The study of diseases in horses encompasses a wide range of conditions affecting equine health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic abnormalities. These diseases can impact various systems within the horse, such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems, and can lead to significant health challenges. Research in this area focuses on understanding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of equine diseases. Common diseases studied include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, and laminitis. This page provides access to peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies of diseases in horses, contributing to the advancement of equine veterinary medicine.
Platt H.A retrospective study was carried out on post-mortem and biopsy tissue samples from 26 horses with non-alimentary lymphoma. On the basis of their histopathology and cytology, the cases were grouped into several categories: (1) Lymphoblastic lymphomas (6 cases) and primary lymphoblastic leukaemia (2 cases). (2) Histiolymphocytic lymphomas involving the skin (6 cases) or lymph nodes (3 cases). (3) Lymphomas showing follicular development (4 cases). (4) Plasmacytic lymphomas (4 cases). (5) Lymphocytic lymphoma (1 case). Most affected horses were middle-aged or old but lymphoblastic neoplasms tend...
Divers TJ, Byars TD, Spirito M.Bilateral ureteral defects were diagnosed as the cause of depression and azotemia in an 8-day-old Thoroughbred filly. The azotemia resulted from accumulation of urine in the retroperitoneal area. A ventral midline laparotomy was performed, and defects found in both the left and right ureter were repaired. Uroperitoneum and abdominal distention, presumably from urine leakage at the left ureteral surgery site, were detected on the fourth postoperative day and necessitated abdominal drainage. Thirty-six hours later, the leakage stopped spontaneously, and the foal recovered normally. This report s...
Harrison IW, Raker CW.Bilateral arytenoidectomy had been performed as treatment for bilateral arytenoid chondritis in 2 horses. After surgery, dorsal mucosal defects were associated with subsequent development of dorsal glottic stenosis in the 2 horses. When performing bilateral arytenoidectomy in the horse, care must be taken to eliminate dorsal mucosal defects that cross the midline. Failure to close these defects may result in glottic stenosis.
Boyd EH, Allen WE.Plasma concentrations of neomycin were measured after intrauterine infusion of 3.3 mg/kg neomycin sulphate. Mares infected two hours previously with an intra-uterine infusion of beta-haemolytic streptococci absorbed approximately 12 per cent of the neomycin in both the oestrous and the luteal phases of the cycle. Normal mares in oestrus absorbed 6 per cent of the neomycin infused and luteal mares absorbed 56 per cent. In infected mares the peak plasma concentrations occurred two hours after neomycin infusion, earlier than in healthy mares. Cervical flushings after neomycin infusion in infected...
Serteyn D, Deby-Dupont G, Pincemail J, Mottart E, Philippart C, Lamy M.Arachidonic acid cyclooxygenase metabolites, thromboxane B2 (TXB2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 (6-keto-PGF1) were measured in horses where anaesthesia was maintained with halothane. Two horses suffering from postanaesthetic myositis were compared with four normal horses. TXB2 and PGE2 levels were higher in mixed venous blood drawn from the myopathic horses. An increase of TXB2 and PGE2 levels appeared when myopathic horses were rolled into dorsal recumbency after a prolonged period of lateral recumbency. One hour after the end of anaesthesia, TXB2 had continued to incr...
Lyons ET, Drudge JH, Tolliver SC.During 1986, fecal specimens were collected 1 or more times from each of 164 horse foals (158 Thoroughbred and 6 mixed light horse type), ranging in age from 0 to 252 days, on 13 farms in central Kentucky. To detect natural infection with Eimeria leuckarti, feces were examined for oocysts. Oocysts were found in 67 (41%) of the foals on 11 (85%) of the farms. The earliest age at which oocysts were first detected was 15 days (1 foal); the latest age was 123 days (1 foal). The mean age for the first appearance of oocysts in the feces of the 67 foals positive for E leuckarti was approximately 70 d...
Thorén-Tolling K.Serum alkaline Phosphatase isoenzyme (ALP) activity was measured by agarose gel electrophoresis in horses, Swedish half-breds and trotters, of varying age and during different conditions of training. Thus the effects of aging and growing on the isoenzyme activities from birth up to about 3 years of age was studied. The influence of training during the first year of life on the ALP isoenzyme pattern was also evaluated. Furthermore the isoenzyme pattern in adult horses suffering from different kinds of diseases was studied.
