Disease treatment in horses encompasses a range of medical interventions and management strategies aimed at addressing various health conditions affecting equine species. These treatments can include pharmacological approaches, such as the administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiparasitic medications, as well as non-pharmacological methods like physical therapy, dietary adjustments, and surgical procedures. The selection of appropriate treatments depends on the specific disease, its severity, and the individual needs of the horse. This topic brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, safety, and advancements in therapeutic options for equine diseases, providing insights into best practices and emerging trends in equine veterinary medicine.
Bitsch V.A venereal disease usually designated equine coital exanthema (ECE) has been observed in horses all over the world. In a very few oases a virus, claimed to be the causative agent of the disease, has been isolated.
Knottenbelt DC, Jones RS, Brazil TJ, Proudman CJ, Edwards SR, Harrison LJ.One hundred and-two horses requiring to be euthanased for a variety of reasons were killed by the intravenous injection of a mixture of quinalbarbitone sodium (400 mg/ml) and cinchocaine hydrochloride (25 mg/ml). The dose rates used were 1 ml/10, 15, 20 and 30 kg bodyweight, and the time of injection was varied between 5 and 25 seconds. The average time to collapse from the start of the injection was 34 seconds and the average time to clinical death was 230 seconds. Slow injection (particularly of the low dose rates) and premedication with detomidine resulted in a longer time to collapse (medi...
Dyke TM.Tables of values of pharmacokinetic variables (volume of distribution, total body clearance, and plasma elimination half-life) of drugs frequently administered to performance horses are accompanied by explanatory notes. Drugs described include the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, anabolic steroids, central nervous system-modifying drugs, respiratory system drugs, diuretics, local anesthetics, and antibacterial drugs.
Speirs VC, Anderson GA, Bourke JM.The efficacy of treating carpal lesions by arthrotomy was evaluated in 210 Thoroughbred racehorses, using survival analysis to compare their racing performances and earnings with those of 840 control horses. The treated horses were significantly inferior with respect to races contested, and wins plus places (P less than 0.001) and races won (P less than 0.01). There was no difference with respect to earnings (P less than 0.1); after adjusting for other factors, arthritis, site of fracture and presence of a displaced chip had no effect on racing performance in horses with a single-site lesion i...
Gill Harris reports from this year's National Equine Forum where a key theme was the importance of collaboration and effective communication in achieving the best outcomes for the health and welfare of the horse and the future of equestrianism in the UK.
Epp TL.A 4.5-month-old quarter horse colt was presented with severe right hind metatarsophalangeal varus, present since birth. On radiographs, it was determined that there was a 16 degree deviation with the pivot point at the distal physis of the 3rd metatarsal bone. A step ostectomy in the sagittal plane corrected the deformity. Un poulain Quarter horse âgé de 4,5 mois a été présenté pour une difformité congénitale métatarsophalangienne varus du membre postérieur droit. Une déviation de 16° par rapport au point de pivotement au niveau de la plaque de croissance distale du 3 métatarse a...
Stevens KA, Caruso JC, Fallahi AKM, Patiño JM.Since initial reports suggesting primary tendon repair as possible and even desirable emerged in the 1960s, significant advancements in the understanding of flexor tendon anatomy, biology, mechanisms of response to injury, and methods of repair, have been made. Recent research highlights enhanced improvements in operative techniques and rehabilitative care that have made primary flexor tendon repair a preferred operative approach for lacerations and can successfully achieve a reliable flexor tendon repair site, optimizing digital motion. The formative goals of surgical treatment for lacerated ...
Lanci A, Ingallinesi M, Morini M, Freccero F, Castagnetti C, Mariella J.Hydramnios is an excessive accumulation of fluid within the amniotic compartment. It is a rare condition in mares, often associated with fetal anomalies. Hydrops of fetal membranes predisposes to the rupture of the prepubic tendon, and many authors suggest the induction of parturition to preserve mare's reproductive career. This report presents the case of a 15-year-old multiparous Quarter Horse mare, referred at 268 days of gestation for suspected hydrops. Repeated ultrasonographic exams confirmed an increase in the depth of the amniotic fluid and reduced fetal viability. During the hospitali...
Ansorge J, Sudres JL.The use of a horse or pony as a therapeutic tool is often presented in the media as a recent phenomenon. A survey of 103 institutions shows that it is in fact an approach well rooted in child and adolescent psychiatry. However, professionals who use equine-assisted therapy are calling for an assessment to be carried out enabling them to hone their practices.
Selected equine cutaneous diseases for which there is strong evidence of an immunological aetiology are discussed in this section. The reactive disorders of urticaria, Culicoides hypersensitivity, erythema multiforme, drug eruptions and systemic granulomatous disease are included. The autoimmune diseases of the horse with cutaneous manifestations (pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid and cutaneous lupus erythematosus) are discussed. The clinical signs and diagnostic features of these immunologically induced equine dermatoses are defined, and the challenges in making a de...
