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Topic:Disease Treatment
Disease treatment in horses encompasses a range of medical interventions and management strategies aimed at addressing various health conditions affecting equine species. These treatments can include pharmacological approaches, such as the administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiparasitic medications, as well as non-pharmacological methods like physical therapy, dietary adjustments, and surgical procedures. The selection of appropriate treatments depends on the specific disease, its severity, and the individual needs of the horse. This topic brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, safety, and advancements in therapeutic options for equine diseases, providing insights into best practices and emerging trends in equine veterinary medicine.
Chronic equine wounds: what is the role of infection and biofilms?. Wound research is an evolving science in the equine species. In particular, interest is growing regarding the role that microorganisms play in delaying both acute and chronic wound healing. Equine wounds, particularly lower limb wounds, frequently display delayed healing and infection is commonly the underlying reason. This review will summarize the current research and knowledge surrounding equine wound healing and wound care. Particular focus is placed on the role that microbes play in chronic equine wounds and the significance of associated bacterial biofilms. .
Antimicrobial resistance in commensal faecal Escherichia coli of hospitalised horses. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of hospitalisation and antimicrobial drug administration on the prevalence of resistance in commensal faecal E. coli of horses. Faecal samples were collected from ten hospitalised horses treated with antimicrobials, ten hospitalised horses not treated with antimicrobials and nine non-hospitalised horses over a consecutive five day period and susceptibility testing was performed on isolated E. coli. Results revealed that hospitalisation alone was associated with increased prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance in com...
Isolation and characterisation of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) from Europe and North America from 2008 to 2009. Like other influenza A viruses, equine influenza virus undergoes antigenic drift. It is therefore essential that surveillance is carried out to ensure that recommended strains for inclusion in vaccines are kept up to date. Here we report antigenic and genetic characterisation carried out on equine influenza virus strains isolated in North America and Europe over a 2-year period from 2008 to 2009. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from equines showing acute clinical signs and submitted to diagnostic laboratories for testing and virus isolation in eggs. The sequence of the HA1 portion of the viral...
Semiconductor diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for the treatment of glaucoma in horses: a retrospective study of 42 eyes. To evaluate the outcome of diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCP) for the treatment of glaucoma in horses. Methods: Medical records at The Ohio State University were reviewed. All horses that underwent diode laser TSCP between the years of 1995 and 2007 were included. Preoperative, procedural and clinical follow-up data were collected, and telephone follow-up was performed. Results: Forty-two eyes of 36 horses were included. Twenty-four hours prior to surgery mean intraocular pressure (IOP) was 37.17 + or - 13.48 mmHg (42 eyes). Forty-one of 42 eyes (98%) were sighted and 39 of ...
In vitro antimicrobial activity of gallium maltolate against virulent Rhodococcus equi. The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of gallium maltolate (GaM) against Rhodococcus equi. A total of 98 virulent bacterial isolates from equine clinical cases were examined, of which 19 isolates were known to be resistant to macrolides and rifampin. Isolates were cultured with various concentrations of GaM and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined after 24 and 48 h. Both the MIC(50) and the MIC(90) after 24h of growth were 558 ng/mL (8 μM) and after 48 h of growth were 2230 ng/mL (32 μM). There were no apparent differences b...
Initial occurrence of Taylorella asinigenitalis and its detection in nurse mares, a stallion and donkeys in Kentucky. In 1998, a newly identified bacterium Taylorella asinigenitalis was isolated from the external genitalia and reproductive tracts of nurse mares, a stallion and donkey jacks in Kentucky. An extensive regulatory effort was implemented to contain the outbreak including the tracing and testing of 232 horses and donkeys on 58 premises. T. asinigenitalis was isolated from the reproductive tract of 10 adult equids, including two donkey jacks, one Paint Quarter-horse stallion and seven draft-type breeding mares. None of the infected horses had clinical signs of reproductive tract disease. The odds of ...