In newborn and very young horses normally two different isoenzyme fra...
Cabañes FJ, Abarca L, Bragulat MR, Bruguera T.A phaeohyphomycotic infection caused by Alternaria alternata is reported in a 5-month-old Spanish mare. The diagnosis was made by direct microscopic examination and by repeated isolation of the fungus in culture. This is the first documented case to be reported in Spain.
Brethes B, Puech PL, Fraisse A, Dubois P, Domenech J, Bourdin P, Moreau JP, Capdevielle P, Desoutter D, Lechapt M.This epidemiological survey includes the study of human and animal leptospirosis in New Caledonia from clinical cases as well as a systematic serological study about exposed human and animal populations. The results show that this disease is endemic on the whole territory with a few important focuses in agricultural area, especially on the Western coast. Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae is the main serotype and is responsible for serious human leptospirosis. The male farmers constitute the most exposed population, especially from March to May, end of the host season. In order to reduce the import...
Dawson J, Lees P, Sedgwick AD.Equine polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) leucocytes were separated on Percoll gradients and used to study the chemoattractant properties of the polar ether-linked phospholipid, platelet activating factor (PAF). Six concentrations of PAF ranging from 1 ng/ml to 100 micrograms/ml were studied in each of two in vitro assay systems, the agarose microdroplet and a microfilter technique. Very significant (p less than 0.01) increases in the movement of both PMN and MN cells were obtained with most concentrations of PAF. In two instances there was no apparent concentration-response relation...
Hartmann E, Baumgärtner W, Hungerland C.The present report describes the clinical and pathological findings of a one year old foal presented with paralysis of the hind legs. Macroscopically and histologically, a lymphosarcoma in the vertebral body and the adjacent epidural space of T 16, in the spleen and the mesenterial lymph nodes was observed. The adjacent spinal cord showed focal degenerative changes characterized by dilatation of myelin sheaths, swollen axons and few macrophages.
Bermudez V, Miller RB, Johnson W, Rosendal S, Ruhnke L.The growth of Mycoplasma equigenitalium and Mycoplasma subdolum from specimens collected from the clitoral fossa of each of four Standardbred mares was not diminished by freezing of the specimens in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C) for up to 30 days when compared to samples cultured immediately.
Browning GF, Ficorilli N, Studdert MJ.Two previously unknown and distinct herpesviruses were isolated from donkeys. One, with the characteristics of a betaherpesvirus, was isolated from the leukocytes of an apparently healthy donkey, while the second, an alphaherpesvirus, was recovered from the nasal cavity of donkeys given high doses of corticosteroids, and caused rhinitis in two seronegative weanling donkeys when they were intranasally infected. Few, if any, restriction endonuclease fragments were shared by the donkey betaherpesvirus, equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV 2) or EHV 5, a second distinctly different equine betaherpesvirus, no...
Angelos J, Oppenheim Y, Rebhun W, Mohammed H, Antczak DF.The relationship between breed and the risk of developing sarcoid tumours or uveitis of unknown etiology was evaluated in a retrospective study of 16242 equine cases admitted between 1975 and 1987 to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine Large Animal Hospital, and 3198 equine tissue samples sent to the New York State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between 1977 and 1987. Of 120 sarcoid cases from the Large Animal Hospital, sarcoids were twice as likely to develop in Quarter Horses (odds ratio, OR = 1.8, P less than 0.05) relative to Thoroughbreds and less than half as likely to de...
Rusek J, Klumplerova M, Molinkova D, Sedlinska M, Dusek L, Muzik J, Putnova L, Vrtkova I, Celer V, Horin P.Individual variation in immune responses to herpesviruses was observed in various species. Here, associations between polymorphic molecular markers and life-long anti-EHV-1/4 antibody immune responses were analyzed in a model EHV-infected population of the Old Kladruber horses. Two-dimensional analysis including overall mean titers and titer dynamics expressed by differences between spring and autumn titers allowed identification of low-responders. 50 randomly selected microsatellites and nine single nucleotide polymorphisms in nine immunity-related candidate genes were genotyped. Due to diffe...
