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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Lipofuscin and abnormalities in colloid in the equine thyroid gland in relation to age. Lipofuscin accumulation and other histological changes in thyroid tissue, previously reported to be age-related, were studied in 31 horses aged up to 35 years. The number of lipofuscin granules relative to thyrocytes increased from birth to 5 years of age. There was a wide individual variation in the number of lipofuscin granules in thyrocytes in mature horses, but this was not directly related to age. Several abnormalities were identified in thyroid colloid. The prevalence of spherites, lipofuscin granules, nucleated cells and shreds of colloid increased with age, but the prevalence of calciu...
Resistance of castrated male horses to attempted establishment of the carrier state with equine arteritis virus. Twelve geldings all became infected when inoculated intranasally with the KY-84 strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV), a strain previously shown to be capable of establishing the carrier state in the stallion. With the exception of one animal that showed no effects other than pyrexia, all of the geldings developed clinical signs characteristic of equine viral arteritis (EVA). The geldings were febrile for varying periods within the range of 2-10 days after inoculation. Viraemia occurred from day 2 onwards, for periods varying from 9 to at least 19 days. Nasal shedding of virus began 2-4 days ...
Regulation of equine fibrinolysis in blood and peritoneal fluid based on a study of colic cases and induced endotoxaemia. Much of the pathophysiology associated with equine gastrointestinal diseases is attributed to the effects of endotoxin on haemostasis. Because little is known about the responses of the equine fibrinolytic system to endotoxin, regulation of the system was investigated. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) were identified as the primary plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor, respectively, in equine blood. Under experimental conditions, the equine fibrinolytic system responded to endotoxin in a manner similar to that repo...
Genetic structure of populations of beta-haemolytic Lancefield group C streptococci from horses and their association with disease. The genetic structure of beta-haemolytic Lancefield group C streptococci isolated from horses in Australia was examined by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. The 249 isolates comprised 70 classified phenotypically as Streptococcus equi subspecies equi, 177 classified as S equi subspecies zooepidemicus and two which were unclassifiable. Forty-one electrophoretic types were identified which could be classified into three major clusters, A, B and C. Of the isolates, 178 fell into cluster B (types 4 to 22) and lay within a genetic distance of 0.36. Sixty-nine of the 70 S equi subspecies equi isola...
Modulation of bronchial smooth muscle function in horses with heaves. Four mechanisms that modulate airway smooth muscle function in normal horses were studied in the bronchi of horses affected by the airway obstructive disease heaves. Results were compared with data from historical controls studied by the same personnel in the same laboratory. Rings from the left cranial lobar bronchus (LB1) and small bronchi (5 mm OD) were suspended in muscle baths, and the isometric tension were measured. The inhibitory nonadrenergic noncholinergic (iNANC) function was studied in LB1. After the LB1 segments were pretreated with atropine and contracted with histamine, electric...
Distribution of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in the respiratory tract of ponies: implications for vaccination strategies. Twelve adult ponies and 2 conventional foals were exposed to 10(6.6) TCID50 of Equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), strain Ab4 and samples of respiratory tract tissues were recovered. Infectious virus in tissue homogenates was detected using susceptible cell monolayers and expression of viral antigens was monitored using indirect immunoperoxidase histochemistry of paraffin sections. The results illustrated the rapid dissemination of EHV-1 throughout the respiratory tract, with early replication in the lungs one day after exposure. Endothelial cell infection was prominent in all areas of the nasopharyn...
Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in a horse. An 11-year-old Quarter Horse gelding was evaluated because of a persistent, raised band of 1- to 2-mm subepithelial plaques of the left cornea. Cytologic examination of corneal scrapings revealed numerous eosinophils and segmented neutrophils, with few mast cells, plasma cells, and lymphocytes. Bacteriologic culture yielded sparse growth of alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus and Staphylococcus spp. Histologically, the plaques consisted of subepithelial foci of fragmented and degenerated collagen fibers infiltrated by eosinophils and neutrophils, with few lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. ...
Endotoxin-induced platelet aggregation in heparinised equine whole blood in vitro. Endotoxaemia is a leading cause of death among horses. Thrombocytopenia is a common finding in clinical and experimentally-induced cases of endotoxaemia and can lead to coagulopathies, including disseminated intravascular coagulopathy which is usually fatal. In this study it was shown that endotoxin (3 ng ml-1 to 25 micrograms ml-1) can aggregate equine platelets in heparinised whole blood in vitro. The endotoxin-induced aggregation (EIA) was shown to be dependent on the presence of leucocytes in the blood and did not occur when detoxified endotoxin was used, suggesting that lipid A was necess...
Effect of prior lavage on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell population of lavaged and unlavaged lung segments in horses. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed on 16 horses to determine whether it caused local or diffuse inflammation in the lungs. In 7 horses, BAL was performed in both lungs twice, 48 hours apart. Although total cell counts of the BAL samples did not change significantly, there were increased numbers and percentage of neutrophils in the second lavage fluid samples. In 5 horses, BAL was performed in 1 lung and repeated 48 hours later in the same lung and in the corresponding airway in the contralateral lung. The absolute cell count and percentage of neutrophils were significantly (P = < 0....