Tenoscopy of the navicular bursa: a new therapeutic approach for horses affected by “palmar pain syndrome.” Endoscopic technique review and personal experiences. Tenoscopy of the navicular bursa has been recently introduced as a diagnostic and therapeutic treatment in cases of palmar foot pain syndrome. A deep digital flexor tendon transthecal approach was suggested in 1999, and the endoscopic technique has been reviewed. Smith and coworkers have recently reported good and promising results. An anatomic cadaver limb study was performed, and the endoscopic technique was evaluated. Subsequently, a 14-year-old Argentine mare, affected by palmar foot pain syndrome, was treated. Clinical data, MRI and endoscopic findings, and a 6-month follow-up evaluation ...
Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis in the Czech Republic. Twelve confirmed cases of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (EGA) and five additional suspected cases, showing a compatible clinical history and specific IgG titres of 1280 or above, were recorded in the Czech Republic during the period 2002 to 2008. The diagnosis was based on clinical signs, the detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum morulae in neutrophils in blood smears, serology and molecular methods. Pyrexia (39.8 to 41.3 degrees C), depression, partial or total anorexia, limb oedema and icterus were the most frequently observed clinical abnormalities. Haematological examination revealed t...
Human meningitis from Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus acquired as zoonoses. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus rarely causes meningitis in humans by contact with domestic animals or their unpasteurized products. In this paper we reviewed the literature pertaining to the epidemiological and clinical aspects relating to this infection on previously reported cases of human disease. Additionally, the case of a 51-year-old female who acquired meningitis with this organism after contact with a horse is described. This patient was successfully treated with ceftriaxone, yet penicillin remains the treatment of choice. This aetiological agent should be considered in the pr...
The efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream (Aldara® in the treatment of aural plaque in horses: a pilot open-label clinical trial. Aural plaques affect at least 22% of horses and can be asymptomatic or cause ear sensitivity. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopy studies have shown a strong association between aural plaques and papilloma virus. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream, an immune response modifier with potent antiviral activity, in the treatment of equine aural plaques. Twenty-one horses were enrolled and 16 completed the study. Imiquimod 5% cream was applied three times a week, every other week. When both ears were affected only the worst affected ear was treate...
Effect of intravenous lidocaine administration on laminar inflammation in the black walnut extract model of laminitis. Laminitis is a serious complication of horses suffering from sepsis/endotoxaemia-related events. Laminitis in horses and organ injury in human sepsis are both reported to involve inflammatory injury to the laminae/organs including early activation of endothelium and leucocytes leading to emigration of neutrophils into the tissue interstitium. In the black walnut extract (BWE) model, systemic inflammatory events coincide with marked increase in laminar mRNA concentrations of inflammatory genes including proinflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-1beta, IL-6), COX-2, chemokines (i.e. IL-8) and endotheli...
Bacterial culture of septic synovial structures of horses: does a positive bacterial culture influence prognosis? The influence of synovial fluid culture on short- and long-term prognosis of cases with septic synovitis requires study. Objective: Horses with a positive bacterial culture from septic synovial fluid are less likely to survive or return to successful athletic function than those with a negative bacterial culture from septic synovial fluid. Methods: Records of mature horses presented to 2 equine referral hospitals for investigation of suspected septic synovitis were examined. Horses (n=206) were included in the study if synovial fluid was submitted for full laboratory examination, including bac...
Spurious hypercreatininemia: 28 neonatal foals (2000-2008). To (1) determine the occurrence of spurious hypercreatininemia in a population of hospitalized foals<2 days old, (2) assess the resolution of the hypercreatininemia, and (3) determine its association with survival in these foals. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 2 Referral hospitals. Methods: Foals442 micromol/L (>5.0 mg/dL) from 2 referral hospitals. Methods: None. Results: The medical records of 33 foals were reviewed. Twenty-eight had spurious hypercreatininemia and 5 had acute renal failure. Admission creatinine was not significantly different between the 2 groups (mean [...
How to extrapolate a withdrawal time from an EHSLC published detection time: a Monte Carlo simulation appraisal. For legitimate medications, veterinarians must advise the owners or trainers of horses on appropriate withholding times after a treatment, to avoid the risk of incurring a positive drug test. Objective: To explore the safety span to select that a veterinarian may extrapolate a tailored withdrawal time (WT) from a generic detection time (DT) as published by the European Horserace Scientific Liaison Committee (EHSLC). Methods: Using Monte Carlo simulations, it was shown that for a low variability of pharmacokinetic parameters (CV=20%), an uncertainty span of about 40% may be selected to transfor...