Green SL, Cochrane SM, Smith-Maxie L.Ten cases of equine Horner's syndrome were reviewed. None of the clinical signs in this series were transient (<48 hours). Sweating and ptosis were consistently observed by the attending clinician in over half of the affected horses. Enophthalmos and prolapse of the third eyelid were not reported consistently. The average duration of the clinical signs was 4.94 months and ranged from 14 days to 15 months. Eight of the ten horses developed associated complications, some of which affected performance. Airway obstruction and impedance of passage of a fiberoptic endoscope due to nasal mucosal e...
Mohan K, Muvavarirwa P, Pawandiwa A.Among the Actinobacillus spp. only A. lignieresii represents a homogenous and well studied taxon. However, haemolytic and non-haemolytic strains of A. equuli and A. suis are also isolated from a wide range of diseases in a variety of hosts. These isolates often pose problems in definitive identification. Consequently, several studies have been published, emphasizing the need for detailed studies to reclassify various members of this genus and also to assess their disease significance. We isolated 48 strains of Actinobacillus from clinical cases in horses, cattle, sheep, cat, pigs and ostrich. ...
Pinzón-Osorio CA, Meneses-Martínez H, Botero-Espinosa L, Herrera-Luna CV.A 10 year-old endurance Arabian mare was presented with an invasive, firm, multilobulated mass at the left ventral face of the tongue. The mare had a history of four months of ptyalism, dysphagia, severe halitosis, and dysmastication. The Evaluation of the horse included physical and oral examination, complete blood count and serum biochemistry profile, computed tomography evaluation of the head, and histopathology of the mass. The computerized tomography (CT) head scan showed the homogeneous mass in the oral cavity confirming the degree of invasion on the tongue, as well as a small mineral fo...
Dunkel B, Shokek AB, Wilkins PA.A neonatal foal with signs of rectal bleeding was diagnosed with an intraluminal rectal mass and intussusception on surgical exploration of the abdomen. Histologically, the mass consisted of cystic spaces lined by simple columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells and was surrounded by thin bands of smooth muscle in a myxomatous stroma. Although the mass shared similarities with retrorectal cystic hamartoma (tailgut cyst) and juvenile polyps, described in human medicine, location and histologic findings were not entirely consistent with either condition.
Richardson DW, Dodge GR.To clone the entire coding sequence of equine matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3, stromelysin) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and compare their nucleotide and amino acid sequences with those of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 from other species. Methods: Articular cartilage harvested from the joints of 4 foals, 2 yearlings, and 3 adult horses. Methods: A cDNA library was constructed from mRNA extracted from equine chondrocytes. The library was screened and clones selected that contained the cDNA for MMP-3 and TIMP-1. The cDNA was sequenced and the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequen...
Waelchli RO, Känzig M, Gygax A, Corboz L, Rüsch P.A total of 368 uterine swabs were taken from mares in heat (n = 202) and from mares that were not in heat (n = 166). From 72 of the mares, two swabs were taken; one during either seasonal anoestrus or dioestrus, and one during oestrus. Swabs were taken during anoestrus/dioestrus in 94 other mares and during oestrus in the remaining 130 mares. Bacteriological cultures were done aerobically and classified as negative, insignificant or significant. There was a trend for more positive cytological specimens during oestrus than during anoestrus/dioestrus. The proportions of significant cultures were...
Fox-Clipsham LY, Brown EE, Carter SD, Swinburne JE.The Fell and Dales are UK pony breeds that have small populations and may be at risk from in-breeding and inherited diseases. Foal immunodeficiency syndrome (FIS) is a lethal inherited disease caused by the recessive mutation of a single gene, which affects both Fell and Dales ponies and potentially other breeds that have interbred with either of these. FIS, previously known as Fell pony syndrome, is characterised by progressive anaemia and severe B lymphocyte deficiency. The identification of the causal mutation for this disease led to the recent development of a DNA-based carrier test. In th...