Current and emerging issues: reminder of the notifiable status of porcine epidemic diarrhoeaHighlights from the scanning surveillance networkUpdate on international disease threatsReview of animal health threats by the Veterinary Risk Group These are among matters discussed in the Animal and Plant Health Agency's (APHA's) disease surveillance report for July 2017.
Coffman JR, Johnson JH, Tritschler LG, Garner HE, Scrutchfield WL.Fourteen horses (7 treated with orgotein and 7 treated with a placebo) with navicular disease were studied on a double blind basis. All 14 horses had clinical and radiographic evidence of navicular disease. Orgotein and the placebo were administered by juxtabursal injection. Of the 7 orgotein-treated horses, 3 responded but none of the 7 placebo-treated horses responded. The difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05).
Urch DL, Allen WR.The efficacy of orally administered fenbendazole on lung and intestinal parasitism in equids was investigated in a mixed herd of pony mares, jenny donkeys and foals. A single dose of 7.5 mg fenbendazole/kg body weight effectively removed intestinal parasites from the ponies, donkeys and foals, but higher doses and repeated treatments failed to eliminate lungworm infections in donkeys. The finding of eosinophilia proved useful in detecting lungworm infections in donkeys.
Busschers E, Richardson DW, Hogan PM, Leitch M.To describe the characteristics of unilateral mid-body proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) fractures, to determine factors associated with the outcome of horses after surgical repair, and to describe a technique for arthroscopically assisted screw fixation in lag fashion. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Horses (n=25) with unilateral mid-body PSB fracture. Methods: Medical records (1996-2006), radiographs, and arthroscopic videos of horses with surgically repaired unilateral mid-body PSB fractures were reviewed. Retrieved data included signalment, affected limb and PSB, fracture character...
Valberg SJ, Baird JD.Pelvic limb movement disorders unrelated to lameness or proprioceptive ataxia have been described in horses for centuries. The two best described are Shivering and Stringhalt. Shivering is unique in that it is primarily apparent when horses are asked to walk backward, without affecting forward gaits until quite advanced. Horses exhibit abduction and either hyperflexion or marked hyperextension of one or both pelvic limbs when walking backward, resulting in a pause at the peak of the stride cycle and reluctance to move backward. Generally, Stringhalt differs from Shivering in that it produces c...
Smith HJ.From 1967--1978 observations were made on the presence of the small equine pinworm, Probstmayria vivipara, in seven experimental ponies. The life cycle of this nematode is unusual in that it is endogenous with development of all stages occurring within the host's digestive tract. Initially, worms were found in the feces of four of seven ponies following treatment with thiabendazole but the infection was later transmitted to all ponies possibly via coprophagy. Still later, based on fecal and postmortem examinations, four of the seven ponies lost their pinworm burdens. At necropsy, the principal...
Valdez H, Adams OR.After preliminary studies on cadavers, a surgical approach was developed for removal of the medial meniscus, offering maximal exposure and minimal trauma to the articular surfaces of the medial tibial plateau and femoral condyle. Medial meniscectomy was then performed on 10 clinically normal horses that had been given general anesthesia. Nine horses were euthanatized at intervals of 1 to 6 months, and the joints were evaluated grossly and histologically. (One horse will be examined 1 year after surgery). Medial meniscus tears were diagnosed in 5 horses; medial meniscectomy was done on 4 horses...
Lorenz J, Brounts SH.This article reviews the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of sacroiliac joint injuries. These injuries can be acute or chronic and can involve soft tissue structures surrounding the joint or the bony structures of the joint. The several diagnostic modalities for sacroiliac injuries vary in usefulness and accessibility. Treatment of sacroiliac problems is usually supportive and nonspecific and includes the use of antiinflammatory medications and an appropriate exercise regimen. The prognosis depends on the cause, but severe injuries can limit a horse's future athletic activity.
Lewczuk D, Bereznowski A, Hecold M, Frąszczak M, Ruść A, Korwin-Kossakowska A, Szyda J, Kamiński S.Horses lose potential opportunities because of health problems. Available breeding strategies are not effective enough, probably also because of the different definition used and its genetic usefulness. The aim of the study was to compare the genetic background estimated by the genome-wide association study (GWAS) for osteochondrosis using two different scaling osteochondrosis (OC)/healthy and osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD)/healthy systems for evaluating the disease status of investigated fetlock joints. Two hundred one Warmblood horses trained for performance tests (87 stallions and 114 mare...
Voorhout G, Klein WR, Meutstege FJ.An avulsion fracture of the tendon of origin of the extensor digitorum longus muscle is reported in a horse and a cat. This avulsion fracture was due to injury in both animals. There was a striking similarity of radiographic findings in these animals, with involvement of the lateral trochlear ridge and lateral condyle of the femur. The horse was slaughtered because of a poor prognosis as a riding-horse. Fixation of the avulsed fragment with two Kirschner wires resulted in complete recovery in the cat.
Richard EA, Pitel PH, Lemaitre L, Jas D, Lekeux P, Pronost S, Fortier G.The aim of this study was to investigate neutrophil stimulation following experimentally-induced airway inflammation in healthy horses. Six horses received dexamethasone and four were then inoculated with equid herpesvirus-2 (EHV-2). Significant neutrophilia was detected in tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for up to 6 days. Concentrations of neutrophil elastase (NE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were significantly increased compared to baseline for up to 14 days in tracheal washes and both markers were significantly correlated with neutrophil counts. Serum levels of surfactant protei...
