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Topic:Disease Management
Disease management in horses encompasses the strategies and practices employed to prevent, control, and treat diseases affecting equine populations. This field involves understanding the etiology, transmission, and clinical presentation of various equine diseases, as well as implementing biosecurity measures and therapeutic interventions. Common diseases in horses include equine influenza, strangles, and equine herpesvirus. Effective disease management relies on accurate diagnosis, vaccination protocols, and the use of antimicrobials and other treatments. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, challenges, and advancements in managing diseases in equine health.
Trypanosoma evansi control and horse mortality in the Brazilian Pantanal. The impact of three treatment strategies for Trypanosoma evansi control on horse mortality in the Brazilian Pantanal based on four size categories of cattle ranches is explored. The region's 49,000 horses are indispensable to traditional extensive cattle ranching and T. evansi kills horses. About 13% of these horses would be lost, annually, due to T. evansi if no control were undertaken. One preventive and two curative treatment strategies are financially justifiable in the Pantanal. The best available technology for the treatment of T. evansi from a horse mortality perspective is the preventi...
High intensity light increases olfactory bulb melatonin in Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection. In mice infected with the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus and exposed to high intensity light (2500 lux) with a 12 h light: 12 h dark photoperiod, a significant increase in the levels of melatonin in the olfactory bulb was observed. The significance of these findings deserves further studies to understand the mechanisms involved in this effect since the olfactory bulbs have been proposed as first portal for VEE virus entry into the CNS. The increase in melatonin content could represent one of the mechanisms of defense against the viral attack.
Computed radiography. CR is a useful tool for the equine veterinarian and has many advantages. Its only major disadvantage is the initial cost, in dollars and time, for setup in one's practice. CR is already in use at several universities and private practices in the United States and around the world. In the future, as is the case with any computer-based technology, this modality should become more affordable and readily available to smaller practices. The potential of CR in veterinary medicine combined with saturation of the human market is driving the development of specialized software and algorithms for veteri...
Treatment of irreducible caecocolic intussusception in horses by jejuno(ileo)colostomy. Six of eight horses with caecocolic intussusception were treated successfully by jejuno- or ileocolostomy. The other two horses were euthanased during surgery. Four of the six horses survived long term, but two died within two-and-a-half months, of problems related to the surgery. Compared with other techniques for treating caecocolic intussusception, jejuno- or ileocolostomy reduces surgical time and decreases the risk of abdominal contamination.
The variability and repeatability of indices derived from the single-breath diagram for CO2 in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the effect of lobelin hydrochloride on these indices. Several indices of ventilatory heterogeneity can be identified from the volumetric capnogram and its graphic presentation, the single-breath diagram for CO2 (SBD-CO2). Physiologically based indices of pulmonary function (VTE, VCO2, FACO2, VDBohr% VDBohr%, VD/VTE, A1/A2) were calculated for healthy horses (group I, n = 5) and for horses with subclinical (group II, n = 7) or clinically manifest chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (group III, n = 8) during tidal breathing and after medication with lobelin hydrochloride (Lobelin). We investigated the variability and repeatability of the l...
A cross-sectional study of colic in horses on thoroughbred training premises in the British Isles in 1997. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of colic in horses in Thoroughbred training premises in 1997 in the British Isles. The seasonal pattern and outcome of colic episodes were also investigated, together with any association between premises level variables and colic. Data were collected by a postal questionnaire. The results showed a colic incidence density of 7.19/100 horse years (s.e. 0.42) and a cumulative incidence of colic of 5.80% (s.e. 0.30). Premises were grouped according to whether they had more Flat than National Hunt horses (Flat premises) or more National Hunt than...
