indwelling thoracic drain apparently did not have a worse prognosis than did horses that did...
Mycobacterium avium complex abortion in a mare. No abstract available
Adverse drug reactions: report of the Australian Veterinary Association Adverse Drug Reaction Subcommittee, 1994. Seventy-seven reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were received by the Adverse Drug Reaction Subcommittee (ADRSc) of the Australian Veterinary Association from April 1993 to December 1994 inclusive. The number of reports received/number of animals involved per species were: dogs (32/44), cats (18/31), horses (17/48), and cattle (10/21). Of these, 49 (64%) were classified as definite ADRs and 9 (12%) as probable ADRs. In 11 (14%) reports an ADR could not be substantiated or there was insufficient information available to make a decision. Eight reports were not classified because ...
Proliferative enteropathy in a foal caused by Lawsonia intracellularis-like bacterium. No abstract available
A comparison of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) vascular lesions in the early versus late pregnant equine uterus. Four Welsh Mountain pony mares at 3 months of gestation and one mare at 5 months were inoculated intranasally with equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1: Ab4 isolate) at doses of 10(5) to 10(6.6) TCID50. All five mares became infected, but no cases of paresis or abortion occurred. On days 8, 9, 11, 12 (3-month-pregnant mares) and 13 (5-month-pregnant mare) after infection, a detailed examination of the pregnant uterus was made. Small numbers of vascular lesions with EHV-1 antigen expression in endothelial cells were present in the uteri of the early gestational mares; thrombi were rare and foci of thromb...
Use of semen as biopsy material for assessment of health status of the stallion reproductive tract. Conventional light microscopic evaluation does not fully utilize potential indicators in seminal ejaculates for diagnosis of disorders of the reproductive tract. The technique of evaluation of all cellular components of semen, as described in this article, utilizing both light and transmission electron microscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool. Compare with other common biopsy procedures, use of semen as biopsy material is noninvasive, more representative than excisional biopsy, less expensive, and helps in the longitudinal evaluation after a therapeutic regimen.
Ctenocephalides felis flea infestation in horses. The horses were in two stables: in the first stable they were kept together with sheep and in the second stable they were kept together with goats. All horses in both stables were diagnosed as being infested with the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis felis. Foals were severely infested, whereas adult horses were only moderately infested.
Scintigraphic evaluation of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate uptake in the navicular area of horses with lameness isolated to the foot by anesthesia of the palmar digital nerves. To evaluate distribution and intensity of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) uptake in the navicular area in horses with forelimb lameness isolated to the palmar aspect of the foot. Methods: Prospective, case-controlled study. Methods: 7 horses with clinical signs of navicular syndrome and 7 control horses. Methods: Palmar view, soft tissue-phase scintigraphic images of the foot were obtained between 7 and 12 minutes after injection of 120 to 170 mCi of 99mTc-MDP. Lateral and palmar view, bone-phase images were obtained at 30 minutes and 1, 2, and 4 hours after injection. Palmar views w...
Inflammatory mediators in equine synovial fluid. Enzyme immunoassay for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and radioimmunoassays for prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were performed on synovial fluid from normal middle carpal joints of 10 horses, and from 30 middle carpal or antebrachiocarpal joints of horses affected by degenerative joint disease and chip fractures to compare the concentrations of inflammatory mediators. Significantly greater concentrations of PGE2 were detected in fluid from affected than from control joints, but there were no significant differences in the mean concentrations of PGF2 ...
Blastogenic response of lymphocytes from foals infected with Rhodococcus equi. The blastogenic response of lymphocytes from 16 newborn foals naturally infected with Rhodococcus equi was investigated, in order to evaluate the relationship between R. equi infection and depressed host response. Naturally infected foals showed evidence of R. equi infection at 5-6 weeks of age, as determined by clinical, haematological, bacteriological and serological methods. The blastogenic response of lymphocytes against phytohaemagglutinin was significantly depressed (stimulation index < 1.80; P < 0.01, P < 0.05) in R. equi-infected foals at 5-6 weeks of age compared with those o...
Evaluation of plasma alpha-2-macroglobulin and interactions with tumour necrosis factor-alpha in horses with endotoxemic signs. The electrophoretic position and behavior of the native and activated forms of equine plasma alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) were characterized and compared to human alpha 2M by nondenaturing polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Plasma alpha 2M was also compared between 6 normal horses and 6 horses with clinical signs of colic and endotoxemia due to volvulus or enteritis. Native and activated forms of alpha 2M were quantified by PAGE and densitometry. Binding of radio-labeled recombinant human tumour necrosis factor-alpha (125I-rhTNF-alpha) to native and activated forms of equine alpha ...
