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Topic:Disease Treatment
Disease treatment in horses encompasses a range of medical interventions and management strategies aimed at addressing various health conditions affecting equine species. These treatments can include pharmacological approaches, such as the administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiparasitic medications, as well as non-pharmacological methods like physical therapy, dietary adjustments, and surgical procedures. The selection of appropriate treatments depends on the specific disease, its severity, and the individual needs of the horse. This topic brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, safety, and advancements in therapeutic options for equine diseases, providing insights into best practices and emerging trends in equine veterinary medicine.
Surgical management of congenital and perinatal abnormalities of the urogenital tract. Surgical management of various congenital and perinatal abnormalities of the urogenital tract are discussed, including ruptured bladder, ruptured urachus, ureteral defect, patent urachus and umbilical remnant infection, ureteral ectopia, congenital inguinal hernia, and atresia ani and rectourethral or rectovaginal fistula.
Sternothyrohyoideus myectomy in horses: 17 cases (1984-1985). Review of medical records of 78 horses admitted to the George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals with dorsal displacement of the soft palate revealed 94% of these horses to have evidence of an intermittent abnormal "gurgling" respiratory noise at the time of exercise. Sternothyrohyoideus myectomy was used as a primary treatment for 17 of these horses, with a success rate of 58%. Anatomic dissection of 30 horses indicated that the midcervical region is the optimal site for sternothyrohyoideus myectomy to alleviate dorsal displacement of the soft palate.
[2 cases of colonic pbstipation in ponies, probably as a sequela of a treatment with Taktic]. Within a one-year period two ponies were operated on because of colon impaction. The two ponies had each been treated with Amitraz (Taktik) quite recently. In view of findings reported in the literature, the colon impaction in these two ponies was very likely to have been due to treatment with Taktik.
[Pathogenesis and drug therapy of acute laminitis in horses: a literature review]. Impairment of the microcirculation in the distal part of the foot is an important factor in the aetiology of equine laminitis. To prevent the development of chronic laminitis and the resulting complications, two new therapeutical principles were tested in the treatment of acute laminitis. Thrombosis which frequently occurs in the corium of the foot, could be controlled by administration of anticoagulants such as heparin. Alpha-receptor blocking agents such as phenoxybenzamine were used, to improve the peripheral blood flow. The use of these drugs and that of anti-inflammatory agents during the...
Necrosis of the collateral cartilage of the distal phalanx in horses: 16 cases (1970-1985). The medical records of 16 horses with necrosis of the collateral cartilage of the distal phalanx were reviewed. Typical history included a laceration or puncture wound over the affected cartilage, resulting in persistent drainage proximal to the coronary band. All horses had signs of lameness. The duration of drainage prior to admission to the hospital ranged from 5 days to 5 months. The involved cartilages were left front lateral (n = 4), right front lateral (n = 5), left rear lateral (n = 1), right rear lateral (n = 4), left front medial (n = 1), and left rear medial (n = 1). The affected ca...
Opsonins in uterine washings influencing in vitro activity of equine neutrophils. Uterine washings were found to promote neutrophil mediated killing of Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Depletion of complement and/or specific antibody from the washings significantly reduced bactericidal activity. Phagocytosis of yeast by uterine washings was complement dependent. Inhibition of the classical pathway significantly reduced opsonic activity indicating that, in addition to direct activation via the alternate pathway, antibody may also be involved in yeast phagocytosis.
Clinical, histopathological, and immunological responses of ponies to Ehrlichia sennetsu and subsequent Ehrlichia risticii challenge. Ehrlichia risticii has a close antigenic relationship to E. sennetsu. Sera of ponies experimentally infected with E. risticii, the etiologic agent of Potomac horse fever, consistently reacted with E. sennetsu, a human pathogen, in indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) testing, while human E. sennetsu convalescent serum reacted with E. risticii by IFA testing and immunoferritin labeling of cells infected in vitro. Two ponies injected intravenously with live E. sennetsu did no develop clinical illness. Subsequent injection with live E. sennetsu did not develop clinical illness. Subsequent injectio...