Risk factors associated with development of postoperative ileus in horses. To determine risk factors associated with development of postoperative ileus in horses undergoing surgery for colic. Methods: Case-control study. Methods: 69 horses that developed ileus after surgery for colic and 307 horses that did not develop postoperative ileus. Methods: Signalment, history, clinicopathologic data, treatment, lesions, and outcome were obtained from medical records. Results: Variables associated with increased risk of postoperative ileus included age > 10 years, Arabian breed, PCV > or = 45%, high serum concentrations of protein and albumin, anesthesia > 2.5 hours'...
Tear-deficient and evaporative dry eye syndromes of the horse. Tear-deficient dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), and evaporative dry eye, with some overlap between these two categories, are two major categories of dry eye recognized in the horse. Careful examination of the eyelid margins, the inner and outer surfaces of the upper and lower eyelids, assessment of blink and third eyelid movement, specific testing of tear production, assessment of corneal sensitivity, and slit-lamp examination of the ocular surface before and after fluorescein dye application is recommended to detect dry eye problems. Rose Bengal dye application is also recommended in man...
Treatment of equine glaucoma by transscleral neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser cyclophotocoagulation: a retrospective study of 23 eyes of 16 horses. Contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCP) was performed on 23 eyes of 16 horses for treatment of glaucoma. The mean highest preoperative IOP was 51 +/- 17 mmHg. Follow-up evaluation was available for 19 eyes 1 day after surgery, 14 eyes from 1 to 2 weeks, 16 eyes from 4 to 6 weeks, 9 eyes from 12 to 16 weeks, and 10 eyes greater than 20 weeks after laser treatment. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) the day following surgery was 34 +/- 13 mmHg. The mean IOP for each follow-up period was: one to two weeks postoperative, 23 +/- 9 mmHg; fo...
Survival rates for horses undergoing stapled small intestinal anastomosis: 84 cases (1988-1997). To determine whether location and type of small intestinal anastomosis and other variables were associated with short- and long-term survival rates in horses undergoing stapled small intestinal anastomosis. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 84 horses that underwent small intestinal anastomosis. Methods: Medical records from 1988 to 1997 were examined for horses that underwent stapled small intestinal anastomosis. Horses were allotted into 4 groups: jejunojejunostomy (n = 27), jejunoileostomy (11), jejunoileocecostomy with small intestinal resection (20), and jejunoileocecostomy without sm...
Effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate on endometrial bleeding. To evaluate vaginal bleeding profiles with lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) as continuous combined therapy. Methods: The Women's Health, Osteoporosis, Progestin, Estrogen (Women's HOPE) study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Methods: Study centers across the United States. Methods: Two thousand six hundred seventy-three healthy, postmenopausal women. Methods: Women received CEE, 0.625 mg/d; CEE, 0.625 mg/d, plus MPA 2.5 mg/d; CEE, 0.45 mg/d; CEE, 0.45 mg/d, plus MPA, 2.5 mg/d; CEE 0.45 mg/d, plus MPA, 1.5 mg/d; CEE, 0....
A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease. Part 2: treatments and results of treatments. The treatments of 277 horses with equine sinonasal disease (1984-1996), described by Tremaine and Dixon (2001), are reported here. Long-term (median duration 24 months) outcomes of treatment of the more common disorders were good, with 92% of horses with sinonasal mycosis, 84% with primary sinusitis, 82% with sinus cysts, 78% with dental sinusitis and 75% with sinonasal trauma reported to have complete remission of clinical signs. However, only 33% of horses with progressive ethmoidal haematoma (PEH) and 12% with sinonasal neoplasia reported long term remission of clinical signs.
Preliminary evaluation of diagnostic tests using horses experimentally infected with trypanosoma evansi. Seven surra negative horses were intravenously inoculated with 3 x 10(6)Trypanosoma evansi parasites derived from a camel. One horse was maintained as an uninfected negative control. Three antigen and three antibody detection tests were evaluated for diagnosis of infection in horses. The microhaematocrit centrifugation test (MHCT) was the most sensitive, first detecting parasites between one and three days (x 2.4) post infection (p.i.). The antigen (ag)-ELISA detected antigen between three and ten days (x 6.6) p.i. The latex agglutination test (LAT) first gave positive results on day 3 (x 3.0)...