Hinchcliff KW, McGuirk SM, MacWilliams PS, Cooley AJ.Changes in renal function, determined by pharmacokinetics of phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP), and renal morphologic features were examined in adult pony mares given 20 mg of gentamicin sulfate/kg of body weight, IV, q 8 h (group A) n = 7 or isotonic saline solution, IV, q 8 h, n = 5 (group B) for 14 days. Susceptibility of ponies to gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis was varied. Two group-A ponies developed acute renal failure and were euthanatized before treatment day 14, whereas 5 group-A A ponies did not develop physical or behavioral abnormalities after 14 days of gentamicin administration. Al...
Ghaly P, Di Mascio D, Vicaretti M.A common source of infection in equine, , is an uncommon pathogen in humans, rarely identified as the cause for mycotic aortic aneurysms. Typically associated with consumption of unpasteurized milk or contact with horses, can result in severe bacteremia, endocarditis and meningitis. We describe the presentation and successful management of a 69-year-old retired equestrian who underwent infrarenal aortic resection and reconstruction using autologous right femoral vein for a mycotic aneurysm.
Hubbell JA, Muir WW.Clinical examination of the equine patient with acute abdominal pain should identify the affected body system and yield a provisional diagnosis. Determination of signalment, history, physical examination, and basic laboratory tests should assist in classification of the gastrointestinal disorder and direct the therapeutic plan. Determination of the definitive diagnosis of abdominal pain based on clinical examination is not crucial. For a successful outcome, efforts should be directed toward early recognition of the need for surgery and treatment of cardiovascular compromise in horses with seve...
Nijdam P, Elmas C, Fugazzola MC.A 1-month-old Miniature Shetland colt was presented to the Burg Müggenhausen Equine Clinic. Primary complaints were regurgitation of milk, bilateral white nasal discharge, and weakness. Physical examination, endoscopy of the esophagus, and contrast radiography led to the diagnosis of an esophageal stricture and aspiration pneumonia. Surgical treatment by means of an esophagomyotomy was performed. The foal improved only temporarily and multiple sessions of endoscopic balloon dilation of the esophagus were performed afterwards. 12 months after the final treatment the foal was healthy and had no...
Galey FD, Twardock AR, Goetz TE, Schaeffer DJ, Hall JO, Beasley VR.Twelve horses, with acute laminitis (primarily in the forefeet) at 12 hours after intragastric dosing with an aqueous extract of black walnut (Juglans nigra) heart-wood, were studied. The distribution of perfusion of blood to the foot and to outlined regions within the foot was quantified, using gamma scintigraphy of regionally infused 99mTc-labeled macroaggregated albumin, before and 12 hours after extract administration. Horses 1 to 3 were not studied further. Perfusion was quantified again for horses 4 to 12 at 84 hours after extract administration. At the onset of acute laminitis, horses 7...
Easley J.This article explains what is needed for successful extraction of diseased cheek teeth and how to realign the occlusal surface. Incisor teeth procedures and correcting abnormalities of cheek tooth crown wear are also discussed along with wolf and floating teeth.
Drudge JH, Lyons ET, Tolliver SC.In 1973-1974, 4 controlled tests were performed in pony foals (n = 17) raised parasite-free and experimentally infected with Strongyloides westeri. Administration of infective larvae by stomach tube in 1 test resulted in low-grade infections and tended to invalidate the test. Intraoral and percutaneous (intra-aural) administration of larvae resulted in suitable test infections for 1 and 2 tests, respectively. A paste formulation of dichlorvos at 36.3 mg/kg of body weight removal from 4 ponies. Treatment of 4 the dosage rate of 44 mg/kg was consistently effective (greater than 99% to 100%) for ...
Lee OJ, Koch TG.Inflammation-associated disorders are significant causes of morbidity in horses. Equine single-donor mesenchymal stromal cells (sdMSCs) hold promise as cell-therapy candidates due to their secretory nonprogenitor functions. This has been demonstrated by mononuclear cell suppression assays (MSAs) showing that sdMSCs are blood mononuclear cell (BMC) suppressive in vitro. sdMSCs derived from umbilical cord blood are of clinical interest due to their ease of procurement, multipotency, and immunomodulatory ability. Due to the inherent donor-to-donor heterogeneity of MSCs, the development of robust ...
Gehring R, Beard L, Wright A, Coetzee J, Havel J, Apley M.Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is probably the most common disease of geriatric horses. Affected horses show a variety of clinical signs, including hirsutism, polyuria/polydipsia, immunosuppression, muscle wasting, and laminitis. The most common treatment for PPID is pergolide, a dopamine agonist; however, there are no pharmacokinetic data about the use of this drug in horses. This article describes a study designed to address this complete lack of pharmacokinetic information. The pharmacokinetics of pergolide are described in a small group of relatively young, healthy mares (n =...
