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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Comparison of equine arteritis virus isolates using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and identification of sequence changes in GL associated with neutralization resistance. Three murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that neutralize equine arteritis virus (EAV) infectivity were identified and characterized. The antibodies, 93B, 74D(B) and 38F, recognized the major envelope glycoprotein (GL) encoded by open reading frame (ORF) 5 in immunoblots and by immunoprecipitation. All three MAbs were used to compare the Bucyrus isolate of EAV and MAb neutralization-resistant (NR) escape mutants with the vaccine virus and 19 independent field isolates of EAV by virus neutralization. The different abilities of the MAbs to neutralize virus isolates indicated that they recognize ...
Characteristics of equine herpesvirus 1 glycoproteins expressed in insect cells. A series of recombinant baculoviruses containing genes for glycoproteins C, D, H and L of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) have been constructed, and the EHV-1 products characterised by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. The EHV-1 glycoproteins expressed in insect cells were similar but not identical in apparent sizes to those expressed in EHV-1 infected mammalian cells. Each of the EHV-1 products was recognised by convalescent equine sera, indicating that they were all targets for an equine immune response. Mice immunised with baculovirus-expressed EHV-1 gD and gC acquired an enhanced abilit...
Expression of small regions of equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein C in Escherichia coli. A series of truncated equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) glycoprotein C (gC) molecules was examined for use as serodiagnostic antigens for EHV1 and EHV4. Small regions of EHV1 glycoprotein C, an immunodominant EHV1 glycoprotein, were expressed in Escherichia coli as glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins using the bacterial expression vector pGEX-2T. Sera obtained from horses, including sera from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) foals, following exposure to either EHV1, EHV4 or both viruses were used. Several of the fusion proteins were shown to encompass EHV1 specific epitopes while others enco...
Scintigraphy for diagnosis of avulsions of the origin of the suspensory ligament in horses: 51 cases (1980-1993). The medical records of 34 horses with a diagnosis of avulsion of the origin of the suspensory ligament that had been admitted to the veterinary medical teaching hospital between 1980 and 1993 were identified. In addition to clinical examination, 21 of 34 horses had scintigraphy and radiography performed during their examination. The usefulness of scintigraphy and radiography were assessed by comparing the initial findings reported in the medical record to those obtained in a retrospective review of the images. Thirty other horses with scintigraphic lesions of the proximal aspect of the third m...
Patterns of feeding and behaviour in horses recovering from dysautonomia (grass sickness). Three horses suffering from grass sickness were treated successfully but showed clinical signs which varied in severity and duration. They were all characterised by marked and often erratic changes in behaviour and appetite.
Unilateral choanal atresia in a foal. A 4-month-old Thoroughbred foal was examined because of a history of exercise intolerance and lack of airflow from the right nostril since birth. Endoscopy of the airways revealed complete membranous obstruction of the right nasal passage at the level of the nasopharynx and marked narrowing of the caudal aspect of the right ventral meatus. Unilateral choanal atresia was diagnosed. Laser ablation of the obstructing tissues was attempted through a videoendoscope. Scar tissue occluded the right nasal passage at follow-up examination 7 weeks later. Intranasal resection, using laparoscopic instrume...
[Bilateral obstructive ecstasy of the kidneys in a newborn foal: a case study]. A report is given of obstructive ectasy of both kidneys in a newborn foal. Diagnosis and therapy are described as well as differential diagnosis.
Paraneoplastic bullous stomatitis in a horse. An adult horse with a 2-month history of anorexia, ataxia, and oral blisters had developed these clinical signs just prior to the appearance and growth of a cervical mass. Bullous stomatitis was characterized histologically as subepidermal clefting. Clinical signs were unresponsive to treatment with antibiotics or corticosteroids; however, surgical removal of the mass coincided with remission of all signs. Histologic findings of the mass were consistent with hemangiosarcoma. Results of indirect immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation on frozen serum from the horse were characteristic of par...