Ceftiofur derivates in serum and endometrial tissue after intramuscular administration in healthy mares. Endometritis is one of the major problems in the horse breeding industry. The use of antibiotics for treatment of endometritis in the mare is recommended as best practice. The intrauterine application of antibiotics, however, has been under discussion over the last years because of concerns about its efficacy. The systemic use of antibiotics has been considered more effective because of its better distribution within the uterus. The objective of the present study was to determine the concentration of ceftiofur derivates in serum and endometrial tissue after intramuscular administration. Specif...
[Study of the correlation between the plasma viral load and protective immunity induced by the equine infectious anemia attenuated vaccine and its parental virulent strain]. The threshold hypothesis of attenuated lentiviral vaccine considers that the type of host response to infections of lentiviruses depends on the viral load. To evaluate the correlation between viral loads of the attenuated vaccine strain of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and their effects to induce protective immunity, longitudinal plasma viral loads in groups of horses inoculated with either an attenuated EIAV vaccine strain (EIAV(DLV125)) or sub-lethal dose of an EIAV virulent strain (EIAV(LN40)) were compared. Similar levels of plasma viral loads ranging from 10(3)-10(5) copies/mL wer...
Use of stored equine colostrum for the treatment of foals perceived to be at risk for failure of transfer of passive immunity. OBJECTIVE-To assess the use of stored equine colostrum for the treatment of foals perceived to be at risk for failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI). DESIGN-Cohort study. ANIMALS-232 Thoroughbred foals and 191 Thoroughbred mares (41 mares gave birth to 1 foal on 2 occasions). PROCEDURES-Postpartum, presuckle colostrum samples were collected from mares; samples with a colostral refractive index (cRI) > or = 23% were frozen (-20 degrees C [-4 degrees F]) and stored for > or = 7 days but < 2 years. Foals of dams that produced colostrum with a cRI value < 20% were treated with > or = 300 m...
[Comparative efficacy of homologous and heterologous biologicals against diphtheria]. Comparative assessment of efficacy of homologous and heterologous diphtheria antitoxins on the example of diphtheria intoxication. Methods: Homologous hyperimmune sera were obtained through immunization of rabbits and guinea-pigs with diphtheria toxoid according to schedule. Immune rabbit sera contained 70 - 100 IU/mL of antitoxin antibodies and guinea-pig sera contained 60 - 80 IU/mL. Equine diphtheria antitoxin was used as a heterologous one. Measurement of antitoxin level using experimental animals is based on quantitative assessment of ability of studied sera to neutralize specific dermone...
Immunohistochemical and molecular detection of equine herpesvirus 1 in Uruguay. Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a major cause of epidemic abortion, neonatal mortality, respiratory disease and neurological disorders in horses. In South America, the virus has been isolated in Brazil, Argentina and Colombia. In Chile pathological findings from one aborted foetus have been reported, and in Uruguay only serological data about EHV-1 activity have been found. Some pathological findings were reported in Uruguay several years ago, but these data have never been officially confirmed. The present work describes the relevant findings of a study of EHV-1 infections in the Uruguayan eq...
Animal and human rabies in Mongolia. The prevalence of animal rabies differs in each area of Mongolia. Wolves (Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758), foxes ( Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758), corsac foxes (Vulpes corsac Linnaeus, 1768) and manuls (Felis manul Pallas, 1778) are considered to be the infective wild animals in natural foci. Amongst livestock, cattle have had the most rabies cases, followed by camels, sheep, goats and horses. The peak prevalence of animal rabies occurred in the 1970s. Dundgovi Province had the highest incidence during that period. The number of rabies cases in animals decreased during the 1980s. This may have been...
Evaluation of neutralization patterns of the five unique Argentine equine arteritis virus field strains reported. Equine viral arteritis (EVA) is a contagious viral disease that frequently causes mild or subclinical infections in adult horses. Only one EAV serotype has been described. However, there are differences in antigenicity, pathogenicity and neutralization characteristics of virus field strains. The interaction of two viral proteins, GP5 and M, is critical for infectivity and amino acid changes in the GP5 sequences have an effect on the neutralizing phenotype, regardless the effects of other viral proteins. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the neutralization phenotypes of the 5 u...