Kairi virus identified from a febrile horse in Argentina. A virus isolated from the blood of a febrile horse in Argentina was identified as a strain of Kairi virus. This is the fifth Bunyamwera serogroup virus isolated from livestock and wild animals in the Americas. Bunyamwera serogroup viruses have been isolated from febrile humans in the Americas and Africa.
A comparison of enterotomies through the antimesenteric band and the sacculation of the small (descending) colon of ponies. Three pairs of longitudinal enterotomies were performed in the small colon of 10 ponies. Each pair consisted of one enterotomy through the antimesenteric band and one through the sacculation. The ponies were destroyed 96 h after surgery. The enterotomies in the two sites were compared for: speed of surgery, adhesions, bursting wall tension, neovascularisation by micro-angiography, and histological reaction. Enterotomies made through the antimesenteric band were superior because they were quicker to perform, stronger, more accurately apposed, and had less inflammation than those made through th...
Continuous absorbable suture pattern in the closure of ventral midline abdominal incisions in horses. A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the healing of ventral midline abdominal incisions, closed with a simple continuous suture pattern using absorbable suture material, in 139 horses and foals. Dehiscence and incisional hernia developed separately in two horses. The low incidence of dehiscence and incisional hernia, compared with their reported incidence following the use of interrupted suture repair, leads the authors to recommend this alternative method of abdominal incision closure in horses. The security of closure is not sacrificed and the advantages of a rapid closure are des...
Delayed repair of an extensive lip laceration in a colt using an Estlander flap. A vascularized full-thickness Estlander flap was used to repair a defect involving approximately 40% of the left lower lip of a colt. Postoperative problems were (1) providing nutritional support, (2) minimizing movement at the surgical site, and (3) partial wound dehiscence resulting in a salivary fistula. The surgical site healed well and the colt was left with a fully functional and cosmetic lower lip.
BCG emulsion immunotherapy of equine sarcoid. Of 61 horses with sarcoids treated with intralesional injection of a double emulsion incorporating inactivated bacillus Calmette Guérin organisms, 36 (59 per cent) showed complete regression and 11 (18 per cent) showed partial regression. The majority of cases required only one treatment. Not all sarcoids were responsive to this therapy; those not responding were usually large or on horses with multiple sarcoids.
Ectopic ureter managed by unilateral nephrectomy in two female horses. Unilateral ureteral ectopia was diagnosed in three-year-old and 10-month-old fillies exhibiting urinary incontinence since birth. In one case reimplantation of the ureter onto the bladder was planned but considered to be impractical intra-operatively. Unilateral nephrectomy was performed successfully in both cases which alleviated the urinary incontinence. Both horses had normal urinary function postoperatively and became healthy, serviceable animals.
A propagating epizootic of equine infectious anemia on a horse farm. An epizootic of equine infectious anemia (EIA) involved 35 horses on a farm in south Georgia. During a 126-day period, 21 of these horses became seropositive for EIA. After the initial diagnosis in July, the horses were tested every 7 to 10 days. At least one additional horse was found to be seropositive on each testing day. As soon as they were determined to be seropositive, the horses were removed from the herd and sent to slaughter. The removal of the seropositive horses, however, did not stop the epizootic. We believe the initial infection was from a 7-year-old stallion that recently had b...
Attempts to prevent equine post neurectomy neuroma formation through retrograde transport of two neurotoxins, doxorubicin and ricin. Digital neurectomies, performed to relieve pain and lameness, are often complicated postoperatively by formation of painful neuromas. In this study attempts were made to deliver lethal doses of neurotoxin to the cell bodies of the transected digital nerve fibres via long-distance retrograde axon transport and, thereby, prevent the regenerative changes that lead to neuroma formation. After applying doxorubicin in various ways to the digital nerve stumps of ponies, degenerating or necrotic neurones appeared only sporadically in the spinal ganglia. Although doxorubicin was largely ineffective in ...
Production of monovalent anti-Bothrops asper antivenom: development of immune response in horses and neutralizing ability. A monovalent antivenom was produced by immunizing two horses with venom of the pit viper Bothrops asper (Ophidia: Viperidae). Although development of the immune response against four toxic and enzymatic activities of the venom was similar in both horses during the first two thirds of the immunization schedule, antibody response in one of the horses reached much higher levels in the last part of the immunization. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis indicates that there were precipitating antibodies in the sera of these horses during all the stages of immunization. However, immunoprecipitation did no...
