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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Effects of toxic doses of phenylbutazone in ponies. Toxic doses of phenylbutazone (10 mg/kg of body weight) were administered to 10 ponies once daily for 14 days. Clinical signs of toxicosis similar to those seen in other species included CNS depression, anorexia, oral ulcers, and soft feces. Six ponies died in 7 to 20 days; 1 pony was euthanatized during an acute abdominal crisis; and 3 ponies survived the study. At necropsy, the major lesions were oral and gastrointestinal ulcerations and renal changes.
Isolation and partial characterization of equine alveolar macrophages. A device was constructed from an equine nasogastric tube, polyethylene tubing, and a 3-way stopcock and used to lavage the lungs of anesthetized ponies. The technique was safe and atraumatic in that 6.4 to 19.7 X 10(7) purified alveolar macrophages were removed from the lungs without harm to the ponies or contamination of the samples with blood. Studies of these highly purified cell suspensions revealed a mean viability of 85% as assessed by eosin dye exclusion with a mean recovery (+/- SD) of 12.5 +/- 4.8 X 10(7) pulmonary alveolar macrophages/pony.
Toxoplasma antibodies in polo horses of Nigeria. A serological survey of Toxoplasma antibodies was carried out amongst horses used for polo game in Nigeria using the indirect haemagglutination test (IHA). A total of 70 horses from Kaduna, Kano and Jos that were assembled in Zaria for the annual national tournament were sampled. 26 (37.1%) of these were seropositive to T. gondii with the highest serological titre at 1:256. Out of the 52 local breeds, 20 (38.5%) were seropositive while of the 18 Argentine breeds, 6 (33.0%) were seropositive. No significant difference was found amongst the breeds. With the increasing interest in the game of pol...
[Leptospirosis on the Island of Reunion. II. Animal leptospiroses]. Bovine leptospirosis is a typical form in the island of Reunion. It appears during the second part of the rain season. The clinical picture of equine leptospirosis is acute hepatonephritis. About 10 serogroups are found in bovines, with greater frequency for Sejroë and Hebdomadis. In horses, the prevailing serogroups are Autumnalis, Ballum, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, Grippotyphosa.
Differential sensitivity of human, avian, and equine influenza A viruses to a glycoprotein inhibitor of infection: selection of receptor specific variants. Human and animal (avian and equine) influenza A virus isolates of the H3 serotype exhibit marked differences in their ability to bind specific sialyloligosaccharide sequences that serve as cell surface receptor determinants (G. Rogers and J. Paulson, 1983, Virology 127, 361-373). Whereas human isolates of this subtype strongly agglutinate enzymatically modified human erythrocytes containing the terminal SA alpha 2,6Gal sequence, avian and equine isolates preferentially agglutinate erythrocytes bearing the SA alpha 2, 3Gal sequence. As shown in this report, a glycoprotein found in horse serum, ...
Succinylcholine infusion associated with hyperthermia in ponies anesthetized with halothane. Succinylcholine was administered by infusion to halothane-anesthetized ponies to determine dosage requirements for surgical relaxation up to 3 hours' duration. This was not possible to do, since 4 of 6 ponies studied developed severe reactions characterized by prolonged muscle fasciculations after the initial succinylcholine dose, muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, hypercapnia, tachycardia, increasing pulse pressure, and metabolic acidosis. The reactions resembled those associated with malignant hyperthermia, a disease recognized in persons and swine. Two ponies showed signs of the phase II or des...
Carotid and cerebral angiography in the horse. Carotid and cerebral angiography has been found to be a relatively simple technique to carry out in the horse. At most it involves a cutdown approach to the carotid artery, followed by catheterisation of the artery and selective catheterisation, if necessary, of one of its three branches. The technique can be carried out with standard equipment normally available within equine hospital facilities. The authors have employed angiography as a routine aid to diagnosis over the past nine years, without encountering any serious complications or adverse reactions. Carotid angiography has been especia...
