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Topic:Equine Diseases
Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
Minor constituents of sabulous material in equine urine. The secondary constituents accompanying calcite and vaterite (crystalline forms of calcium carbonate) in the sabulous deposits from 140 vesical samples and one renal sample of equine urine were studied by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Apatitic calcium phosphate, present in 12 per cent of the samples, generally appeared in the form of spherulites with smooth and rough surfaces. Calcium sulphate, clearly detected by IR in 12.7 per cent of the samples, did not have a characteristic structure under SEM, although EDX detec...
Accessory ossification centres associated with osteochondral fragments in the extremities of horses. Fifty-six tarsocrural joints and 94 metatarsophalangeal joints were examined, at necropsy, from horses aged < or = 2 years. Osteochondral fragments at the cranial aspect of the intermediate ridge of the distal part of the tibia were seen in six horses, and at the proximoplantar aspect of the proximal phalanx in seven horses. Defects in the proximoplantar aspect of the proximal phalanx without osteochondral fragments were seen in a further two horses. Inflammatory and degenerative changes were not observed in any of the joints examined. From the incidence and natural course of these fragment...
Equine adenocarcinomas of the large intestine with osseous metaplasia. Large intestinal adenocarcinoma with osseous metaplasia was diagnosed in two horses, a 15-year-old standard bred gelding and a 9-year-old Haflinger mare. Clinically, both animals had displayed weight loss and anaemia. A presumptive diagnosis of abdominal neoplasia was made and the horses were humanely killed. At necropsy, the gelding and the mare were found to have ulcerated tumours growing into the lumen of the caecum and colon, respectively. In the mare, the mass extended through the mesocolon and was evident in the left dorsal and ventral colon. Histopathologically, the tumours consisted of...
Comparison of herniorrhaphy versus clamping of umbilical hernias in horses: a retrospective study of 93 cases (1982-1994). Many uncomplicated umbilical hernias have been managed successfully in foals by the application of a hernia clamp. Isolated reports of complications following clamp application have led some authors to suggest that it is an unsuitable method of treatment. Little information has been published comparing the complication rates associated with the use of hernia clamps and herniorrhaphy in the treatment of umbilical hernias. The purpose of this retrospective study was to report the characteristics of clinical cases of umbilical hernia and to compare the complication rates following these 2 treatme...
Effects of U-74389G, a novel 21-aminosteroid, on small intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in horses. To determine the effects of the 21-aminosteroid, U-74389G, on reperfusion of the equine jejunum, using total (TVO) and partial (PVO) vascular occlusion during the ischemic period. Methods: TVO: 16 healthy horses were randomly allotted to 3 groups-4 horses received the vehicle alone, 6 horses received a low dosage (3 mg/kg o body weight), and 6 horses a high dosage (10 mg/kg) of U-7438G. PVO: 10 healthy horses were randomly allotted to 2 groups--5 horses received the vehicle alone, and 5 horses received the low dosage (3 mg/kg) of U-74389G. Methods: TVO was induced for 1 hour followed by 2 hour...
Penetrating wounds of the thorax in 15 horses. Clinical features, treatment and outcome of 15 horses with penetrating thoracic wounds are described. The most common cause of trauma was collision with an object (10 horses). Concurrent clinical findings included subcutaneous emphysema (12 horses), pneumothorax (12 horses), haemothorax (5 horses) and pneumomediastinum (6 horses). Axillary wounds were present in 5 horses. Foreign bodies were identified and removed from 2 horses. Wounds were sutured (6 horses) or packed (7 horses). Air was evacuated from the pleural cavities of 11 horses. Eleven horses (73%) were discharged from the hospital. A...
Immunotherapy trial for horses in British Columbia with Culicoides (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) hypersensitivity. Immunotherapy was used to treat horses in British Columbia for Culicoides hypersensitivity. This is a severe, chronic, recurrent allergic disease of horses that results in severe irritation, large lesions, hair loss and secondary infection in the ventral midline, mane, and proximal region of the tail. A crude Culicoides extract was injected subcutaneously, in increasing doses, into 10 horses that were affected severely by the disease. Weekly doses reduced the clinical signs in 9 of the 10 horses in the 1st yr. Eight horses were treated with a maintenance dose during a 2nd yr. After the 2nd yr,...
