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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Clearance of bromosulphthalein from plasma as a measure of hepatic function in normal horses and in horses with liver disease. Single intravenous injections of bromosulphthalein (BSP) were given to horses and the change in plasma concentration of BSP with time was analysed by computer to obtain the proportionality transfer constants 'a', 'h' and 'b'. No age, weight or sex differences in BSP clearance were found in normal horses. The technique was non-invasive, repeatable and suitable for conscious animals. The measurement of the transfer constants 'a', 'h' and 'b', helped to provide an accurate guide to diagnosis and prognosis of liver disease.
Prevalence of piroplasmosis in equines in the Colombian province of Cordoba. Eighty-two equine sera from 13 farms in northern Colombia were examined for antibodies to Babesia caballi and B. equi using the complement fixation (CF) and the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. Seroreactors to both piroplasms were present on all farms. The IFA test indicated a prevalence of 90% for B. caballi and 94% for B. equi. The CF test detected antibodies to B. caballi in 41% and to B. equi in 65% of the animals. The prevalence of seroreactors in different age groups revealed a significant decline in CF antibodies to B. caballi in animals older than three years. IFA titres for b...
Evaluation of the post-partum mare in relation to foal heat breeding. II. Uterine swabbing and biopsies. Fifty-three post-partum (p. p.) periods were studied in 38 mares. Uterine samples were taken on
the 2nd and 5th days p.p. and thereafter every other day until ovulation. Uterine swabs were
examined for bacteria and neutrophils and uterine biopsy specimens for neutrophils and lymphocytes.
The occurrence of bacteria and leukocytes was most common on day 5 p. p. The dominant organism
on day 2 was E. coli and on day 5 P-haemolytic streptococci. Thirty-four mares were inseminated
during the first p. p. oestrus. Only the occurrence of neutrophils in day 5 biopsy specimens correlated
with foal ...
Detection of neurectomy by testing skin sensitivity using an electrical stimulus. A method for detection of neurectomy by electrical stimulation of the skin, distal to the neurectomy site, was tested for accuracy and feasibility. An electrical stimulation device was designed and tested to find the minimum peak voltage that would elicit a response in normal horses. Twenty seven horses were then tested at regular intervals following neurectomy and their responses recorded. Immediately following neurectomy there was an area of insensitivity with sharply defined borders extending in an arc from the back of the pastern down towards the bulbs of the heels. In the months following...
Radioimmunoassay for etorphine in horses with a 125I analog of etorphine. To improve the sensitivity and specificity of screening for etorphine in horses, an 125I-labeled etorphine analog was synthesized and an antibody to etorphine was raised in rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for etorphine was developed, using these reagents. Bound and free 125I-labeled etorphine was separated by a double-antibody method that reduced interference from materials associated with equine urine. The 125I-labeled etorphine binding was rarely greater than 250 pg of background etorphine equivalents/ml in raw urine and was 100 pg/ml in hydrolyzed urine. The 125I-RIA was capable of detect...
Detection of influenza nucleoprotein antigen in nasal secretions from horses infected with A/equine influenza (H3N8) viruses. An antigen capture indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect influenza nucleoprotein antigen in nasal secretions from horses infected with A/equine/H3N8 viruses. Results from this assay were compared with conventional virus isolation in embryonated hens eggs.
Increased local IgA production in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The immunoglobulin (Ig) content of serum and tracheal lavage fluid was measured in 50 horses suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 40 control horses. The mean immunoglobulin: albumin ratios of the lavage fluids of both groups were significantly higher than the corresponding values for serum, which indicates significant local production of immunoglobulins in the lower respiratory tract. The IgA: albumin ratio of lavage fluid was significantly higher in diseased compared with normal horses, which implies increased local production of IgA in this disease. The IgG: albumi...
Further studies on the diagnostic value of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and 5′-nucleotidase in cattle, sheep and horses. The distribution of 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) is similar in the tissues of the sheep, calf and horse, except that there is relatively less gamma-GT in calf liver than in the liver of the other two species. The liver lesion produced by the oral administration of chloroform is similar in the three species and is accompanied by the release of 5'-NT into the plasma of the sheep and calf but not of the horse. Conversely, gamma-GT is released into plasma of the horse but not of the sheep or calf. This difference is not related to the tissue distribution of ...
