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Topic:Diagnostic Technique
Diagnostic techniques in equine medicine encompass a range of procedures and tools used to identify diseases, injuries, or other health conditions in horses. These techniques include imaging methods such as radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as laboratory tests like blood work and tissue biopsies. Each diagnostic method provides specific information that can aid in the assessment and management of equine health issues. Radiography is commonly used for evaluating bone structures, while ultrasonography is useful for soft tissue examination. MRI offers detailed images of both soft and hard tissues, though its use is limited by cost and availability. Laboratory tests can detect biochemical and hematological changes indicative of disease. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the development, application, and efficacy of various diagnostic techniques in equine veterinary practice.
Distribution of internal carotid artery blood flow in the pony. This study determined whether blood flow through the internal carotid artery (ICA) could be used to sample total cerebral blood flow in the pony. To answer this question we considered both the anatomic arrangement of the ICA in cadavers and the relative distribution of ICA blood flow to cerebral and extracerebral tissue using radioactive microspheres. Acrylic corrosion casts of the ICA indicated that this vessel traveled directly to the base of the brain, contributing to the formation of the circle of Willis, and did not send any significant branches to other tissues. Two vessels (internal eth...
Methods for the treatment of twin pregnancy in the mare. Within a group of 130 mares which, in the event, carried twin pregnancies, 29 (22.3 per cent) produced their twins following diagnosis of a single palpable follicle at service and a single pregnancy 42 days later. The whole group of 130 twin-pregnant mares gave birth to only 17 live foals (13 per cent). Breeding results for the following season were available for 102 of these mares, when 38 (37 per cent) produced live foals. Thus over the two seasons an average 23 per cent of this group produced live foals. In a second group, comprising 70 mares, twin pregnancy had been diagnosed in all of the...
Streptokinase-dependent delayed activation of horse plasminogen. Complete activation of purified horse plasminogen to plasmin was obtained with a 1:10 molar ratio of streptokinase to plasminogen after 5 min of incubation at 37 degrees C. At a 1:1 molar ratio, maximal activity did not appear until 15-30 min, while at a ratio of 6:1 complete activation was delayed for 120-180 min. Gel filtration studies of isotopically labeled streptokinase and horse plasminogen suggest that the delay was due to impaired formation of a streptokinase-plasminogen complex. The predominant streptokinase moiety within the streptokinase-plasmin complex which forms from the streptok...
Segmental thoracolumbar spinal (subarachnoid) analgesia in conscious horses. A new technique for producing segmental subarachnoid analgesia in adult horses without causing complete loss of locomotor control is described. A 17-gauge Huber point (Tuohy) needle was used to place a catheter with a stylet into the subarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral space in 13 adult horses (weighing 500 +/- 60 kg, representing both sexes) and to advance the catheter craniad to the thoracolumbar area. The position of the catheter was confirmed radiographically. A 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride solution (1.5 ml, 30 mg) was injected through the catheter at a rate of 0.5 ml/60 s...
Blood groups in animals. The membrane of RBC is literally peppered with a great variety of antigenic determinants (blood factors). Some are fixed genetically, ie, they occur on the RBC of all members of the species under study. Others segregate genetically, ie, they occur on the RBC of some but not all members of the species under study. It is these segregrating determinants that form the blood groups proper, the classic example being blood factors A and B of the ABO system of human blood groups. The number of blood group determinants varies considerably between species (eg, greater than 80 in domestic cattle to only ...
Reaction of normal equine eyes to radio-frequency current-induced hyperthermia. In the main study, hyperthermia was induced by radio-frequency current to obtain a single, central, corneal lesion in the right eye and 2 separate limbal lesions in the left eye of 13 light horses and 8 ponies. Intracorneal and intralimbal temperature profiles for the procedure were obtained in a separate study from the eyes of a horse and a pony treated in the same manner. After treatment of the principal eyes and 6 sham-treated eyes, clinical observations were conducted for up to 6 months, using indirect ophthalmoscopy, biomicroscopy, and fluorescein staining. Immediately after hyperthermic ...
Radiographic and arthroscopic findings in the equine stifle. The radiographic and arthroscopic findings in the equine stifle were compared. Survey radiography, contrast arthrography, and arthroscopy were performed on both stifles of 10 horses. Nine of the horses were euthanatized to evaluate the effects of the techniques on the joints. Techniques for double-contrast arthrography and arthroscopy were developed, and the findings were compared. Survey radiography identified only osseous structures. Double-contrast arthrography of the femoropatellar joint demonstrated articular surfaces of the trochlea, patella, and joint capsule. Those of the femorotibial ...
Isolation of equine neutrophils and analysis of functional characteristics by chemiluminescence and bacterial assays. Equine neutrophils (PMN) were isolated to greater than 99% purity by isopyknic sedimentation on coated colloidal silica particles. A cell recovery of 84.7 +/- 4.0%, with a viability of greater than 99%, was observed with this method. The isolated PMN were compared with mixed population of equine peripheral leukocytes with respect to functional integrity by chemiluminescence and bactericidal assays. There was no significant difference (P less than 0.01) observed in either assay between the isolated equine PMN and the mixed-cell populations. The methods used in both the isolation as well as the ...
