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Topic:Equine Diseases
Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
Residual strength of equine bone is not reduced by intense fatigue loading: implications for stress fracture. Fatigue or stress fractures are an important clinical problem in humans as well as racehorses. An important question in this context is, when a bone experiences fatigue damage during extreme use, how much is it weakened compared to its original state? Since there are very limited data on this question and stress fractures are common in racehorses, we sought to determine the effect of fatigue loading on the monotonic strength of equine cortical bone. Beams were machined from the dorsal, medial and lateral cortices of the third metacarpal bones of six thoroughbred racehorses. Beams from left and...
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the equine placenta by transrectal and transabdominal approach in the normal pregnant mare. The objective of this study was to determine normal variations in the utero placental thickness during mid- and late gestation in the mare. Normal, healthy pregnant mares (n = 9) were examined monthly from 4 mo of gestation until parturition by transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonography. At each examination, the combined thickness of the uterus and the placenta (CTUP) was measured at the placento-cervical junction (transrectally) and at the uterine body or the uterine horns (transabdominally). In addition, the echogenicity of the amniotic and allantoic fluids was evaluated by transrectal u...
The influence of progesterone-induced proteins on glucose metabolism in early equine embryos. The influence of different maternal plasma progesterone concentrations on embryonic glucose metabolism was studied. Uterine flushes were obtained after treating ovariectomized mares (n = 3) with 0 (control), 100 or 200 mg progesterone daily for 7 d. A group of progesterone-induced proteins (PIP) of Mr approximately 20,000 were identified in flushes from progesterone treatments by SDS-PAGE but were not observed in control flushes. Progesterone-induced proteins were removed from half the pooled flush in each treatment group by Sepharose blue CL-6B. In a 3 x 2 factorial (progesterone treatments, ...
Production of free estrogens and estrogen conjugates by the preimplantation equine embryo. In vitro production of free estrogens and estrogen conjugates by intact Day 12.5, 13.5 and 14.5 equine embryos was measured at 2-h intervals over a 24-h culture period. Production of free estrogens was higher for Day 14.5 than Day 12.5 embryos. Differences in production of conjugated estrogens were not significant, but a trend toward increased production with increased age of embryo was apparent. No trend toward increased free and conjugated estrogen production per cell was observed with age. Embryo diameter and number of cells increased with age but varied considerably within groups. The amou...
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of N-alpha-acetyl-L-carnosine in equine plasma. N-alpha-Acetyl-L-carnosine (NAcCAR) in perchloric acid extracts of equine plasma was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography on a 3 microns Hypersil ODS (150 x 4.6 mm I.D.) column eluted with 5 mM phosphoric acid-1 mM triethylamine, pH 2.58. NAcCAR was isolated by solid-phase extraction on Isolute PRS (propylsulphonyl) columns. The HPLC mean retention time for NAcCAR was 5.9 +/- 0.2 min. The recovery from plasma by solid-phase extraction was 93.9-99.7% and lower limit of detection in plasma was 0.18 microM. The normal NAcCAR concentration in equine plasma was 2.4 +/- 0.3 microM. The ...
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of imidazole dipeptides, histidine, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine in equine and camel muscle and individual muscle fibres. The combined solid-phase extraction (Isolute PRS columns) and reversed-phase gradient HPLC method presented provides a sensitive, reproducible and selective quantification of carnosine, balenine, homocarnosine, histidine, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine in equine and camel muscle and individual muscle fibres. Recoveries were 91-115%. Lower limits of detection were 0.005-0.010 mmol kg-1 dry muscle. The compounds were isolated from other physiological amino acids and small peptides and resolved within a single chromatographic run of 55 min. Concentrations of these compounds in equine myo...
[The therapy of equine sarcoid with a non-specific immunostimulator–the epidemiology and spontaneous regression of sarcoids]. 20 sarcoid-affected horses from a practice in the northern Jura were used in this experiment. The mean age of the 20 horses was 3.9 years at the time of the first observation of sarcoid tumors. On the average, 4.4 tumours were noted per horse. 10 of the horses were treated in a double-blind study with an unspecific immunostimulant (Baypamun P), 10 others received a placebo. One single tumour only was treated per horse. The injections were given under and around the sarcoid. In eight out of the 20 horses all tumours regressed totally or for more than 50% of their initial size. Five of these had...
Analysis of equine scintigraphical lung images. A method is proposed (1) to create inhalation to perfusion ratio (I/Q) images from equine lung scintiscans and (2) to analyse these I/Q images. This method was applied to five healthy horses in order to establish reference ranges of I/Q distribution pattern. Computed I/Q images were divided in three regions based on the activity due to the inhalation (I) versus perfusion (Q) procedure. For each region a regional mismatching factor (Iri), i.e. the I/Q of the region, and an intraregional mismatching factor (Lri), which expresses the variability of pixels' I/Q within the region, were calculated. ...
Method for the growth of equine airway epithelial cells in culture. A serum-free cell culture method was developed for equine tracheal epithelial cells which allowed the growth and characterisation of the phenotypical properties of this cell type. Several variables influenced the efficacy of the attachment and growth of the isolated cells. Serum and a collagen matrix were essential components for efficient cell attachment. Once attachment had occurred, cell growth was enhanced by a serum-free medium containing bovine pituitary extract, retinoic acid, insulin, hydrocortisone, transferrin, epidermal growth factor, adrenaline and triiodothyronine. The mean time t...
Immunohistochemical demonstration of equine herpesvirus-1 antigen in neurons and astrocytes of horses with acute paralysis. Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection in a few widely scattered neurons and astrocytes plus endothelial cells in brain and spinal cord of two horses with naturally occurring paralytic disease was demonstrated by use of an immunoperoxidase technique. These horses were euthanatized less than 48 hours after the onset of clinical signs. No staining for EHV-1 was demonstrated in brain or spinal cord of three horses that had a longer duration of clinical disease or in two uninfected horses.
