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Topic:Disease
The study of diseases in horses encompasses a wide range of conditions affecting equine health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic abnormalities. These diseases can impact various systems within the horse, such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems, and can lead to significant health challenges. Research in this area focuses on understanding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of equine diseases. Common diseases studied include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, and laminitis. This page provides access to peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies of diseases in horses, contributing to the advancement of equine veterinary medicine.
Occurrence of Thelazia lacrymalis (Nematoda, Spirurida, Thelaziidae) in native horses in Italy. A survey on the prevalence of Thelazia spp. in the province of Bari (Apulia region, Italy) in slaughtered native horses was conducted from June 20, 1995 to April 3, 1996. Both eyes from 409 ten-month- to 4-year-old native animals were examined. Sixty horses (14.7%) were found parasitized by Thelazia lacrymalis. Three hundred-sixty one parasite specimens (220 females, 99 males and 42 larvae) were collected with a mean count burden of 6.0-5.1 (range 1 to 20) per head. T. lacrymalis specimens were found free in the conjunctiva and behind the nictitancte, in the excretory ducts of the Harderian gl...
Clinical, bacteriologic, serologic, and pathologic features of infections with atypical Taylorella equigenitalis in mares. To characterize clinical, serologic, bacteriologic, cytologic, and pathologic endometrial responses of mares to 2 donkey-origin atypical bacterial isolates resembling Taylorella equigenitalis. Methods: Prospective in vivo study. Methods: 10 healthy mares. Methods: Mares in estrus (2/group) were inoculated by intrauterine infusion with 2 isolates of classic T equigenitalis or 2 isolates of atypical Taylorella sp or were sham-inoculated. Bacteriologic, serologic, clinical, uterine, cytologic, and pathologic endometrial responses were assessed 4, 11, 21, 35, and 63 days after inoculation and on d...
Tyzzer’s disease in an 11-day-old foal. An 11-day-old pony became depressed, anorectic, and pyrexic 2 days after the topsoil of its paddock had been turned over. Rapid progression to colic and head pressing occurred, despite intensive therapy for Tyzzer's disease, and the foal died within 7 h of the appearance of central nervous system signs.
Foaling-management practices associated with the occurrence of enterocolitis attributed to Clostridium perfringens infection in the equine neonate. Enterocolitis associated with Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) infection in neonatal foals is often severe and has been associated with a high case-mortality risk. We designed a premises-based survey to evaluate the associations of regional foaling practices, premises environmental management, periparturient foal and brood-mare management, and periparturient brood-mare ration with the occurrence of neonatal enterocolitis attributed to C. perfringens infection. Potential risk factors individually associated with enterocolitis were breed type, housing type at foaling and in the first thr...
Thoracoabdominal asynchrony failed to grade airway obstructions in foals. Respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) can be used to obtain a valid measure of tidal volume in humans. This device also compares the contributions to ventilation of the thorax and abdomen. Although thoracoabdominal asynchrony is a prominent clinical feature for patients with airway obstruction, the accuracy of the RIP device to assess the severity of obstruction is unclear. This study analyzes how well RIP variables reflect the degree of a fixed external inspiratory plus expiratory resistive load in foals. Foals were employed because the species and age group are commonly afflicted with ...
Risk factors for enterolithiasis among horses in Texas. To identify risk factors for enterolithiasis in horses. Methods: Matched case-control study. Methods: 26 horses with enteroliths, 104 horses with other causes of colic that underwent surgery (52 horses, surgical control group) or were treated medically (52 horses, nonsurgical control group). Methods: Medical records were reviewed for horses with enteroliths and control horses. Information collected included signalment, anamnesis, and findings on physical examination and clinicopathologic testing at admission. Horses with enteroliths and control horses were compared by means of conditional logi...
Detecting Taxus poisoning in horses using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. A method is described for the analysis of taxine alkaloids by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. It is applicable to the detection of taxine alkaloids in the stomach contents of horses in which Taxus poisoning is suspected. Analysis of a leaf extract of Taxus baccata revealed unreported alkaloids of the same relative molecular mass as taxine B and isotaxine B.