Harkiss GD, Brown DL, Smith DJ, Nagington J.Circulating immune complexes were isolated from the sera of cardiac allograft recipients by bovine conglutinin/anti-conglutinin co-precipitation, or by gel filtration and protein A-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The antibody moieties within these isolated immune complexes were tested for specificity against heterologous anti-thymocyte globulins by solid phase radioimmunoassay, and bacterial and viral antigens by indirect immunofluorescence. The results showed that in addition to possessing specific anti-equine anti-thymocyte globulin antibodies, immune complexes also contained cross-reacti...
Jungeblut CW.1. A flocculation reaction has been described which occurs between alcoholic extracts of pneumococci and antipneumococcus serum. 2. The reaction appears to be species-specific. It is not strictly type-specific, as slight or moderate cross-reactions occurred between Type I serums and Type II and Type III extracts. 3. The flocculating power of the serum from five horses undergoing immunization with pneumococcus, Type I, did not develop to any extent before the end of the 4th or 5th month. 4. In the case of two of these horses in which it was possible to carry out parallel tests on a larger numbe...
Hébert L, Rincé I, Sanna C, Laugier C, Rincé A, Petry S.The genus Taylorella is composed of two species: (i) Taylorella equigenitalis, the causative agent of CEM, a venereally transmitted infection of Equidae and (ii) Taylorella asinigenitalis, a closely related species considered to be nonpathogenic, although experimental infection of mares with this bacterium resulted in clinical signs of vaginitis, cervicitis or endometritis. Currently, there is a need for an alternative host model to further study the taylorellae species. In this context, we explored Galleria mellonella larvae as potential alternative model hosts for taylorellae. Our results sh...
Chicken C, Muscatello G, Freestone J, Anderson GA, Browning GF, Gilkerson JR.Disease caused by Rhodococcus equi is a significant burden to the horse breeding industry worldwide. Early detection of rhodococcal pneumonia, albeit important to minimise treatment costs, is difficult because of the insidious nature of the disease and the lack of definitive diagnostic tests. Objective: To investigate air sampling from the breathing zone of neonatal foals as a predictor of subsequent rhodococcal pneumonia. Methods: Air samples were collected from the breathing zone of 53 neonatal foals (age ≤10 days) and again at the time of routine ultrasonographic screening for R. equi p...
Timoney PJ, O'Reilly PJ, McArdle JF, Ward J, Harrington AM.Contagious equine metritis (CEM) was reproduced in 3 of 4 donkey mares with an Irish streptomycin-resistant strain of Haemophilus equigenitalis isolated from an experimental case of the disease in a pony mare. Although some variability in clinical response occurred, there was no evidence that semen enhanced the clinical severity of the infection. Variable amounts of vaginal discharge and associated inflammatory changes of the vagina and/or cervix, similar to those seen in the horse, were observed. All the affected donkeys made spontaneous clinical recoveries and so far as could be detected, su...
Bucak IH, Turgut K, Almis H, Turgut M.The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of patients presenting to a pediatric emergency department in a rural province of Turkey due to horse and donkey bites and to analyze whether these features differ from those of more common animal bites in rural areas. Methods: The records of patients presenting to the pediatric emergency department of a tertiary hospital due to horse and donkey bites over a 3-year period were examined retrospectively. Demographic data, month of presentation, animal species involved (horse or donkey), the body area bitten, treatment applied to the wound ...
MacKay RJ, King RR, Dankert JR, Reis KJ, Skelley LA.Blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages (AM) were harvested from foals (aged 46 days to 6 months) and cultured in either medium alone or medium containing 10 micrograms/ml bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After 24 h, culture supernates were collected and analyzed for cytotoxic activity on sensitized L929 cells. Both monocytes and AM that had been treated with LPS produced significantly more cytotoxic activity than the same cell type exposed to medium lacking LPS. LPS-treated macrophages secreted significantly more cytotoxic activity (120 +/- 17.8 U/ml) than did LPS-treated monocytes (47.3 ...