Strain-rate-dependent mechanical properties of the equine hoof wall. The mechanical properties of fully hydrated equine hoof wall were examined at various loading rates in compact tension (CT) fracture, tensile and three-point bending dynamic tests to determine possible effects of hoof wall viscoelasticity on fracture toughness and tensile parameters. Four cross-head rates were used in CT tests: 1.7 x 10(-5), 1.7 x 10 (-3), 1.7 x 10(-2) and 2.5ms-1; four strain rates were used in tensile tests: 1.6 x 10(-3), 3.2 x 10(-2), 0.33 and 70s(-1). Speeds for the highest test rates were achieved using a large, custom-built impact pendulum. Bending test frequencies range...
Ultrasonographic assessment of fetal well-being during late gestation: development of an equine biophysical profile. Mares with complicated pregnancies (illness, problems at parturition or delivery of an abnormal foal, n = 30) were scanned transabdominally from 298 days gestation to term in order to measure fetal size, evaluate fetal well-being and characterise the intrauterine environment. The results of the last scan obtained prior to parturition were compared to normal data obtained from fetuses of comparable gestational age to develop a biophysical profile specific for the equine fetus. Twelve mares produced a normal foal (positive outcome) and 18 mares delivered 19 abnormal foals (negative outcome). Bot...
Horse complement protein C9: primary structure and cytotoxic activity. Lack of hemolytic activity of horse serum is an inherent property of horse C9. To understand the molecular reasons for this deficiency we have cloned C9 cDNA from a horse liver cDNA library and have sequenced the cDNA yielding the complete coding sequence for horse C9. Purification of C9 from horse plasma and microsequencing established the N-terminus of the mature protein and verified that the correct horse C9 cDNA clone had been isolated. The deduced amino acid sequence corresponds to a mature protein of 526 amino acids that is 77% identical to human C9. It has the same domain structure as h...
Spinal accessory nerve biopsy as an ante mortem diagnostic test for equine motor neuron disease. The effectiveness of spinal accessory nerve branch biopsy evaluation as a means to confirm the diagnosis of equine motor neuron disease (EMND) was investigated. Sixteen horses with histories and clinical signs suggestive of EMND and 16 control horses with neither histories nor clinical signs of any neurological disorder, were subjects of the study. Biopsy samples of the ventral branch of the spinal accessory nerve were obtained either surgically, under general anaesthesia or post mortem immediately after euthanasia. Evaluation was done on the spinal cord of all horses to serve as the definitiv...
Evaluation of vaccination of horses as a strategy to control equine monocytic ehrlichiosis. To determine whether preferentially vaccinated horses were at risk for exposure to Ehrlichia risticii, whether horses with equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (EME) were likely to have been nonvaccinated, and whether clinical severity and financial costs associated with care and treatment of EME were less for vaccinated horses with EME than for nonvaccinated horses with EME. Methods: Cross-sectional and case-control studies. Methods: Information on usage of E risticii bacterins to control EME was collected for 2,587 horses located on 511 farms throughout New York. Each horse was tested for serum ant...
Benefit-cost analysis of vaccination of horses as a strategy to control equine monocytic ehrlichiosis. To determine whether horses in New York should be vaccinated against equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (EME). Methods: Decision-tree analyses of data from a cross-sectional study and a case-control study. Methods: Horses in New York. Methods: Annual expected monetary loss per horse attributable to EME was calculated for vaccinated and nonvaccinated horses in New York. Because risk of being seropositive was dependent on county in which the horse was located, farm elevation, and use of each horse, decision-tree analyses were stratified by these factors. Results: Annual expected monetary loss per hor...
