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Topic:Disease Diagnosis
Disease diagnosis in horses involves the identification and characterization of illnesses through various diagnostic methods and tools. This process is essential for effective veterinary care and management of equine health. Techniques used in diagnosing diseases in horses include clinical examinations, laboratory tests, imaging modalities such as ultrasonography and radiography, and molecular diagnostics. Blood tests are frequently utilized to assess parameters such as complete blood count and biochemical profiles, which can indicate underlying health issues. Additionally, advancements in genetic testing and biomarker identification have enhanced the ability to detect specific diseases early. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore diagnostic methodologies, their applications, and their impact on equine health management.
Examination of cerebrospinal fluid in the horse. The examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is often part of the diagnostic work-up of a patient exhibiting signs of disease involving the central nervous system. Awareness of the capabilities and limitations of these laboratory tests is important in assessing the benefit-to-risk ratio of performing such procedures. Collection of CSF is a relatively simple procedure, and together with a thorough history, physical examination, and other diagnostic tests, may be a valuable aid in arriving at a diagnosis or prognosis.
The pathogenesis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. The pathogenesis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals is reviewed. The main routes of infection are respiratory and alimentary. The latter is probably the chief route of exposure in all foals and probably leads to development of specific immunity. Susceptible foals, those whose maternal immunity wanes before generation of their own immune response, readily develop disease if exposed aerogenously to sufficient numbers of R. equi. Management and environmental circumstances have a major role to play in determining the magnitude of this challenge and, therefore, in the prevalence of the disease....
Equine viral encephalomyelitis in Canada: a review of known and potential causes. Rabies, equine herpesvirus type I, and eastern and western encephalomyelitis viruses, known causes of equine neurological disease, are reviewed with emphasis on epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, and diagnosis.Several arboviruses known to be active in Canada and capable of producing neurological disease in humans (Powassan, St. Louis encephalitis, snowshoe hare, and Jamestown Canyon viruses) are discussed as potential causes of encephalomyelitis in horses.
Urethral pressure profilometry in mares. A technique was developed for recording urethral pressure profiles (UPP) in mares. Profiles were obtained from 12 clinically normal mares and from 3 mares with urinary incontinence. Variables measured on the profile included intravesicular pressure and maximal urethral closure pressure. The mean maximal urethral closure pressure of the incontinent mares was significantly less (P less than or equal to 0.001) than that of the normal mares. The technique is simple and reliable for objectively evaluating urethral pressures in mares.
Nasopharyngeal cicatrices in horses: 47 cases (1972-1985). Nasopharyngeal cicatrices were observed endoscopically in 47 horses examined because of abnormal respiratory noises and/or exercise intolerance. A review of these cases revealed a correlation between cicatrization and age, sex, and the presence of other upper airway abnormalities. The age of affected horses ranged from 6 to 21 years, with a mean age of 12.7 +/- 7.8 (+/- 2 SD) years. Females were affected 2.7 times more frequently than males. Abnormalities commonly observed with a nasopharyngeal cicatrix included chondritis of the arytenoid cartilage, epiglottic deformity, and deformity of the ...
Echocardiographic detection of tricuspid atresia in two foals. M-mode, 2-dimensional, and contrast echocardiographic studies were used to detect tricuspid atresia in 2 foals. M-mode echocardiographic findings included a small right ventricle, large left ventricle, large mitral valve excursion, large left atrium (foal 2), dropout of the cranial aspect of the aortic root, and a thick band of echoes in the tricuspid valve region. These findings were confirmed by 2-dimensional echocardiography. In addition, a large right atrium, persistent foramen ovale, ventricular septal defect, and large mitral valve apparatus were imaged. One foal also had a thick right a...
Skin lesions of sweet itch and the distribution of dermal mast cells in the horse. No abstract available
Blood products in large animal medicine: a comparative account of current and future technology. THERE are indications for therapeutic uses of all portions of
whole blood in large animal patients but plasma and its isolated components have the largest number of immediate
applications. As recently as 10 years ago, whole fresh blood
was the only routinely administered blood product. However,
as even cross-match compatible erythrocytes are removed
from circulation within two to four days by the reticuloendothelial system, whole blood is a poor product for expansion of
vascular volume or supplying plasma components if the
patient has no immediate need for increased oxygen carrying
cap...