Ghanem YM, Ibrahim el-SM, Yamada S, Matsumura T, Osterrieder N, Yamaguchi T, Fukushi H.The pathogenicities of RacL11 and Kentucky D strains of equine herpesvirus 1 in the hamster infection model are different from those of Ab4p and the Japanese isolates. Virus genome restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequence comparison of an intergenic region, glycoproteins and tegument genes showed higher conservation but with some strain-specific differences. These results indicate that point nucleotide differences in RacL11 and Kentucky D might be responsible for their pathogenicity in rodent models.
Bass LG, Peña-Álvarez P, Hidalgo-Dittel JD, Robles-Herrera FD, Cappella-Flores PM, Zúñiga-Cortés DS, Olivares RWI.Sarcina spp. is a Gram-positive, coccoid microorganism that forms tetrads or octets, and is observed with a characteristic "bundle" arrangement. The most recognized species are Sarcina ventriculi and Sarcina maxima. It has been described as part of the normal microbiota in horses and cats, but it has also been linked to abomasal bloat in goats, lambs, and calves, although its causality has not been proven yet. This work presents the case of a 3-months-old female horse that died of generalized tympanism. Macroscopic findings showed mild cyanosis and abundant gas in the lumen of the stomach, and...
Lores M, Lofstedt J, Martinson S, Riley CB.A 15-day-old American Quarter horse colt was presented for depression and pyrexia. Peritonitis was diagnosed following peritoneal fluid analysis. Exploratory laparotomy revealed an area of focal necrosis over the dorsal wall of the urinary bladder leading to peritonitis and uroperitoneum. The affected area of the urinary bladder was resected and the peritonitis resolved with medical treatment. Péritonite et uropéritoine septiques secondaires à une omphalite subclinique et à une cystite nécrosante concomitante chez un poulain. Un poulain American Quarter Horse âgé de 15 jours a été pr...
Naudé TW, Gerber R, Smith RJ, Botha CJ.Datura poisoning of horses is extensively reviewed. An outbreak of intractable impaction colic affecting 18 of 83 horses was stopped by withdrawing dried tef hay contaminated with young Datura plants. The dried, botanically identified Datura stramonium and D. ferox contained respectively 0.15% mass/mass (m/m) hyoscyamine as well as 0.16% m/m hyoscine (scopolamine) and only hyoscine at a concentration of 0.11% m/m. Immature, unidentifiable plants resembling D. stramonium, contained 0.14% m/m and 0.12% m/m of the 2 respective tropane alkaloids. The outbreak was characterised by protracted and re...
Ek N.Studies of Pr protein concentrations in sera of sick horses were carried out using ’s (1965) immunodiffusion technique. Relative values against a chosen standard of 100 were determined for a total of 102 horses. Horses with acute infections had Pr protein values significantly above the normal. The highest individual Pr protein value recorded in this group was 202. Horses suffering from acute laminitis and malignant tumours also had increased Pr protein values. There was a positive correlation between the Pr protein value and the blood leucocyte count and a negative correlation between the P...
Bentley E, Murphy CJ.A thermal cautery technique was used to treat spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs) in 9 eyes of 8 dogs and 2 eyes of 2 horses. Animals were sedated, and a topical anesthetic was applied. A handheld thermal cautery unit was then used to make multiple, small (< or = 1 mm in diameter), superficial burns throughout the affected area. The cautery unit was applied just until the slightest degree of contraction of the collagen fibrils was observed. After the stromal bed of the defect was treated, a rim of epithelium that extended approximately 1 mm around the denuded stroma was ...
Chen J, Guo X, Li L.The nucleocapsid (N) protein is the most conserved structural protein in equine arteritis virus (EAV). This study aimed to identify the minimal conserved B cell epitope on the EAV N protein. The purified N protein was used to immunize mice for preparing monoclonal antibody (mAb). The reactivity of mAb was evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Moreover, 11 overlapping peptides (named MBP-N1 to MBP-N11) were designed to localize the linear antigenic epitope within the N protein. The peptides were identified by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot....
Jones LE, Dyson SJ.To describe in detail the radiographic appearance of ossified ungular cartilages in horses and to evaluate the usefulness of a flexed dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique (flexed oblique) radiographic view in evaluating the ungular cartilages. Methods: Retrospective case series. Sample-Radiographs of 1,255 front feet of horses. Methods: Ossification of the ungular cartilages was graded during evaluation of radiographs on a scale from 0 to 5; feet with cartilages with an ossification grade ≥ 2 were included (386 feet [271 horses]). The shape (straight, curved outward or inward, and dorsopalmar ...
