Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Diagnostic Technique
Diagnostic techniques in equine medicine encompass a range of procedures and tools used to identify diseases, injuries, or other health conditions in horses. These techniques include imaging methods such as radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as laboratory tests like blood work and tissue biopsies. Each diagnostic method provides specific information that can aid in the assessment and management of equine health issues. Radiography is commonly used for evaluating bone structures, while ultrasonography is useful for soft tissue examination. MRI offers detailed images of both soft and hard tissues, though its use is limited by cost and availability. Laboratory tests can detect biochemical and hematological changes indicative of disease. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the development, application, and efficacy of various diagnostic techniques in equine veterinary practice.
Evaluation of the tibia as a source of autogenous cancellous bone in the horse. A 1 cm defect was created in the proximal medial cortex of 12 tibiae, cancellous bone was removed from the site, and the bones were fractured by loading in torsion. The fractures did not occur through the donor sites and the fracture patterns and loads to fracture were similar for the treated tibiae and their untreated mates. Cancellous bone was harvested from the proximal medial aspect of both tibiae in nine adult horses. The soft tissue wounds were monitored for more than 10 days in seven horses and healing of the osseous defects was evaluated radiographically at regular intervals to month 6...
Postprandial serum gastrin concentrations in normal foals. Postprandial gastrin concentrations were assayed in serum samples from a group of six foals at one day, one week, one month and three months of age. Before sampling, each foal was prevented from feeding for 2 h and was then allowed to suck for 15 mins. Blood samples were taken at the start of the meal and at 30 min intervals for the next 3 h. Feeding increased serum gastrin concentrations at one day, one week and one month, with the greatest increases detected at one day. Mean pre-feeding gastrin concentrations were 25.2 +/- 2.3 pg/ml at one day, 22.8 +/- 3.9 pg/ml at one week, 15.2 +/- 2.3 pg...
Screening and confirmation of drugs in horse urine by using a simple column extraction procedure. A simple and reproducible column (Clean Screen-DAU, copolymeric bonded-phase silica column) extraction procedure has been described for the screening and confirmation of drugs in horse urine. The recovery of drugs by the column extraction was better than or comparable to the recovery by the liquid-liquid extraction, which is commonly used in the equine analytical laboratories. The column extraction provided broad coverage of drugs, separated extracts into three fractions (acidic/neutral, steroids, basic), produced a cleaner extract, and eliminated the need for special liquid-liquid extraction ...
Comparison of four screening techniques for the diagnosis of equine neonatal hypogammaglobulinemia. Using radial immunodiffusion as a standard, 4 screening techniques for detection of failure of passive transfer in equine neonates were compared for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, efficiency, and cost. The techniques compared were latex agglutination test, membrane filter ELISA, dipstick ELISA, and glutaraldehyde coagulation (GC) test. Test results of 50 serum samples from foals 24 to 60 hours old revealed consistently highest accuracy in the GC test at IgG concentrations of 400 and 800 mg/dl, and lowest cost per test, using the GC test. Two hundred fifty-th...
Diagnostic aids for the detection of urine in the equine ejaculate. An experiment was conducted to evaluate three commercially available test kits, the Azostix, Multistix and Uric-acid test, for the detection of urine in the equine ejaculate. Azostix, which tests for urea nitrogen, consistently detected urine in the equine ejaculate. Urine contamination was evident when a color change occurred in the reagent pad, going from yellow to green after 10 sec of exposure. The sensitivity of Azostix to urea nitrogen in contaminated samples was 39 mg/dl. The Multistix test kit also successfully detected urine in semen. In the Multistix nitrite pad the color changed fro...
Gastric ulcers in horses: a comparison of endoscopic findings in horses with and without clinical signs. Gastroendoscopic examinations were performed on 187 horses, ranging from one to 24 years. Eighty-seven horses had clinical problems including chronic, recurrent colic for seven or more days (25), one or more episodes of colic within the previous seven days (13), or acute colic (10), diminished appetite (53), poor bodily condition (40), and/or chronic diarrhoea (9). One hundred horses that had no signs of gastrointestinal problems were examined as part of a gastroendoscopic survey. Lesions observed in the squamous fundus, squamous mucosa adjacent to the margo plicatus along the greater curvatur...
