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Topic:Disease
The study of diseases in horses encompasses a wide range of conditions affecting equine health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic abnormalities. These diseases can impact various systems within the horse, such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems, and can lead to significant health challenges. Research in this area focuses on understanding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of equine diseases. Common diseases studied include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, and laminitis. This page provides access to peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies of diseases in horses, contributing to the advancement of equine veterinary medicine.
[Legionella antibodies in domestic animals]. Serological examination of 420 domestic animals for the presence of antilegionella antibodies indicates their high exposure to legionellae. On examination by the microagglutination reaction with a serum dilution of 1:64 or more the highest positive values were recorded in horses which reacted with antigens of L. pneumophila 1-14 in 36.2% and with antigens of another 19 types of legionellae in 47.8%. In pigs positive values recorded in 16.2% and in 21.1%; in cattle in 3.8% and 29.5%, in sheep in 7.5% and 11.3% and laboratory rabbits were quite negative. The importance of these findings with reg...
Secretion of tumor necrosis factor by endotoxin-treated equine mammary exudate macrophages: effect of dexamethasone and pentoxifylline. Secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by equine mammary exudate macrophages (MEM phi) exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was dose-dependent and was maximal (216.5 +/- 51.9 U/ml) at 100 micrograms LPS/ml, the highest concentration tested. All concentrations of dexamethasone tested (10(-8) to 10(-4) M) significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) inhibited TNF production by MEM phi when the agent was added 1 hour before LPS. Pretreatment with pentoxifylline at concentrations greater than 3 micrograms/ml also significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) reduced secretion of TNF by M...
The development of naturally acquired cyathostome infection in ponies. Groups of animals of different ages and experience of previous parasite exposure were allowed to graze a single pasture for 5 weeks in autumn (7 October to 11 November). There was evidence that previous exposure modified cyathostome development, as acquired burdens in foals which had previously grazed were smaller and developed more slowly than those of helminth-naive animals of the same age. The burdens acquired by yearling and adult ponies were of a similar size to those of the previously grazed foals, but the incidence of arrested development was higher in the younger groups of foals and ye...
Identification of equine herpesvirus 4 glycoprotein G: a type-specific, secreted glycoprotein. Equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV4) glycoproteins of M(r) 63K and 250K were identified in the supernatant of infected cell cultures. The 63K glycoprotein was type-specific; that is, it reacted with monospecific sera from horses that had been immunized or infected with EHV4, but not with monospecific sera from horses immunized or infected with EHV1, a closely related alphaherpesvirus. It was postulated that the secreted protein may be the homologue of similarly secreted glycoproteins of herpes simplex virus 2 glycoprotein G (HSV2 gG) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) gX, which is the homologue of HSV2 gG. T...
Clinical and biochemistry findings, and parathyroid hormone concentrations in three horses with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Three cases of horses with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSH) are described. The horses showed typical thickening of the maxillae and mandibular bones with or without lameness. Laboratory findings included elevated concentrations of parathyroid hormone (carboxy-terminal and mid-molecule fractions), alkaline phosphatase and an increase in the fractional excretion rate of serum inorganic phosphorus.
A one-stage repair of third-degree perineal lacerations and rectovestibular fistulae in 17 mares. Third-degree perineal lacerations or rectovestibular fistulae in 17 mares were repaired surgically by a one-stage method. Primary healing occurred in 14 mares; there were one complete dehiscence and two partial dehiscences with fistula formation. Twelve of 13 mares that were bred became pregnant; nine carried foals to term and two are still pregnant. Two mares have each produced one unthrifty foal. One mare repeatedly aborts in the first trimester. Four mares have produced several healthy foals with no further problems. One mare suffered further perineal trauma while foaling.
Idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the equine small intestine: 11 cases (1980-1991). The medical records of 11 horses with idiopathic muscular hypertrophy (MH) of the small intestine were reviewed to determine the clinical and pathological features of the disease. The median age of affected horses was 10.0 years (range 5-18 years). No breed or sex predisposition was apparent. Ten horses (91%) had chronic (23 days to 2.4 years) signs of mild, intermittent colic, and 1 horse had signs of severe colic of only 3 days' duration. Partial anorexia and chronic weight loss of variable duration (1-6 months) were prominent historical findings in 5 (45%) horses. Diagnostic tests, with the...
Cholelith causing duodenal obstruction in a horse. A 10-year-old Appaloosa stallion was referred for evaluation of colic. At admission, the heart rate, capillary refill time, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were high. Fifteen liters of reflux was obtained by nasogastric intubation. Palpation of an abdominal mass per rectum elicited signs of pain. At exploratory laparotomy, a mass was palpated in the ascending portion of the duodenum. The small intestine ruptured at the site of obstruction during manipulation. The horse was euthanatized. A large cholelith was the cause of the duodenal obstruction. At necropsy, multiple choleliths of va...
World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. Methods have been described to assist in the detection of anthelmintic resistance in strongylid nematodes of ruminants, horses and pigs. Two tests are recommended, an in vivo test, the faecal egg count reduction test for use in infected animals, and an in vitro test, the egg hatch test for detection of benzimidazole resistance in nematodes that hatch shortly after embryonation. Anaerobic storage for submission of faecal samples from the field for use in the in vitro test is of value and the procedure is described. The tests should enable comparable data to be obtained in surveys in all parts o...