Comparison of direct electron microscopy and enzyme immunoassay for the detection of rotaviruses in calves, lambs, piglets and foals. Direct electron microscopy (EM) and enzyme-immunoassay (rotazyme) results for the detection of rotaviruses in 346 enteric specimens from calves, lambs, piglets and foals were compared. The rotazyme test was at least 3 times more sensitive than direct EM in diagnosing infection. Rotavirus antigen was demonstrated by rotazyme in 22% of 280 scour samples and in 27% of 66 samples from non-scouring animals. There was an association between diarrhoea and higher amounts of rotavirus antigen. This prevalence of rotaviruses detected in animals with diarrhoea highlights the significant involvement of ot...
Effect of an interfering substance on determination of potassium by ion-specific potentiometry in animal urine. Analytical characteristics of photometry and ion-specific potentiometry for urine from sheep, horses, cows, dogs, and cats were determined, using solutions of sodium and potassium chloride. The performance of both methods were acceptable, but the ion-specific potentiometer (in the mode for urine analysis) was superior in terms of linearity of response and correlation between actual vs measured concentrations. Coefficients of variation of either method for repeated analyses of various concentrations of sodium and potassium were always less than 2.5%. The measurement of sodium concentration in u...
Consolidating pneumonia and pneumothorax in a horse. A 3-year-old Thoroughbred mare with signs of acute abdominal pain and chronic pneumonia was found to have pneumothorax. A single application of suction was successful in resolving the pneumothorax. The underlying pneumonia was treated with long-term antibiotic administration selected on the basis of results of bacteriologic culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of a transtracheal aspirate. The pneumonia resolved, and the mare returned to competition as a show hunter.
Generalised steatitis in an adult pony mare. Equine steatitis is a rare condition which is usually reported in foals. A case of generalised steatitis in an adult pony mare is described and compared with steatitis in other species. It is concluded that the condition resembled that recorded in foals but that its aetiopathogenesis remains obscure.
High-frequency jet ventilation in a neonatal foal. High-frequency jet ventilation was performed on a premature foal for respiratory difficulty attributable to in utero-acquired pneumonia. The procedure involves delivery of compressed gas through a small-bore cannula at frequencies up to 400 cycles/min. Ventilation settings of drive pressure, frequency, and FIO2 were varied to optimize PaO2 and PaCO2 values. The foal was ventilated with this equipment for 14 hours. Evidence of a favorable response to this method of ventilation was observed in the form of improvement in arterial blood gas values as well as the foal's attitude and degree of respi...
Recognition and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation in horses. This article reviews normal hemostasis in order to provide the reader with the basis for understanding the pathogenesis and manifestations (both clinical and laboratory) of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in horses. DIC is subsequently discussed. The diagnosis and treatment of DIC in horses are also described.
Examination of the horse with colic. The purpose of this detailed description of the clinical examination of the colic patient is to arrive at a specific diagnosis. However, this is hardly ever possible, but the practitioner should be in the position to establish the suspicion of an intestinal obstruction or to rule out its presence during the course of the development. Single clinical findings should not be interpreted in isolation but in relation to one another, so that a false diagnosis is not made. All clinical findings should be documented, so that when repeated examinations are carried out, findings can be compared with one...
Incarceration of the small intestine by the epiploic foramen in fifteen horses. In 15 horses with acute abdominal disease, a diagnosis of incarceration of small intestine through the epiploic foramen was made, either at the time of exploratory celiotomy or at necropsy.The horses exhibited signs of moderate to severe abdominal pain and were suffering from hypovolaemic and/or endotoxic shock. Nasogastric intubation produced either gas or fluid, the pH of which was in the range of 5 to 7.2, indicating reflux of small intestinal content into the stomach. Consistent physical findings included absence of gut sounds on auscultation, dilated small intestine palpable on rectal exa...