The sequence-specific assignment of the 1H-NMR spectrum of an enzyme, horse-muscle acylphosphatase. A complete range of two-dimensional NMR experiments was used for the assignment of the 1H-NMR spectrum of horse muscle acylphosphatase. Firstly the spin systems of some easily identifiable amino acid side chains were assigned. These side chains involved all the aromatic residues and all the leucine, valine, isoleucine, threonine, alanine, proline as well as some of the glycine residues. Analysis of nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectra in our previous work had identified the sequential and long-range patterns characteristics for secondary structure elements. This result had also provided the ...
Regional gastric pH measurement in horses and foals. The pH of the gastric mucosal surface and gastric content was measured in 18 foals (mean age: 20 days) and 27 horses (mean age: 2.9 years) with a pH electrode passed through an endoscope biopsy channel. A reference electrode was attached to a shaved area on the neck. pH Measurements of the gastric mucosal surface at the dorsal squamous fundus (SF), squamous mucosa adjacent to the margo plicatus (MP), glandular fundus (GF) and the fluid or feed contents of the stomach were recorded in duplicate for each animal. In adult horses, the SF pH was greatest (5.46 +/- 1.82), with a decreasing pH ventra...
The effects of vaccination with tissue culture-derived viral vaccines on detection of antibodies to equine arteritis virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of serum antibodies to equine arteritis virus (EAV). Results from this assay produced a good correlation with results from virus neutralisation tests in horses which had not been regularly vaccinated with commercially available mammalian tissue culture-derived viral vaccines. Vaccination of some horses with tissue culture-derived vaccines induced the formation of antibodies to bovine serum. These antibodies reacted with the bovine protein contaminants in the EAV ELISA antigen, producing false-positive results. Non-vir...
Uterine clearance mechanisms during the early postovulatory period in mares. Uterine response to inoculation with Streptococcus zooepidemicus organisms, 51Cr-labeled 15-microns microspheres, and charcoal was evaluated in 9 mares (4 resistant and 5 susceptible to endometritis) to determine mechanical and cellular clearance rates during the early postovulatory period. Mares were inoculated at estrus prior to ovulation during estrous cycles 1, 3, and 5. Uterine swab specimens for aerobic and anaerobic bacteriologic culture and serum for progesterone determination were obtained on postovulation day 3 during estrous cycle 1, on the day of ovulation during estrous cycle 3, a...
Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for equine infectious anemia virus detection using recombinant Pr55gag. To provide more sensitive and convenient methods for the detection of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) employing the EIAV gag precursor (Pr55gag) produced by using recombinant DNA techniques. The antigenic reactivity of the recombinant EIAV Pr55gag was found to be equivalent to that of the virion p24gag and elicited high-titered antiserum in rabbits. When a large number of horse sera were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to EIAV by this ELISA, a radioimmunoassay for EIAV p15gag, or the standard agar gel immunodiffusion test...
Renal effects of dopamine infusion in conscious horses. An ultrasonic flow probe was implanted around a branch of the left renal artery in five horses. The effects of dopamine were studied in the unsedated horses 10 days after surgery. Three experiments, separated by at least two days, were performed in random order on each horse. In two experiments, dopamine was infused intravenously for 60 mins at either 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg bodyweight (bwt)/min. Saline was infused for 60 mins before and after each infusion, and for 180 mins in the third experiment as a control. Renal blood flow increased during administration of dopamine at both dose rates ...
Effect of xylazine treatment on equine proximal gastrointestinal tract myoelectrical activity. Five 5 to 6 month old horses were surgically prepared with silver electrodes sutured to the serosa of gastric antrum, duodenum and proximal portions of the jejunum. Normal migrating motility complex (MMC) periodicity was determined during daytime hours in horses that were fed and horses from which food was withheld for 24 hours. Periodicity was defined as time span from the end of one period of regular spike activity (RSA) to the end of the next RSA in the MMC. The periodicity was 120.5 +/- 9.5 (SEM) minutes in horses from which food was withheld, and was 125.7 +/- 20.3 minutes in horses fed h...