Facial and vestibulocochlear nerve disease in six horses. In 6 horses, clinical signs of illness implicated a lesion involving the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves. One horse had signs of otitis externa. Five horses had radiographic changes primarily involving periosteal bony proliferation of the stylohyoid bone at its articulation with the temporal bone. Five horses improved with antibiotic therapy. Otitis media-interna was found at necropsy of one horse.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation in six horses. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was diagnosed as a secondary disease in 6 horses. Four horses had localized and/or systemic sepsis, one horse had disseminated neoplasia, and one had idiopathic ulcerative enteropathy. The diagnosis of DIC was based on the finding of at least 3 of 4 abnormalities: thrombocytopenia, prolonged prothrombin time, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, and a high concentration of fibrinolytic degradation products. The most common clinical signs other than those attributable to the primary disease process were abnormal hemorrhage (4 hours) and v...
Evidence that changes in LH pulse frequency may regulate the seasonal modulation of LH secretion in ovariectomized mares. To determine whether tonic LH secretion in ovariectomized mares is characterized by pulsatile release, frequent blood samples (every 15 min) were collected from 5 ovariectomized horse mares in nine 8-h periods between February and May. Mean serum LH concentrations increased 9-fold and were associated with a 4-fold increase in mean LH pulse frequency. These results provide the first evidence of pulsatile LH release in ovariectomized mares and suggest that the increasing daylengths of the spring months may increase serum LH by increasing LH pulse frequency.
Granules of blood eosinophils are stained directly by anti-immunoglobulin fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugates. Direct staining of the granules of blood eosinophils by anti-immunoglobulin fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugates was observed when feline blood smears were tested for presence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen by immunofluorescent antibody. When blood smears of other species including swine, horses, cattle, dogs, sheep, birds, and human beings were examined, direct staining of eosinophils by FITC conjugates was also detected. This FITC staining was restricted to eosinophils and was not observed in neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets. Direct FITC staining of eosinophils does n...
Disseminated intravascular coagulation in experimental intestinal strangulation obstruction in ponies. Total strangulation obstruction of the caudal part of the jejunum was induced in 3 groups (each of 3 ponies) for 2, 4, and 6 hours. Coagulation tests which included blood platelet counts, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, activated coagulation time, plasma fibrinogen level, and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products assay were performed at specified time intervals for 1 week or until death of the experimental ponies. Another 3 ponies (sham-operated) were similarly treated, except that intestinal strangulation obstruction (ISO) was not induced. Necropsy was done on ponies...
Automated serum chemical analysis in the foal. Blood was collected from healthy Quarter Horse and Appaloosa foals at birth and at intervals until 18 weeks of age and then was processed in an automated system for serum chemical analysis, grouping the results by age. The test values were markedly different from those normally expected in adult horses. The greatest differences were in alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose, and total bilirubin measurements. It was concluded that serum biochemical test results be compared with age-specific normal values before diagnoses are made in cases of illness.
Survey of 79 referral colic cases. The clinical, surgical and/or necropsy diagnosis of 79 horses admitted to a referral clinic for evaluation of colic are reported. Twenty-one horses were presented with conditions amenable to medical treatment and all were subsequently discharged. Exploratory laparotomies were performed on 44 horses during the present study, in some cases as a diagnostic procedure preceding euthanasia. In general, in surgical cases the mortality rate was highest for problems involving the small intestine, followed by those affecting the large colon and then the small colon. Postoperative sequelae included perit...
SEM study of Strongylus vulgaris larva-induced arteritis in the pony. This paper describes the histological and scanning electron microscopical examinations of the right colic artery of eight ponies. Lesions all had large thrombi surrounding a larva or larvae, with arterial wall thickening. Endothelial shape change, degeneration and loss were present. Fibrin-platelet red blood cell aggregates were present on endothelial surfaces as well as on the surface of thrombi. Damage to the intima appeared to produce the conditions for progressive thrombus formation.
Prognosis in equine colic: a study of individual variables used in case assessment. The individual merit of the use of 43 variables to assess the prognosis of equine colic cases was examined. The following variables revealed highly significant (P less than 0.001) differences between cases which survived and those which died: blood pressure; heart rate; oral mucosal capillary refill time; degree of mental depression; venous haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, erythrocyte count, urea concentration and lactate concentration; peritoneal fluid lactate concentration; and haematocrit/plasma protein and serum protein concentration ratios. Thus, in general, variables which assesse...