Brankston G, Rossi TM, O'Sullivan TL, Greer AL.This retrospective study describes testing patterns and the incidence of subsp. in Ontario to assess the utility of laboratory data for surveillance purposes. Laboratory records for equine infectious disease test submissions were extracted from the Animal Health Laboratory (AHL) at the University of Guelph for the years 2008 to 2018. Yearly and seasonal trends in testing and the proportion of tests that returned positive results were assessed. The number of samples submitted for testing decreased over the 11-year period (odds ratio = 0.96, 95% confidence interval: 0.92 to 0.999; = 0.04). ...
Collins JA, Hanlon A, More SJ, Wall PG, Duggan V.Ireland has long been renowned as a major centre for the breeding, rearing and keeping of horses. Since 2007, however, there has been increasing concern for horse health and welfare standards, and links between these concerns and the structures, governance and funding of the Irish equine industries have been reported. This paper addresses two central issues: firstly the local governance of, trade in and disposal of unwanted horses; and secondly mechanisms employed to improve standards of care given to horses owned by certain communities. Methods: Primary information was gathered through visits...
Stonehouse O, Stefanovski D, Bowman B, Sertich PL, Demchur J, Lewis GM, Turner RM, Turner RMO.Nocardioform placentitis (NP) has been associated with mid to late pregnancy loss in mares. To date, disease outbreaks have been described only in central Kentucky, although sporadic, isolated cases have been reported globally. This study describes a series of cases of NP that occurred in a sample population of 299 mares foaling in southeastern Pennsylvania and northeastern Maryland in 2020. These cases coincided with an outbreak of NP that occurred in Kentucky that same year. On farms that reported information on both normal and abnormal foalings, nocardioform organisms/DNA were isolated from...
Nickels FA, Grant BD, Lincoln SD.Villonodular synovitis was diagnosed as the cause of lameness in 14 horses. The diagnosis was based on the history, clinical signs, and arthrographic findings. Treatment consisted of surgical excision and radiation therapy. The response to treatment was favorable in 13 horses.
Lopez KM, Fleming GJ, Mylniczenko ND.Reports of equine herpesvirus (EHV) 1 and EHV-9 causing clinical disease in a wide range of species have been well documented in the literature. It is thought that zebras are the natural hosts of EHV-9 both in the wild and in captive collections. Concerns about potential interspecies transmission of EHV-1 and EHV-9 in a mixed species savannah exhibit prompted serologic and polymerase chain reaction surveys. Eighteen Burchell's zebras ( Equus quagga ), 11 Hartmann's mountain zebras ( Equus zebra hartmannae), and 14 Thomson's gazelles ( Eudorcas thomsonii ) cohabitating the same exhibit were exa...
Lyons ET, Drudge JH, Tolliver SC.Eyes from 114 (30.3%) of 376 dead horses, examined from 3 April 1975 to 3 April 1976, were naturally infected with adult Thelazia lacrymalis; 1 horse was also infected with 1 male Thelazia skrijabini. Adult T. lacrymalis from dead horses were successfully transferred mechanically to the eyes of 3 of 4 Shetland ponies raised helminth-free. Larvae from gravid female T. lacrymalis underwent development in experimentally infected, laboratory-raised face flies (Musca autumnalis) and third-stage larvae ranging from 1.82 to 2.94 mm in total length were recovered at 12 to 15 days postexposure. A total...
Rommel FA, Sahu SP.Intrauterine inoculation of pony mares with the bacterium that is the causative agent of contagious equine metritis (CEM) resulted in clinical disease. A humoral immune response could be detected by agglutination and complement fixation (CF), and in some cases precipitating antibody was found by immunodiffusion tests. Agglutinating antibody was the most reliable serological indicator of overt infection and was detected in 8 ot 28 mares after initial intrauterine inoculation of 3-4 x 10(5) bacteria. Seventy percent of mares given a second inoculation and all mares given a third inoculation of 3...