Aseptic tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath, fetlock and pastern annular ligament constriction. The anatomy of the digital flexor tendon sheath and related tendons and ligaments is described. Diagnosis and management of acute tenosynovitis and long-term tenosynovitis and associated tendon injuries are discussed, as well as the syndrome of stenosis of the fetlock canal (or fetlock annular ligament constriction) and palmar annular ligament constriction. Desmitis of the palmar annular ligament is also described.
Repair of a full-thickness gastric rupture in a horse. A 14-year-old Thoroughbred broodmare was evaluated for signs of mild to moderate abdominal pain of 5 hours' duration. Exploratory celiotomy revealed a 20 x 8-cm subserosal hematoma associated with a focal serosal perforation overlying a muscular tear along the parietal surface of the stomach. The odor of intestinal tract gas was detected, but gross contamination of the abdomen was not evident. Concurrent partial volvulus of the small intestine was evident. Removal of the large colon from the abdomen appeared to coincide with propagation of the serosal perforation to a full-thickness gastric re...
Ventricular tachycardia associated with exhaustive exercise in a horse. Ventricular tachycardia was diagnosed in a 12-year-old unconditioned Appaloosa gelding after a 3-day trail ride. Initial signs were those of abdominal discomfort, ileus, and dehydration. Medical treatment included IV administration of lactated Ringer's solution. During hospitalization, the horse developed ventricular tachycardia. Serum potassium concentrations were within reference limits; however, assessment of total body potassium stores was not performed. Resolution of the arrhythmia occurred with further fluid treatment and potassium supplementation. Cardiac arrhythmias should be considere...
Detection of African horse sickness viruses by dot-blot hybridization using a digoxigenin-labelled probe. In order to develop a non-radioactive dot-blot hybridization assay, for the detection of African-horse sickness virus (AHSV), genome segment 7 from 9 serotypes was amplified by RT-PCR. The resulting PCR products were denatured, immobilized on nylon membranes and then hybridized to a non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled probe. This probe (265 bp in length) was generated by nested-PCR using genome segment 7 of AHSV, serotype 4 as a template. The dot-blot was visualized by chemiluminescence. Positives were obtained from the PCR products amplified from all 9 AHSV serotypes, but not from any other ...
Prothrombotic events in the prodromal stages of acute laminitis in horses. Prothrombotic changes occurring in the prodromal stages of carbohydrate-induced laminitis were investigated. Hemostatic alterations were evaluated by determining platelet counts, platelet survival, activated partial thromboplastin time, one-stage prothrombin time, and monocyte procoagulant activity. Thrombosis of vessels in the hoof wall was evaluated by contrast arteriography and histologic examination. Of 5 horses, 4 became lame between 28 and 52 hours after carbohydrate administration. Mean platelet count in laminitis-affected horses was lower throughout the prodromal stages of laminitis, c...
Case-control study of risk factors for development of pleuropneumonia in horses. Risk factors for development of pleuropneumonia were determined by reviewing medical records of 45 horses with pleuropneumonia and 180 control horses examined between Jan 1, 1980 and Jan 1, 1990. Factors considered included age, breed, sex, occupation, transport farther than 500 miles within the previous week, racing within the previous 48 hours, viral respiratory tract infection or exposure to horses with viral respiratory tract disease within the previous 2 weeks, and vaccination against influenza or rhinopneumonitis within the previous 6 months. Results indicated that Thoroughbreds were at ...
Infectious tenosynovitis. Infectious tenosynovitis is treated similarly to infectious arthritis. The principles of treatment include an early diagnosis and immediate therapy. Therapy should include use of systemic and local antimicrobials and sheath lavage and drainage. Fibrosis and adhesions can be minimized with passive range of motion exercises, intrathecal hyaluronate, and phenylbutazone therapy. Restrictive fibrosis may be treated successfully by annular ligament resection.
Hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis in Australian quarter horses. Three Quarter Horse stallions and 5 of their 11 tested progeny were diagnosed as affected with the inherited autosomal dominant defect hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis in Victoria in 1992. The diagnoses were based on the appearance of clinical signs and associated increased plasma potassium concentrations in response to oral potassium loading. All affected horses were descendants of the American Quarter Horse Impressive. Indirect evidence indicates that at least 3 other affected Quarter Horse stallions have stood or are standing at stud in Australia. The clinical details of the affected horses...
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and serum gamma-glutamil transferase activities in horses used for production of hyper immune sera. The activities of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (l-AP) and serum gamma-glutamil transferase (gamma-GT), and total leukocyte counts were determined in horses submitted to the production of hyper immune sera against tetanus (Clostridium tetani). The purpose of this work was to investigate the prospective changes of mentioned parameters in horses under the described circumstances. In addition, the suitability of these parameters in assessing the health condition of the same horses had to be evaluated. The average total leukocyte count increased in one month from the values considered as physiolo...
Seroepidemiological and molecular evidence for the presence of two H3N8 equine influenza viruses in China in 1993-94. In May 1993, a severe epidemic of respiratory disease began in horses in Inner Mongolia and spread throughout horses in China. The disease affected mules and donkeys as well as horses but did not spread to other species, including humans. The severity of the disease raised the question of whether the outbreak might have been caused by the new avian-like influenza viruses detected in horses in China in 1989 or by current variants ofA/equine/Miami/1/63 (H3N8) (equine-2) or by a reassortant between these viruses. Antigenic and sequence analysis established that all gene segments of the influenza ...
Equine arteritis virus-neutralizing antibody in the horse is induced by a determinant on the large envelope glycoprotein GL. Complementary DNAs encoding ORFs 2 to 7 equine arteritis virus (EAV) have been cloned into the expression vector pGEX to produce glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins. Recombinant proteins were affinity purified and screened in ELISA with equine sera to identify immunoreactive polypeptides. The large envelope glycoprotein (GL) was identified as the most reactive to EAV-positive equine sera and an immuno-dominant epitope was mapped between amino acids 55 and 98 by subcloning and expression. A fusion protein covering this region and a GL-specific synthetic peptide (residues 75 through 97) in...
Demonstration of Borna disease virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy horses in Japan. Borna disease (BD) is a progressive poliomeningoencephalomyelitis which occurs naturally in horses and sheep. Here, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) derived from 57 healthy horses in Japan were examined by a nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to determine the prevalence of BD virus (BDV) infection. Seventeen (29.8%) of the samples were positive by this examination and the specificity of the amplified product was confirmed by hybridization with authentic oligomer probes. About 60% of the BDV RNA-positive individuals also showed seropositivity by Western blotting. Th...
Tendon, tendon sheath, and ligament injuries in the pastern. The palmar (plantar) aspect of the pastern is an anatomically complex area and an understanding of this is a prerequisite for accurate diagnosis of injuries in this area. The gross and normal ultrasonographic anatomy are described, and injuries of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and the digital flexor tendon sheath, the distal sesamoidean ligaments, and the palmar ligaments of the proximal interphalangeal joint are discussed.
Miscellaneous conditions of tendons, tendon sheaths, and ligaments. The use of diagnostic ultrasonography has greatly enhances our ability to diagnose injuries of tendons and tendon sheaths that were previously either unrecognized or poorly understood. For may of these injuries, there is currently only a small amount of follow-up data. This article considers injuries of the deep digital flexor tendon and its accessory ligament, the carpal tunnel syndrome soft tissue swellings on the dorsal aspect of the carpus, intertubercular (bicipital) bursitis and bicipital tendinitis, injuries of the gastrocnemius tendon, common calcaneal tendinitis, rupture of peroneus (...
Chyloabdomen in a neonatal foal. A 12-hour-old female standardbred foal developed signs of abdominal pain, tachycardia, tachypnoea and fever associated with chylous ascites. Small intestinal obstruction was due to segmental, mid-jejunal lymphangiectasia. Post mortem examination revealed a lack of communication between afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels in the mesenteric lymphocentre, a defect which was suspected to be congenital.