Tubular duplication of the cervical portion of the esophagus in a foal. Tubular duplication of the cervical portion of the esophagus was diagnosed in a 10-day-old female Quarter Horse. The foal was examined because of the development of a 12- to 15-cm diameter mass at the caudal aspect of the mandible after suckling. The foal was dyspneic when in lateral recumbency. Radiography and ultrasonography revealed a fluid- and gas-filled mass. Endoscopy revealed a normal-appearing upper airway and esophagus. Complete surgical resection of the mass was successful. The mass had a 3-mm diameter communication with the esophageal lumen at the pharyngoesophageal oriface. Histol...
Use of end-tidal CO2 tension to predict arterial CO2 values in isoflurane-anesthetized equine neonates. End-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PetCO2) and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) were determined and compared in isoflurane-anesthetized spontaneously breathing equine neonates. End-tidal carbon dioxide and PaCO2 values increased with respect to time. Difference between values of PetCO2 and PaCO2 increased over time. End-tidal carbon dioxide tension was useful to predict changes in and was more closely correlated with PaCO2 early in the anesthetic period (T less than or equal to 60 minutes). The dead space volume to tidal volume (Vd/Vt) ratio increased with respect to time, indicating inc...
Regional limb perfusion for antibiotic treatment of experimentally induced septic arthritis. Septic arthritis was induced in one antebrachiocarpal joint of seven horses by the intra-articular injection of 1 mL Staphylococcus aureus suspension containing a mean of 10(5) colony-forming units. Twenty-four hours after inoculation, four horses were treated by regional perfusion with 1 g of gentamicin sulfate, and three horses received 2.2 mg/kg gentamicin sulfate intravenously (IV) every 6 hours. Synovial fluid was collected for culture and cytology at regular intervals, and the synovial membranes were collected for culture and histologic examination at euthanasia 24 hours after the first ...
Retrospective study of 38 cases of femur fractures in horses less than one year of age. Medical records of 38 horses less than 1 year of age and diagnosed as having a fracture of the femoral diaphysis, metaphysis or distal physis were evaluated. Twenty-six foals had fractures of the femoral diaphysis or metaphysis with the most common fracture configuration being comminuted. Twelve foals had distal physeal fractures with the most common fracture configuration being a Salter-Harris type II. Twenty-one foals with fractures of the capital femoral physis, neck or greater trochanter during the same time period were excluded from this study. Surgical repair was attempted in 16 diaphyse...
Effects of general anesthesia on myoelectric activity of the intestine in horses. Myoelectric activity was monitored from the terminal ileum, cecum, and colonic pelvic flexure by use of AgpAgCl bipolar electrodes in 4 adult horses before, during, and after general anesthesia. Horses were anesthetized by way of 3 commonly used regimens, including xylazine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight) and ketamine hydrochloride (2.2 mg/kg); thiopental sodium (7.7 mg/kg), followed by halothane vaporized in oxygen; and thiopental sodium (2.5 g) in guaifenesin (100 mg/ml) solution given to effect, followed by halothane in oxygen. All 3 anesthetic regimens decreased intestinal spike-burst activity ...
Radiologic evaluation of the horse relevant to purchase. Adequate radiographic evaluation of the horse relevant to purchase examination requires the successful integration of technique, interpretation, and reporting. A thorough knowledge of lameness and disease can be masked by incorrect interpretation resulting from poor-quality films or an incomplete examination. Thus, care must be taken to produce an adequate number of high-quality films on which to base a report, which allows you to describe changes that are present. This information, coupled with your physical examination, other laboratory data, and the knowledge of the expressed use of the hor...
Evaluation of two vaccines for the treatment of pythiosis insidiosi in horses. Two vaccines to treat phythiosis insidiosi in horses were evaluated in 71 Costa Rican horses between 1982 to 1988. One vaccine used a cell-mass (CMV) as antigen and the other a soluble concentrated antigen (SCAV). Both vaccines cured horses infected with Pythium insidiosum (p value approximately 14%). The age of lesions prior to vaccination was important in the response of the horses to immunotherapy. All horses with lesions 0.5 months or less in duration were cured regardless of the vaccine used. Horses with lesions two or more months old did not respond to either vaccine. The age of the hors...
[Plasma gastrin levels in horses with colic]. The plasma gastrin levels in fasted horses (21.1 +/- 15.6 pg/ml), in horses with spasmodic colic (7.3 +/- 5.4 pg/ml) and in horses with impaction of the left ventral large colon and/or pelvic flexure (11.4 +/- 3.1 pg/ml) were not significantly different. The plasma gastrin concentrations of horses with strangulation obstruction of the small intestine, large colon displacement or adynamic ileus, and which had no gastric reflux, were 12.9 +/- 8.7 pg/ml and did not differ from fasted gastrin levels. Horses which had 5-10 litres of stomach content reflux had a higher mean gastrin level (32.2 +/- 2...
Identification of eNAP-1, an antimicrobial peptide from equine neutrophils. Endogenous, cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides known as defensins are prominent components of human, rabbit, and rat neutrophils, yet little is known about their occurrence in other mammalian species. Although we did not detect mature (i.e., processed) defensins in equine neutrophil granules, we found that these granules contained small amounts of other cysteine-rich peptides with antimicrobial activity. One of these, eNAP-1, was purified by a combination of gel permeation and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography from acid extracts prepared from the cytoplasmic granules of e...
Detection of African horsesickness virus in infected spleens by a sandwich ELISA using two monoclonal antibodies specific for VP7. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA) for rapid detection of African horsesickness virus (AHSV) in infected spleens or cell culture supernatant was developed. This method uses two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which recognize two non-overlapping epitopes of the major core protein (VP7) to coat the solid phase, and one labeled with biotin as second antibody. This ELISA was evaluated for its ability to detect AHSV in infected spleens resulting in a sensitivity of 97.4% and a specificity of 100% compared with virus isolation in cell culture, and can be used for the detection of the n...