Cross-sectional study of faecal shedding of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum among packstock in the Sierra Nevada Range. Faecal specimens from 305 horses and mules used as packstock at one of 17 commercial or governmental (National Park Service, US Forest Service) operations were examined for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum using immunofluorescent microscopy. Fourteen packstock (4.6%) were shedding G. duodenalis cysts, with herd-level prevalences ranging 0-22%. Number of packstock in the corral, size of corral and density of packstock in the corral were associated with the odds of shedding G. duodenalis cysts. None of the horses had detectable C. parvum oocysts. Assuming a sensitivity of at least 4...
Molten globule structure of equine beta-lactoglobulin probed by hydrogen exchange. The molten globule structure of equine beta-lactoglobulin has been inferred from the hydrogen exchange protection of the backbone amide protons. In order to make it possible to measure the hydrogen exchange kinetics of the individual backbone amide protons, the uniformly (15)N-labeled recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and the NMR peak assignment was obtained for most of the backbone protons. The chemical shift and NOE results obtained under the condition where the protein assumes the native structure are fully consistent with the known secondary structure of bovine beta-lac...
Cross reactivity between human erythropoietin antibody and horse erythropoietin. Erythropoietin (EPO) is the primary hormone of erythropoiesis. Administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhuEPO) to improve racing performance in the horse represents a new form of blood doping, which has been associated with increased mortality. While immunoassay kits have become plentiful, very few commercial hormone assays are made specifically for equine research. There is a strong degree of sequence homology reported for EPO among species, which has allowed antibodies designed for human EPO research to be used to determine EPO concentration in other species. The objective of the...
Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae associated with an equine wound infection. No abstract available
Extramedullary plasmacytoma in a horse with ptyalism and dysphagia. A Clydesdale mare was examined for weight loss, inappetence, ptyalism, and dysphagia. The main abnormality revealed by serum biochemistry was a marked hyperglobulinemia, and protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal gammopathy in the gamma region. The urine was positive for Bence Jones proteins. These findings suggested a plasma cell tumor. The neoplasm could not be located with extensive antemortem examination. At postmortem, neoplastic cells morphologically compatible with plasma cells and positive for equine IgG with imunoperoxidase staining infiltrated the pericardium, mediastinal stro...
Cerebello-olivary and lateral (accessory) cuneate degeneration in a juvenile American Miniature horse. A 12-month-old American Miniature horse colt was presented to the Virginia Tech Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a 7-month history of progressive ataxia. Physical examination revealed a head intention tremor, base-wide stance, and ataxia. Necropsy findings were confined to the brain. There were bilateral areas of liquefactive necrosis and cavitation corresponding to the dorsal accessory olivary and lateral (accessory) cuneate nuclei. Cerebellar folia of the dorsal vermis were thin. Microscopically, the cerebellar cortex was characterized by patchy areas of Purkinje cell loss with associated v...
Lymphangiosarcoma in a horse. A 15-year-old Dutch Warmblood mare presented with respiratory distress and anorexia. Clinical examination revealed liquothorax and an abdominal mass. At necropsy, an infiltrating tumour was found in the visceral trunk, continuing through the diaphragm into the mediastinum. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry and electronmicroscopy showed empty channels lined by atypical endothelial cells, and neoplastic cells in a disorganized pattern, consistent with the diagnosis of a lymphangiosarcoma.
The predicted metal-binding region of the arterivirus helicase protein is involved in subgenomic mRNA synthesis, genome replication, and virion biogenesis. Equine arteritis virus (EAV), the prototype Arterivirus, is a positive-stranded RNA virus that expresses its replicase in the form of two large polyproteins of 1,727 and 3,175 amino acids. The functional replicase subunits (nonstructural proteins), which drive EAV genome replication and subgenomic mRNA transcription, are generated by extensive proteolytic processing. Subgenomic mRNA transcription involves an unusual discontinuous step and generates the mRNAs for structural protein expression. Previously, the phenotype of mutant EAV030F, which carries a single replicase point mutation (Ser-2429...