Isolation of Clostridium difficile and detection of cytotoxin in the feces of diarrheic foals in the absence of antimicrobial treatment. Clostridium difficile was isolated from the feces of 27 of 43 diarrheic foals (63%), and cytotoxin was detected in feces from 28 diarrheic foals (65%). The foals had not received any antimicrobial treatment before the onset of diarrhea. C. difficile was not isolated from feces of 18 normal foals without diarrhea and 62 adult horses (P less than 0.005). This finding of C. difficile and its toxins in association with diarrhea in foals adds another possible cause to the list of infectious agents which may cause diarrhea in foals.
Jejunocolic anastomosis for the surgical management of recurrent cecal impaction in a horse. A 5-year-old Thoroughbred gelding with recurrent cecal impaction refractory to medical management was treated with a side-to-side jejunocolic anastomosis. Cecal impaction did not recur after surgery. The horse gained weight and performed successfully for 14 months, but experienced three episodes of mild abdominal pain between 14 and 20 months after surgery. Mild cecal gas distention and firm ingesta in the colon were detected on rectal examination. The horse's feces remained soft after surgery, except during the colic episodes when dry, firm feces were passed.
Names and codes of the diseases and clinical signs of dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, goats and swine from the consultant diagnostic database. A complete listing of the clinical signs and diseases of dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, goats and swine in the CONSULTANT database for computer assisted diagnosis is presented, along with the codes used to record this data. This list may be useful to those teaching, researching or writing on the diseases of domestic animals, and is of particular use to those who need such a resource for developing diagnostic coding and computer-assisted information retrieval.
The amino acid sequence of an amyloid fibril protein AA isolated from the horse. The amino acid sequence of the amyloid fibril protein AA from horse was established from characterization of cyanogen bromide fragments, tryptic peptides, and a peptide derived from a digest with Staphylococcus aureus V8 proteinase. The protein was found to consist of 80 amino acid residues. Sequence homologies with protein AA from other species were very striking, and revealed an insertion of two amino acid residues between positions 72 and 73. In position 44, two amino acid residues were found which provide further evidence for a polymorphism in the amyloid fibril protein AA.
Carcinoma of the mammary gland in a mare. A 17-year-old Quarter Horse mare developed rapidly progressive, bilateral, firm enlargements of both mammary glands, ventral abdominal edema, dyspnea, and neurologic signs. The horse was euthanatized, and a carcinoma of the mammary gland was diagnosed at necropsy. Microscopically, normal glandular parenchyma was replaced by neoplastic nodules, and the tumor had metastasized to most visceral organs and throughout the musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. The tumor had a solid pattern, with microglandular differentiation, and numerous syncytial sheets.
Infiltrative lipoma in the heart of a horse. An expansile, yellow, soft mass was observed in the free wall of the right ventricle of a 3-year-old, male, Morgan, horse at necropsy. The mass was composed of well differentiated adipocytes in solid sheets or infiltrating between muscle fibers with associated myofiber degeneration. The mass was interpreted to be an infiltrative lipoma of the heart.
Actinobacillus suis-like organisms in horses. Actinobacillus suis-like organisms have been recognized in equine specimens at the University of California Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital since 1975. The most common source (65%) of the organism was transtracheal washings. The organism was gram-negative, produced hemolysis on blood agar, and gave a positive reaction for oxidase, urease, o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, and esculin. Carbohydrate reactions were variable, consisting of 4 main patterns. Actinobacillus suis-like organisms were (90%) sensitive to therapeutic concentrations of amikacin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gen...
Immunohistochemical evaluation of the equine endometrium during the oestrous cycle. Endometrial biopsies were obtained from four mares during consecutive oestrous cycles on the first day of oestrus, on the day when ovulation was detected, and four and eight days after ovulation. Cycle stages were confirmed by means of rectal palpation, ultrasonography and plasma progesterone determination. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the formalin fixed biopsy specimens was performed using a peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique. Immunoglobulin (Ig)A-, IgM-, IgG(Fc)- and IgG(T)-containing cells were detected in all biopsies; with IgA- and IgG(Fc)-containing cells generally predominating. ...