The use of intraneural doxorubicin in association with palmar digital neurectomy in 28 horses. Painful neuroma formation after palmar digital neurectomy in the horse is common. Experimentally, injection of doxorubicin (Adriamycin) into the proximal transected nerve stump has been shown to prevent axon sprouting and neuroma formation for up to 5 months. This procedure was used in 28 horses with navicular disease, preexisting painful neuroma, or wing fractures of the distal phalanx. At 1 month, 16 horses had incisional complications. At 1 year, 15 horses were sound. Eight horses were lame, although three were improved. Three horses required a second surgical procedure, two of which became...
The effects of fixation of the ulna to the radius in young foals. The effects of radioulnar fixation were studied in 21 Quarter horse foals by applying a bone plate to the caudal aspect of the proximal part of the ulna, with screws engaging both the radius and the ulna. The plates were applied at 1 month of age in six foals (group I), 5 months of age in six foals (group II), and 7 months of age in three foals (group III). Six foals underwent sham operations at 1 month of age to serve as controls (group IV). Ulnar dysplasia and elbow subluxation developed in all treated foals. The magnitude of ulnar dysplasia was inversely related to the patient's age at fixa...
Evaluation of ivermectin for larvicidal effect in experimentally induced Parascaris equorum infections in pony foals. A controlled test was carried out on 15 pony foals inoculated with 1,500 +/- 108.8 infective Parascaris equorum eggs. The foals were assigned to 3 treatment groups. Treatments given on postinoculation day 11 included 0.2 mg of ivermectin/kg of body weight, formulated as paste (n = 5), or liquid (n = 5), or no treatment (controls; n = 5). The foals were euthanatized on postinoculation day 25, and examined for larvae in the small intestine, lungs, and liver. Larvae were not found in foals treated with ivermectin liquid or paste, whereas significantly (P less than 0.05) higher mean numbers (960.9...
A method for reproducing fatal idiopathic colitis (colitis X) in ponies and isolation of a clostridium as a possible agent. Severe colitis was induced in two ponies after oral pretreatment with clindamycin and lincomycin, followed by intestinal content from two horses which had died from naturally-occurring idiopathic colitis. Two ponies treated with antibiotic alone, and two ponies treated with intestinal content alone, were unaffected. In a further study, three ponies treated on separate occasions with lincomycin, administered orally, died or were destroyed 67 to 72 h after initial treatment. No established salmonella, yersinia or campylobacter pathogens were isolated from these ponies, but a clostridium closely ...
Effects of cimetidine and ranitidine on basal gastric pH, free and total acid contents in horses. The basal gastric pH, free and total acid contents from five adult horses were determined at two-hour intervals for six- to eight-hour periods. The basal gastric pH, free and total acid contents varied from 2.14 +/- 0.08 to 2.41 +/- 0.14, 28.63 +/- 8.27 to 17.89 +/- 2.86 mmol litre-1 and 41.38 +/- 9.72 to 37.38 +/- 3.70 mmol litre-1, respectively. Cimetidine (8.8 mg kg-1 orally) and ranitidine (2.2 mg kg-1 orally) increased the basal gastric pH to above 3.6 (P less than 0.05) with a concomitant reduction of 75 per cent and 75 to 100 per cent in the basal gastric free acid content, respectively...
Surgical repair of urethral transection in a horse. A recently castrated horse was examined because of preputial and ventral abdominal swelling, prolapse of the preputial fold, and serosanguinous fluid dripping from the external urethral orifice. After a poor response to initial medical management, a urethral laceration was found during exploratory surgery. Half of the ventral portion of the corpus cavernosum penis had been transected. Primary closure was followed by healing without complications.
World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of equine anthelmintics. These guidelines have been designed to assist in the planning, operation and interpretation of studies which would serve to assess the efficacy of drugs against internal parasites of horses. Although the term anthelmintic is used in the title and text, these guidelines include studies on drug efficacy against larvae of horse bot flies, Gasterophilus spp, which are non-helminth parasites commonly occurring in the stomach of horses. The advantages, disadvantages and application of critical and controlled tests are presented. Information is also provided on selection of animals, housing, feed, do...