Forced expiration: a test for airflow obstruction in horses. The purpose of this study was to assess whether our method of inducing forced expiration detects small airway obstruction in horses. Parameters derived from forced expiratory flow-volume (FEFV) curves were compared with lung mechanics data obtained during spontaneous breathing in nine healthy horses, in three after histamine challenge, and in two with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pre- and posttherapy with prednisone. Parameters measured in the healthy horses included forced vital capacity (FVC = 41.6 +/- 5.8 liters; means +/- SD) and forced expiratory flow (FEF) at various perc...
Identification and phylogenetic comparison of Salem virus, a novel paramyxovirus of horses. A virus that could not be identified as a previously known equine virus was isolated from the mononuclear cells of a horse. Electron microscopy revealed enveloped virions with nucleocapsid structures characteristic of viruses in the Paramyxoviridae family. The virus failed to hemabsorb chicken or guinea pig red blood cells and lacked neuraminidase activity. Two viral genes were isolated from a cDNA expression library. Multiple sequence alignments of one gene indicated an average identity of 45% as compared to Morbillivirus N protein sequences. A weaker relationship was found with Tupaia paramy...
Susceptibility of equine erythrocytes to oxidant-induced rheologic alterations. To evaluate the rheologic responses of equine versus human RBC to oxidant stress induced by superoxide anions. Methods: Equine blood samples were obtained from 8 healthy, 3- to 6-year-old various breed horses of either sex; human blood samples were obtained from 8 healthy adults. Methods: Washed RBC were exposed to superoxide anions generated by the xanthine oxidase (XO)-hypoxanthine system (XO activity of 0 to 0.1 U/ml). Deformability of RBC was assessed by ektacytometry, and RBC aggregation was measured in autologous plasma or 3% solution of dextran 70 via a defined-shear photometric techniq...
Effect of inhaled nitric oxide on experimentally induced pulmonary hypertension in neonatal foals. To evaluate the efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) in anesthetized healthy newborn foals with experimentally induced pulmonary hypertension. Methods: Five 1- to 3-day-old foals. Methods: Anesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol, and foals were intubated and mechanically ventilated. Systemic pressure and pulmonary arterial pressure (P(PA)) were recorded every 30 seconds. Hypertension was induced via a hypoxic gas mixture or chemical vasoconstriction, using the thromboxane mimetic U46619. Nitric oxide was added at a concentration of 80 parts per million (ppm) for 6 minutes under ba...
Resistance of Rhodococcus equi to acid pH. Rhodococcus equi is an important gram-positive intracellular facultative pathogen in foals of less than 3 months of age, that causes suppurative bronchopneumonia, lymphadenitis and/or enteritis. The disease in young foals mainly occurs in spring and summer when weather conditions are favorable for survival and multiplication of the bacteria in the environment. R. equi is widespread in the environment of horsebreeding farms: it has been isolated from the soil of paddocks and from the feces of adult horses and foals. Aerosol infection via dust of paddocks seems to be the major route of foal infe...
An equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) abortion storm at a riding school. An outbreak of EHV1 abortions occurred at a riding school in The Netherlands in 1991. Seven of twelve pregnant mares aborted, and another foal died at 8 days of age. Six abortions occurred within 12 days in March after an initial abortion on 8 February. Four mares delivered live foals. Virological examination of four aborted foals revealed an EHV1 infection. Serological results for paired sera from 17 horses suggested, that the initial abortion on 8 February was the index case, and probably caused the other six abortions. The index case could well have been caused by reactivation of latent vir...
Development of a fluorescence polarization-based diagnostic assay for equine infectious anemia virus. The control of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infections of horses has been over the past 20 years based primarily on the identification and elimination of seropositive horses, predominantly by a standardized agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay in centralized reference laboratories. This screening for EIAV-seropositive horses has been to date hindered by the lack of a rapid diagnostic format that can be easily employed in the field. We describe here the development of a rapid solution-phase assay for the presence of serum antibodies to EIAV based on fluorescence polarization (FP) (pat...