Identification and description of beta-structure in horse muscle acylphosphatase by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of acylphosphatase were searched for signs of beta-structure, i.e. characteristic nuclear Overhauser enhancement patterns displayed in the two-dimensional spectra, typical chemical shifts, coupling constants and slow 2H-H exchange. The results provided identification of the main-chain resonances of amino acid residues involved in the beta-structure. The full sequential assignment of this region was gained by identification of some amino acid spin systems and their alignment with the primary sequence. The assignment of the side-chains was virtually completed s...
Equine body temperature and progesterone fluctuations during estrus and near parturition. Body temperature and serum progesterone concentrations were measured in mares to determine if a change in either could be useful in predicting estrus, ovulation or parturition. There was no significant correlation (P > 0.1) between rectal temperature and the environmental temperature or progesterone concentration. Progesterone concentration did correlate with stage of estrous cycle and the stage of pregnancy. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in temperature were noted at different times throughout the day. No change in temperature occurred that could be utilized to predict estrus, ovula...
Surgical management of duodenal obstruction in an adult horse. A 3-year-old Standardbred stallion was admitted for treatment of acute enterocolitis. The horse improved in response to empiric treatment, but subsequently developed ventral edema, scrotal abscessation, and severe laminitis. Improvement again was seen, but on day 29 of hospitalization, the horse developed rapid heart rate and signs of abdominal pain. Exploratory celiotomy revealed complete obstruction of the descending portion of the duodenum, 20 cm caudal to the duodenal sigmoidal flexure. Three-tier duodenojejunostomy and jejunojejunostomy were performed to bypass the duodenal obstruction.
Morphologic features of the aqueous humor drainage pathways in horses. The iridocorneal angle of the horse was anteriorly lined by a pectinate ligament, consisting of several layers of vertically oriented collagenous beams, that were interrupted by a network of extracellular spaces. The anterior chamber angle consisted mostly of a large uveal trabecular meshwork that was composed of widely-spaced, thick trabeculae. These trabeculae were attached in part posteriorly to extensions of the ciliary body musculature and anteriorly inserted into the prominent pectinate ligament. The corneoscleral trabecular meshwork was shaped hemiobovately and formed the external bound...
Evolution of the ECG from Spanish bred foals during the post natal stage. A study of electrocardiograms recorded from foals during the first two weeks of life has been made in order to detect any changes of the cardiac activation and recuperation processes during this period. A stepwise discriminant analysis revealed significant differences between the first and second week of age, fundamentally on the basis of the T and P wave amplitudes which gave the lowest values at 14 days, and on the PQ segment duration that showed the highest values at the same age.
Twin embryos in mares. I: From ovulation to fixation. Recent findings on the origin and development of twins from ovulation (Day 0) to fixation (mean: Day 16) are reviewed. Available data show that almost all twins originate from multiple ovulations. Results of recent ultrasound studies indicate that the number of days between double ovulations does not affect the conception rate per ovum or embryo survival during the first 16 days after each ovulation. Embryo reduction is the natural elimination of excess embryos so that only one embryo enters the foetal stage. In two studies, embryo reduction before or on the day of fixation was not considered ...
Osteomyelitis of the calcaneus in horses: 28 cases (1972-1987). Medical records of 28 horses with osteomyelitis of the calcaneus were reviewed to evaluate signalment, history, diagnostic and treatment methods, outcome, and long-term follow-up information. Trauma was the most commonly reported cause (24). Physical examination revealed lameness in 27 horses, and 22 (79%) had a wound or draining tract over the plantar aspect of the calcaneus. Radiography of all horses was done prior to the initiation of treatment, and follow-up radiography was done on 20 horses. The most common radiographic findings were soft tissue swelling (25), bony lysis of the calcaneus ...
Removal of a retropharyngeal foreign body in a horse, with the aid of ultrasonography during surgery. Diagnostic ultrasonography was used during surgery to assist in the removal of a piece of wire from the retropharyngeal region. A 3-year-old Quarter Horse mare was referred with dysphagia of 2 days' duration. Radiography revealed a 9-cm piece of wire located caudodorsal to the larynx. A ventral surgical approach was performed, dissecting along the right side of the larynx and trachea. The surgical field was filled with 0.85% sterile physiologic saline solution. A 5 MHz-mm sector scanner probe immersed in the fluid was able to locate the wire and facilitate the direction and depth of dissection...