Radiographical assessment of interphalangeal rotation in the evaluation of equine digital conformation. This study is a part of a work to design a radiographical method to objectively define the conformation of an equine digit and to assess the individual appropriate trimming of a horse. Various angles were measured directly from the phalangeal bones. The authors observed that the bone relief of the sesamoid ligament insertions on the proximal phalanx was an essential landmark to determine the phalangeal alignment. The same angles were measured from specific radiographs and made it possible to quantify the rotation imposed to the proximal phalanx. The authors also noticed that the phalangeal rot...
Serologic diagnosis of canine and equine borreliosis: use of recombinant antigens in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Serum samples from dogs and equids suspected of having canine or equine borreliosis, respectively, were analyzed in polyvalent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with whole-cell or recombinant antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. Purified preparations of recombinant antigens included outer surface protein A (OspA), OspB, OspC, OspE, OspF, and p41-G (a fragment of flagellin). Of the 36 dog sera that reacted positively to whole-cell antigen, 32 (88.9%) contained antibodies to one or more recombinant antigens. Reactivities to OspF (88.9% positive) and p41-G (75% positive) were...
Detection of an antigenic protein of Leptospira interrogans which shares epitopes with the equine cornea and lens. A protein epitope which is involved in an antigenic relationship between equine ocular tissues and Leptospira interrogans was detected in homogenates of the bacterium. The antigenic determinant was harboured on a peptide structure which was shown to be sensitive to the action of denaturing and reducing agents by means of Western blotting. The outer surface of the leptospires appeared to be free of this epitope as was proved by dot-blot and electron microscopic studies.
Gelatinolytic activity in tracheal aspirates of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The gelatinolytic activity in tracheal aspirates (TA) of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was analyzed using SDS-PAGE-gelatin-gel electrophoresis (zymography) and compared to TAs from healthy controls. The 110-90 kD MMP-9 type gelatinase was high in symptomatic disease phases (permanent disease 0.46 +/- 0.15, p < 0.001; or intermittent disease 0.47 +/- 0.12, p < 0.001) compared to healthy controls (0.10 +/- 0.07). Similarly, the overall gelatinolytic activity, the activity in high-mw gelatinolytic bands (210-190 and 150 kD) and in proteolytically processed fragments in ...
Cardiorespiratory responses to exercise in horses with different grades of idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia. The relationship between different grades of laryngeal function, as assessed by endoscopy at rest, and the measurements of indices of gas exchange and exercise capacity was assessed during a standardised treadmill exercise test in 149 horses. Horses with abnormalities other than idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia (ILH) were excluded from the study and laryngeal function was graded according to an established system. There were no significant differences in age, weight, maximum oxygen uptake, maximum carbon dioxide production, maximum respiratory exchange ratio, maximum oxygen pulse and run time b...
Biochemical and site-specific effects of insulin-like growth factor I on intrinsic tenocyte activity in equine flexor tendons. To examine the site-specific and dose-dependent effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on normal equine tendon in vitro. Methods: Superficial digital flexor tendon explants derived from a euthanatized 3-year-old horse. Methods: Explants in culture were treated with 0, 100, 250, or 500 ng of IGF-I/ml for 14 days with an end-stage radiolabel of 20 microCi of [3H]proline/ml or 5 microCi of [3H]thymidine/ml. The tendon tissues were then analyzed biochemically for hydroxyproline content by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, DNA content by fluorometry, and glycosaminoglyc...
Keratomycosis in a Percheron cross horse caused by Cladorrhinum bulbillosum. This report describes an infection of a horse's cornea caused by Cladorrhinum bulbillosum. Minor surgery and treatment with antibiotics successfully resolved the infection. The only previous reported case involving this fungus was an Argentinian boy who was infected while working with horses.
Age, breed, sex and seasonality as risk factors for equine laminitis. A case-control study was conducted at the Texas Veterinary Medical Center between January 1, 1986 and December 31, 1991. Logistic regression was used to assess age, breed, sex, and seasonality as risk factors for equine laminitis. There were 70 acute cases, 183 chronic cases, and 779 controls. No statistical association was found between age, breed, sex, or seasonality and the diagnosis of acute laminitis. For chronic cases, the estimated odds ratio was statistically significant for age (OR = 1.05, 95% CI (1.02, 1.08)) and for the diagnosis of laminitis in the third quarter of the year (OR = 2...
Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in horses and ponies. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were recorded from 27 ponies. The peak and inter-peak (IP) latencies, V:I ratios and dispersal values were determined and the results from each category were compared with each other and with the authors' Thoroughbred BAEP data. Peak latencies were faster for ponies. The V:I ratios and dispersal values had similar characteristics in horses and ponies. In ponies there was a strong trend for IP latencies to be positively correlated with height, inter-aural distance and age. A positive relationship between I-V IP latency and inter-aural distance was co...
Altered biological activity of equine chondrocytes cultured in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix and supplemented with transforming growth factor beta-1. To determine the effects of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) on the synthesis of DNA, collagen, and proteoglycans (PG) by equine chondrocytes. Methods: Articular cartilage obtained from multiple joints of a 4-month-old foal. Methods: Chondrocytes were isolated by collagenase digestion, cultured in monolayer, trypsinized, and implanted at a cellular density of 10 x 10(6) chondrocytes/ml in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix. Chondrocytes in culture were supplemented with TGF-beta 1 at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, or 10 ng/ml in serum-free medium or medium containing fetal bovine seru...