The use of capillary column gas chromatography and negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry to confirm the administration of synthetic corticosteroids to horses. The negative ion chemical ionization mass spectra of the MO-TMS derivatives of the corticosteroids prednisolone, betamethasone and dexamethasone have been obtained using capillary column gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The spectra showed abundant diagnostic ions at m/z greater than 300 allowing for clear discrimination between the three steroid derivatives. A capillary column gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method using negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry has been developed to confirm the presence of the parent steroids in horse urine following the administration of...
Serum protein electrophoresis in horses and ponies. A method of electrophoresis of horse serum on agarose gels (pH 8.6) is described, together with a system for interpreting changes in the electrophoretic zones based upon the relative distribution of the major serum proteins. Differences in the protein composition of the individual electrophoretic zones of horses and ponies were recorded, although this variation probably reflects differences in management and the presence of subclinical disease.
Mononuclear phagocytes of peritoneal fluid. Cells in the peritoneal fluid from 179 horses were examined in Giemsa stained preparations using light microscopy. Mononuclear phagocytes were a common cell type observed in normal fluids. In the absence of stimulation they were morphologically similar to the peripheral blood monocyte and the unstimulated mesothelial cell. In acute inflammatory effusions their proportion decreased significantly but, as the condition resolved, monocytes began to migrate into the cavity gradually becoming more numerous, transforming into larger macrophages and assuming an increasing phagocytic role. They were of...
Clinical bronchography in the horse: development of a method using barium sulphate powder. A method for performing bronchography in standing nonanaesthetized horses was developed. Bronchography was performed by insufflating the previously intubated trachea with a mixture of 120 to 200 g of finely powdered barium sulphate mixed with 3 to 7 g of powdered methyl cellulose. The mixture was delivered from an ether vaporiser into which compressed air was blown. Premedication with atropine sulphate immediately before insufflation minimised bronchoconstriction. Satisfactory bronchograms with contrast visible down to the seventh and eighth bronchial divisions were obtained in 80 per cent of ...
Enzyme activities and protein concentration in the intraocular fluids of ten mammals. An attempt was made to establish normal values for the total protein concentrations and the enzyme activities of LDH, MDH and PGI in the intraocular fluids of rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, sheep, cattle, pigs, horses and humans. Remarkably little species differences were noted in 9 of the 10 mammals with vitreal enzyme activities falling into a narrow range between 8.4 U/l (PGI, horse) and 92.4 U/l (MDH, guinea pig). All species obeyed the sequence aqueous less than vitreous less than serum with exception of the rat, where vitreous activities surpassed serum at least two-fold. The ve...
A comparison of chemical and electrophoretic methods of serum protein determinations in clinically normal domestic animals of various ages. The biuret total protein method and a bromcresol green (BCG) albumin method were used on the Abbott ABA-100 chemistry analyzer to assay serum proteins in clinically normal cattle, sheep, ponies, pigs, and ducks. Total proteins were also read on a refractometer and mylar supported cellulose acetate electrophoresis was performed. Globulins and A/G ratios were calculated from the chemical method and the results compared with the electrophoretic method. Total protein, albumin and A/G ratios in the ponies, sheep and older cattle were in agreement between the two methods. The younger cattle and all ...
Observations on the isoenzymes of creatine kinase in equine serum and tissues. The isoenzymes of creatine kinase have been measured in serum and selected tissues from horses. The distribution followed that reported in other species in that the MM dimer of the isoenzyme was present in voluntary and non-voluntary muscle, thyroid, liver, spleen, lung and intestine. The BB dimer of the isoenzyme was predominant in brain, pancreas, kidney, intestine, lung, spleen, liver and thyroid. In contrast, in 4 hearts examined less than 1.5 per cent of the total creatine kinase activity was attributable to the MB form of the isoenzyme. The MB isoenzyme was, however, present in intestine...
Prognostic value of endometrial biopsy in the mare: a retrospective analysis. A retrospective analysis was made of 79 endometrial biopsy specimens obtained from mares with histories of infertility. The specimens were classified into 3 standard prognostic categories, according to the severity of the histologic changes. The 36 mares that had few endometrial lesions (category I) had a foaling rate of 78%. The 29 mares that had more severe endometrial changes (category II) had a foaling rate of 55%. The 14 mares with the most severe endometrial lesions (category III) had a foaling rate of 35%. The pregnancy losses for each category were 9.7%, 23.8%, and 44.4%, respectively....
Observations on the isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase in equine tissues and serum. The distribution of the isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase (AST, E.C. 2.6.1.1.) in equine tissues has been studied to ascertain whether the organ of origin may be identified when the total AST activity of serum is raised. Most tissues contain 3 isoenzymes of cytoplasmic origin (cAST) with isoelectric points of 5.6, 5.7 and 5.9, and one isoenzyme of mitochondrial (mAST) origin with an isoelectric point of 9. Serum from horses with azoturia contained an additional cytoplasmic subform with an isoelectric point of 5.8. This form could not be generated by ageing, freezing and thawing or bindi...
Electrophysiologic studies of the thoracic limb of the horse. The cutaneous innervation of the thoracic limb was investigated in 18 barbiturate-anesthetized horses, using electrophysiologic techniques. The cutaneous area (CA) innervated by each cutaneous nerve was delineated in at least 4 horses by stroking the hairs with a small watercolor brush while recording from the nerve. Mapping of adjacent CA revealed areas of considerable overlap. The part of a CA of a given nerve supplied only by that nerve is referred to as its autonomous zone (AZ). In contrast to the standard textbook illustrations cutaneous branches of the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous,...