Effect of venous strangulation obstruction on length of equine jejunum and relevance to small-intestinal resection. To determine if venous strangulation obstruction (VSO) of the distal half of the equine small intestine would increase length of that segment. Methods: Halothane-anesthetized horses were assigned randomly to 3 groups of 5 horses: Group 1 (controls)--the entire small intestine was measured and rubber-shod clamps were applied to mark each end of the most distal 50% of the small intestine; Group 2--same procedure, except that VSO was induced in the distal 50% of the small intestine for 180 minutes; and Group 3--same initial procedure, except that VSO was induced for 90 minutes and followed by rep...
Risk factors to tick infestations and their occurrence on horses in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. From December 1998 to March 1999, 40 stud farms were studied in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. During visits to farms, horses reared under grazing conditions were examined for the presence of ticks. On each farm visit, horse pastures were closely inspected and a questionnaire was given to the farm supervisor with the purpose of gaining information about ecological and management variables (independent variables) that could be associated with the presence and infestation levels of ticks on the farm (dependent variables). Three tick species were found during the study. Anocentor nitens, Amblyo...
Verminous arteritis in a 3-month-old thoroughbred foal. Strongylus vulgaris migration and cranial mesenteric arterial thrombus formation resulted in fatal colic in a 3-month-old Thoroughbred foal. Vascular damage associated with S. vulgaris occurs early in the course of infection and, despite widespread use of broad-spectrum anthelmintics, appropriate management is still essential to minimize exposure of young animals to this parasite.
Detection of antibodies to Babesia equi in horses by a latex agglutination test using recombinant EMA-1. A latex agglutination test (LAT) using recombinant equi merozoite antigen 1 (EMA-1) for the detection of antibodies to Babesia equi was developed. The LAT was able to differentiate very clearly between sera from B. equi-infected horses and sera from Babesia caballi-infected horses or from normal horses. The LAT results were identical to those of a previously developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results indicate that LAT using recombinant EMA-1 might be very useful as a routine screening method for the diagnosis of B. equi infection.
Statistical shape analysis of volumetric capnograms: evaluation of a new approach for the assessment of pulmonary function in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The shape of the volumetric capnogram is modified by airway obstruction, and the evaluation of this deformation could allow an indirect measurement of bronchial patency. The study included 35 horses; five horses without evidence of pulmonary disease (group I) and 30 horses suffering from different degrees of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (groups II-IV). Data of recorded CO2 and volume curves were off-line plotted and statistically analysed using regression analysis. Analyses were performed separately for fractions 25-95% (VTE25-95), 25-50% (VTE25-50) and 50-95% (VTE50-95) of exp...
Equine infectious anemia virus genomic evolution in progressor and nonprogressor ponies. A primary mechanism of lentivirus persistence is the ability of these viruses to evolve in response to biological and immunological selective pressures with a remarkable array of genetic and antigenic variations that constitute a perpetual natural experiment in genetic engineering. A widely accepted paradigm of lentivirus evolution is that the rate of genetic variation is correlated directly with the levels of virus replication: the greater the viral replication, the more opportunities that exist for genetic modifications and selection of viral variants. To test this hypothesis directly, we ex...
Cross-sectional study of the seroprevalence to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and granulocytic Ehrlichia spp. and demographic, clinical and tick-exposure factors in Swedish horses. A cross-sectional study of the seroprevalence to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and granulocytic Ehrlichia spp. in Swedish horses was conducted to evaluate associations with demographic, clinical and tick-exposure factors. From September 1997-1998, blood samples from 2018 horses were collected from the animals presented to veterinary clinics affiliated with the Swedish Horserace Totalizator Board (regardless of the primary cause for consultation). Standardized questionnaires with information both from owners and attending veterinarians accompanied each blood sample. The apparent seroprevalenc...