Equine echocardiography–sound advice at the heart of the matter. Echocardiography is an extremely versatile tool for both the equine clinician and physiologist. There are three useful forms of echocardiography, B mode, M mode and Doppler. Together they provide complementary information on cardiac disease and haemodynamic status. B mode is used to image the cardiac chambers, valves, myocardium and pericardium. M mode allows determination of motion of cardiac structures; it is superior to B mode for timing of events and it is used to make precise measurements of the heart. Doppler echocardiography can assess intracardiac blood flow and its velocity. Echocardi...
An immunohistochemical study of an equine B-cell lymphoma. The tissues of an 8-year-old thoroughbred castrated male horse with equine lymphoma were examined immunohistochemically. Neoplastic masses were observed in the mediastinum, mesenteric lymph nodes, gastric mucosa and serosa, liver capsule, and spleen capsule with associated lymph nodes. Histopathologically, the neoplastic cells were seen to consist predominantly of a mixture of well differentiated small and large types. Immunohistochemically, the small lymphoid cells were MHC class IIlow+ and PanT- and the large lymphoid cells were MHC class IIhigh+ and PanT-. These findings revealed that the n...
Histological findings in corneal stromal abscesses of 11 horses: correlation with cultures and cytology. Histopathology was compared to culture results and cytology from horses with corneal stromal abscess at the Auburn University and the Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospitals. Significant bacteria were not isolated in culture or seen on histopathology in any of the horses. Although most bacteria infecting equine corneas can be isolated with blood and MacConkey's agars, failure to detect bacterial growth may not rule out infection because anaerobic or intracellular bacteria would not be isolated. The inability to visualise bacterial organisms on histological sections did not rule out...
Observations on the anatomy and pathology of the palmar intercarpal ligaments in the middle carpal joints of thoroughbred racehorses. Ten carpi from juvenile Thoroughbred horses were dissected in detail to record the anatomy of the palmar intercarpal ligaments (PICLs). These were found not to be substantially attached to the palmar carpal ligament. The lateral PICL was sited at the convergence of the palmar aspects of the third, fourth, intermediate and ulnar carpal bones and aligned predominantly in a proximodistal direction. The medial PICL had a large origin distally on the lateral aspect of the radial carpal bone (Cr) and attached to third (C3) and second (C2) carpal bones with apparently separate fibre orientations. Fib...
Modulation of K(+)-Cl- cotransport in equine red blood cells. Potassium transport was measured in equine red blood cells, using 86Rb+ influx as a convenient assay. A significant component of volume- and pH-sensitive K(+)-Cl- cotransport to the overall K+ flux was observed in all blood samples studied, although fluxes were variable between animals, and within individuals when measured at intervals over a period of weeks. The aryloxyacetic acid [(dihydroindenyl)oxy]alkanoic acid (DIOA), at a final concentration of 100 microM, inhibited most (> 95%) of the Cl(-)-dependent K+ flux, and DIOA sensitivity was therefore used to define the activity of the K(+)...
Removal of inspissated purulent exudate from the ventral conchal sinus of three standing horses. Primary paranasal sinusitis, complicated by inspissated purulent exudate in a ventral conchal sinus, was diagnosed in 3 horses. Partial nasal obstruction, caused by axial deviation of the ventral concha, was detected endoscopically in 2 of the horses. A mass, dorsal to the maxillary molars, was detected via a lateral radiographic view of the skull of 3 horses and on the dorsoventral view of 1 of the horses. Inspissated purulent exudate was removed from the ventral conchal sinus of the horses via trephination of the conchofrontal sinus and penetration of the caudal wall of the ventral conchal s...
Genetic and antigenic analysis of the influenza virus responsible for the 1992 Hong Kong equine influenza epizootic. An outbreak of influenza occurred among thoroughbred racehorses in Hong Kong in November-December 1992, with morbidity of 37%. All horses involved had been vaccinated against equine-1 and equine-2 influenza viruses but not against the virus responsible for the 1989 equine influenza outbreak in northern China (influenza A/equine/Jilin/89, subtype H3N8). Therefore the source and nature of the virus causing the Hong Kong outbreak was investigated. Virus isolated from a horse infected during the outbreak was used for genetic analysis. All the viral gene segments were similar to those of equine-2 (...
Presence of African horse sickness virus in equine tissues, as determined by in situ hybridization. In a retrospective study, a negative-sense digoxigenin-labeled RNA probe, corresponding to the gene encoding nonstructural protein-1 of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) serotype 4, was applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue taken from horses in the terminal stages of infection with AHSV. Fifteen infected ponies and one noninfected control were studied. Ponies exhibited a range of clinical signs and lesions. Thirteen ponies were infected with serotype 4, one with serotype 1, and one with serotype 2. Ponies were monitored clinically and euthanatized when severely clinically ill. ...
Comparison of the cranial and a new lateral approach to the femoropatellar joint for aspiration and injection in horses. The genual joint in horses is complex, making synovial fluid aspiration and injection of the femoropatellar joint difficult. Horses commonly have signs of resentment to needle penetration at this site. We compared the safety and efficacy of a new technique, using a lateral approach to the femoropatellar joint, with that of the standard cranial approach in 12 horses. A significantly greater amount of fluid was obtained with the lateral approach (2.0 +/- 0.5 ml, mean +/- SEM) than with the cranial approach (0.9 +/- 0.2 ml). Significant differences were not observed in color, nucleated cell count...
Disseminated equine herpesvirus-1 infection in a two-year-old filly. No abstract available