Evaluation of three strip tests for measuring electrolytes in mares’ pre-partum mammary secretions and for predicting parturition. Three strip test kits which measure calcium and/or magnesium in mares' mammary secretions were compared and assessed for their accuracy in:- 1) measuring these electrolytes compared to standard laboratory measurements, and 2) predicting the time of parturition. Daily samples of mammary secretions were obtained pre-partum from 35 Thoroughbred mares and allocated a score. Measurement of mammary secretion calcium and/or magnesium by the strip tests and laboratory methods correlated significantly (P less than 0.001). The results obtained for prediction of parturition were analysed by two methods. ...
A spectrophotometric procedure for the determination of objective measurements of equine spermatozoan motility. A spectrophotometric procedure was developed and evaluated for the objective measurement of equine spermatozoan motility. A 100 mul sample of a sperm suspension, prepared by the removal of seminal plasma, was layered under a column of optically clear medium in a specially designed spectrophotometric cuvette maintained at 37 degrees C. Changes in light transmittance above the interface of the sperm suspension and medium were recorded on chart paper. As sperm cells swam into the medium, a decrease in light transmittance was recorded as a deflection on the chart paper. Chart recordings were analy...
[The possibility of using equine serum albumin in place of bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin in radioimmunological and immunoenzyme analyses and in virological practice]. Horse serum albumin has been shown to meet the requirements to protein preparations for microanalysis and thus to be suitable for use in kits of reagents for the radioimmunological determination of insulin and myoglobin, for the determination of tick-borne encephalitis virus antigen by the method of the enzyme immunoassay and for the stabilization of proteins in the hemagglutination test and the hemagglutination inhibition test.
Identification of the gB homologues of equine herpesvirus types 1 and 4 as disulphide-linked heterodimers and their characterization using monoclonal antibodies. Equine herpesvirus types 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) labelled with [14C]glucosamine were purified from infected cell culture medium and profiles of their structural proteins were obtained that enabled identification of the major glycoproteins. Nine glycosylated polypeptides were identified for each virus. Preparations of the purified viruses each contained a glycoprotein which was linked by disulphide bonds, as determined by diagonal gel electrophoresis under reducing/non-reducing conditions. High Mr forms of this glycoprotein were detected for EHV-1 when the sample was not heated. The EHV-1 pro...
[The occurrence and significance of plasma coagulase negative staphylococci from the genital tract of horses]. Classification based on biochemical characteristics of 389 strains of plasma-coagulase-negative (plc-) staphylococci isolated from the genital tract of mares and stallions resulted in the following distribution of species: St. sciuri 130 (33.4%), St. equorum 42 (10.8%), St. xylosus 16 (4.1%), St. epidermidis 35 (9.0%), St. simulans 24 (6.2%), St. haemolyticus 33 (8.5%), St. warneri 18 (4.6%), St. lentus 12 (3.1%), St. hyicus 11 (2.8%). Strains of St. cohnii, St. capitis, St. gallinarum, St. saprophyticus and St. hominis have only been found sporadically (a. 1%). 48 (12.3%) strains could not be...
A preliminary investigation of the effect of selected electromagnetic field devices on healing of cannon bone osteotomies in horses. The effect of electrical stimulation by means of selected electromagnetic field devices on healing of cannon bone osteotomies in horses was examined. The defects were created as 3 cm x 1 mm longitudinal osteotomies through the dorsal cortices of the mid-metacarpi/metatarsi of adult horses. This type of defect would asses bone healing in a situation similar to an acute, stable fracture of the cortex. Three electromagnetic devices of different design were tested in three different groups of horses. Healing was evaluated radiographically and histologically. Results showed that osteotomies treated...
Detection of hypogammaglobulinaemia in neonatal foals using the glutaraldehyde coagulation test. The glutaraldehyde coagulation test was adapted to foal serum to determine adequacy of the colostral-intestinal transfusion of IgG. The test is performed simply by mixing one volume of reagent with 10 volumes of serum and observing the coagulation time. The required glutaraldehyde concentration was established for various threshold levels of IgG as determined by radial immunodiffusion. The analysis consisted of 140 serum samples from foals. Sera with low IgG levels require high glutaraldehyde concentrations and vice versa. The 4 g/l threshold generally accepted for IgG adequacy, was achieved a...