In vitro biomechanical comparison of a modified 5.5 mm locking compression plate fixation with a 5.5 mm locking compression plate fixation of osteotomized equine third metacarpal bones. To compare number of cycles to failure for palmarodorsal 4-point bending of a modified 5.5 mm broad locking compression plate (M5.5-LCP) fixation with a 5.5 mm broad LCP (5.5-LCP) fixation used to repair osteotomized equine third metacarpal (MC3) bones. Methods: In vitro biomechanical testing. Methods: Adult equine cadaveric MC3 bones (n=6 pairs). Methods: An 8-hole, M5.5-LCP, obtained by having a 1.0 mm thickness removed from the bone contact portion of the 5.5-LCP, was applied to the dorsal surface of 1 randomly selected MC3 from each pair, and an 8-hole, 5.5-LCP was applied dorsally to the ...
Tachypnea and antipyresis in febrile horses after sedation with alpha-agonists. Signs of tachypnea after sedation of febrile horses with alpha2-agonists have been noted previously but have not been further investigated. Objective: To examine the effects of xylazine and detomidine on respiratory rate and rectal temperature in febrile horses and to investigate if either drug would be less likely than the other to cause changes in these variables. Methods: Nine febrile horses and 9 healthy horses were included in the study. Methods: Horses were randomly assigned to sedation with xylazine 0.5 mg/kg or detomidine 0.01 mg/kg. Heart rate and respiratory rate were recorded before...
Concentrations of altrenogest in plasma of mares and foals and in allantoic and amniotic fluid at parturition. Treatment with the progestin altrenogest is widely used in pregnant mares. The fact that foals born from healthy mares treated with altrenogest until term suffered from neonatal problems raises the question of direct effects of altrenogest on vital functions in the neonate. We have therefore investigated altrenogest concentrations in maternal and neonatal blood plasma and in fetal fluids. Pregnant mares were treated with altrenogest orally once daily (0,088 mg/kg bodyweight, n = 7) or left untreated (n = 8) from 280 d of gestation until foaling. Altrenogest concentration was determined in plas...
Ulcerative keratitis in thoroughbred racehorses in Japan from 1997 to 2008. To describe the number of cases, etiologies, healing times, and results of microbial culture and susceptibility testing of corneal ulcers in thoroughbred racehorses in Japan. Methods: Retrospective study of the medical records of racehorses belonging to the Japan Racing Association (JRA) from 1997 to 2008. Results: A total of 2846 horses suffered ulcerative keratitis. These horses accounted for 90.5% of all the corneal problems and 54.9% of the entire number of horses with ocular diseases. Running in races was the cause in 64.3% of the cases. The mean healing time of the ulcers developed in ra...
In vivo administration of acepromazine or promethazine to horse decreases the reactive oxygen species production response of subsequently isolated neutrophils to stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate. The previous experiments have shown that some phenothiazines have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. In this study the inhibition of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils was studied in two groups of horses, which received a dose of 0.1 mg/kg of either acepromazine or promethazine intravenously. Blood samples were collected before (T0) and 0.5, 1, 3 and 5 h after drug administration. The chemiluminescence (CML) response of neutrophils was measured ex vivo in the presence of luminol for a period of 10 min and the maximum CML value (peak value) record...
Therapeutic efficacy of undenatured type-II collagen (UC-II) in comparison to glucosamine and chondroitin in arthritic horses. The present investigation evaluated arthritic pain in horses receiving daily placebo, undenatured type II collagen (UC-II) at 320, 480, or 640 mg (providing 80, 120, and 160 mg active UC-II, respectively), and glucosamine and chondroitin (5.4 and 1.8 g, respectively, bid for the first month, and thereafter once daily) for 150 days. Horses were evaluated for overall pain, pain upon limb manipulation, physical examination, and liver and kidney functions. Evaluation of overall pain was based upon a consistent observation of all subjects during a walk and a trot in the same pattern on the same sur...