Voltage-dependent calcium currents and cytosolic calcium in equine airway myocytes. 1. The relationship between voltage-dependent calcium channel current (I(Ca)) and cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was studied in fura-2 AM-loaded equine tracheal myocytes at 35 degrees C and 1.8 mM Ca2+ using the nystatin patch clamp method. The average cytosolic calcium buffering constant was 77 +/- 3 (n = 14), and the endogenous calcium buffering constant component is likely to be between 15 and 50. 2. I(Ca) did not evoke significant calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) since (i)[Ca2+]i scaled with the integrated I(Ca) over the full voltage range of evoked calcium currents, ...
Regulation of glycosaminoglycan metabolism by bone morphogenetic protein-2 in equine cartilage explant cultures. To investigate whether recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) regulates glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and release from equine articular cartilage explant cultures. Methods: Equine articular cartilage explants were maintained in vitro for 7 days in the presence of 0 (control), 1, 10, or 100 ng of rhBMP-2/ml. Synthesis and release of GAG were assessed as measures of production and degradation of the extracellular matrix, respectively. Methods: 6 horses (age range, 2 to 25 years old) without clinically detectable musculoskeletal abnormalities. Methods: Rate of synthesis of G...
Cryopreservation of equine embryos. Principles and procedures for cryopreservation of equine embryos are described. Embryos less than 250 microM in diameter can be cryopreserved successfully if glycerol is used as the cryoprotectant. Cooling is takes place in such a way that most of the water leaves the cells before intracellular ice forms, and glycerol is removed after thawing without undue osmotic swelling of cells. Vitrification procedures also show promise for small embryos. Satisfactory procedures for cryopreserving embryos of more than 250 microM in diameter are not yet available.
Proliferative enteropathy in a foal caused by Lawsonia intracellularis-like bacterium. No abstract available
A comparison of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) vascular lesions in the early versus late pregnant equine uterus. Four Welsh Mountain pony mares at 3 months of gestation and one mare at 5 months were inoculated intranasally with equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1: Ab4 isolate) at doses of 10(5) to 10(6.6) TCID50. All five mares became infected, but no cases of paresis or abortion occurred. On days 8, 9, 11, 12 (3-month-pregnant mares) and 13 (5-month-pregnant mare) after infection, a detailed examination of the pregnant uterus was made. Small numbers of vascular lesions with EHV-1 antigen expression in endothelial cells were present in the uteri of the early gestational mares; thrombi were rare and foci of thromb...
Intracellular calcium concentration in equine spermatozoa attached to oviductal epithelial cells in vitro. Interaction of spermatozoa with oviductal epithelial cells (OEC) in the oviductal isthmus prolongs the life span of spermatozoa. The hypothesis that the interaction of equine spermatozoa with OEC affects their intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was tested in a sperm-OEC coculture model. Changes in [Ca2+]i in spermatozoa loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator indo-1 acetoxymethylester (AM) were determined for spermatozoa attached to OEC or to Matrigel, as well as for free-swimming spermatozoa incubated without oviductal epithelium. [Ca2+]i was determined before incubation and ...
Inflammatory mediators in equine synovial fluid. Enzyme immunoassay for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and radioimmunoassays for prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were performed on synovial fluid from normal middle carpal joints of 10 horses, and from 30 middle carpal or antebrachiocarpal joints of horses affected by degenerative joint disease and chip fractures to compare the concentrations of inflammatory mediators. Significantly greater concentrations of PGE2 were detected in fluid from affected than from control joints, but there were no significant differences in the mean concentrations of PGF2 ...
Blastogenic response of lymphocytes from foals infected with Rhodococcus equi. The blastogenic response of lymphocytes from 16 newborn foals naturally infected with Rhodococcus equi was investigated, in order to evaluate the relationship between R. equi infection and depressed host response. Naturally infected foals showed evidence of R. equi infection at 5-6 weeks of age, as determined by clinical, haematological, bacteriological and serological methods. The blastogenic response of lymphocytes against phytohaemagglutinin was significantly depressed (stimulation index < 1.80; P < 0.01, P < 0.05) in R. equi-infected foals at 5-6 weeks of age compared with those o...