[Acute pain in the horse and one possibility for its objective evaluation]. To judge acute processes of pain objectively the results are told of a determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the plasma of 30 horses suffering from pain. Besides a scheme basing on an awarding of points is developed to ascertain changes of physiological and ethological parameters caused by pain. These results in changes of behaviour are compared to results determined by laboratory experiments. Concerning pain of medium and high level a relation to the concentration of catecholamines is noticed. Therefore the total of certain clinical observations is suitable for graduating acute pai...
Methods for the Detection of Trichinellosis in Horses. Twelve horses were infected with various doses of Trichinella spiralis and then tested for infection using direct (artificial digestion) and indirect (enzyme immunoassay) methods. Horses became infected in a dose-dependent manner. Larvae accumulated preferentially in the tongue, followed by the masseter, neck, supraspinatus, trapezius, and diaphragm. At lower infection levels, the tongue harbored several times more parasites than were found in other tissues. The sensitivity of artificial digestion methods for detecting infections was directly related to sample size. One-gram samples were not r...
GnRH therapy for subfertile stallions. Poor fertility has been associated with hormonal imbalances in the stallion. The primary cause of this imbalance is unknown, but it may be related to abnormal gonadotropin secretion. Secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus causes the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary and these gonadotropins help maintain adequate steroid levels so that normal spermatogenesis can occur. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism has not been documented in the stallion; however, GnRH therapy has improved the fertility of a limited number of horses. Downregulation of the HPT axis readily occurs in most other s...
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for thrombin-antithrombin III complexes in horses. To adapt and characterize a human ELISA kit to quantify thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) complexes in horses, and to evaluate TAT as a marker for hypercoagulation in horses. Methods: 29 clinically normal horses used as controls, and 4 ill horses used to evaluate assay for known causes of hypercoagulation. Methods: A commercially available human sandwich-type ELISA kit with 2 antibodies against human thrombin and antithrombin III that bind selectively to their corresponding TAT antigenic sites was used. Equine TAT standards were made from purified equine thrombin and antithrombin III. Proteins d...
[Oximetry in veterinary anesthesia: the continuous determination of mixed venous oxygen saturation in dogs and horses]. The continuous fiberoptical measurement of the mixed venous partial oxygen saturation is described. It is an enrichment of the diagnostical possibilities in veterinary medicine. In the horse it is of great interest, because disturbances of the pulmonary gas exchange and the myocardial function are common in the anaesthetised horse, and reliable methods of assessing the cardiac output are rare. Using this monitoring technique in nearly 100 equine high risk patients facilitated insight into the complex changes of the pulmonary, cardiac and circulatory function in the anaesthetised horse. The reg...
Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure thrombin-antithrombin III complexes in horses with colic. To evaluate new ELISA for measurement of thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) concentration, and to correlate the values to other tests of hemostasis in horses with colic. Methods: Plasma TAT concentration and 8 other hemostasis analytes were measured in horses with colic at hospital admission and during the next 4 days. Retrospectively, data were analyzed by outcome, broad-category diagnosis, and clinical management, and for correlation between TAT and other assays. Methods: 100 horses with colic. Methods: Plasma samples were evaluated for TAT, fibrinogen, and fibrin degradation products concentra...
Zoo-FISH delineates conserved chromosomal segments in horse and man. Human chromosome specific libraries (CSLs) were individually applied to equine metaphase chromosomes using the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. All CSLs, except Y, showed painting signals on one or several horse chromosomes. In total 43 conserved chromosomal segments were painted. Homoeology could not, however, be detected for some segments of the equine genome. This is most likely related to the very weak signals displayed by some libraries, rather than to the absence of similarity with the human genome. In spite of divergence from the human genome, dated 70-80 million yea...
Histopathological and immunofluorescent studies on transplacental infection in experimentally induced abortion by equine arteritis virus. Five pregnant mares, at between 6 and 8 months gestation, were experimentally infected with the Bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV). Of the five mares, four aborted and one died. The pathogenesis of the abortions was studied, using histopathologic techniques, tissue immunofluorescence and virus isolation. Common microscopic lesions in the maternal reproductive organs indicated myometritis with a degeneration of the myocytes and an infiltration of the mononuclear cells. Epithelial cells of the endometrial gland showed sporadic degeneration. Lesions in the fetal tissue included an atr...
