Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
Jann HW, Good JK, Morgan SJ, Berry A.Healing of transected superficial digital flexor tendons was evaluated mechanically and histologically in eight horses. Tendons sutured with polyglyconate had higher loads at failure than nonsutured tendons at weeks 5 and 9. The tendon stress at failure (force per unit area) was higher in the sutured tendons at week 5 but not at week 9, reflecting the increased size of the scar at week 9. Histologically, scars after tenorrhaphy were consistently more mature than nonsutured tenotomy scars. The mean maturity score for sutured tendons was higher than for nonsutured tendons at weeks 5 and 9. Overa...
Baxter GM, Allen D, Farrell RL.LARYNGEAL haemiplegia is common in horses and most often
involves the left haemilarynx (Baker 1983; Haynes 1984).
Although specific processes have been incriminated in the
pathogenesis of laryngeal haemiplegia, most cases involve an
idiopathic distal axonopathy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The
purpose of this report is to describe a case of laryngeal
haemiplegia associated with an anomalous respiratory cyst. A
description of the lesion, method of surgical repair of the
laryngeal collapse and a proposed term to describe the
abnormality based on pathological and functional consider...
Rønne M.After fluorouracil/5-bromodeoxyuridine synchronization and subsequent FPG-staining, the karyotype of 15 phenotypically normal horses displayed several breaks and gaps. Twelve bands 1q24, 4p12, 8q23, 11p12, 16q21, 17q21, 23q31, 23q32, Xp21, Xq22, Xq25 and Xq27 showed relatively frequent fragility. After thymidine/cytidine synchronization and subsequent GWL-banding the same horses display karyotypes without any fragility. Hence it is suggested that the above listed bands harbour folate and/or 5-bromodeoxyuridine sensitive fragile sites.
Lecompte F, Combarnous Y.A simple, accurate, sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) has been developed that permits the measurement of equine Chorionic Gonadotropin activity in pregnant mare plasmas or serums as well as in commercial and highly-purified preparations. This assay is specific for eCG and eLH which share the same polypeptide structure but differ in their oligosaccharidic chains. The more important result is that this EIA has been found to be give data in very close agreement with the in vivo assay. Therefore this very rapid and convenient assay can be used to measure the activity of eCG/PMSG in pregnant mares...
Bowman DD, Cummings JF, Davis SW, deLahunta A, Dubey JP, Suter MM, Rowland PH, Conner DL.Morphological information is presented for syntype material of the etiologic agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, Sarcocystis neurona. A clinical description of the horse from which the organism was isolated and the methodology used to immunosuppress the horse in an attempt to increase parasite numbers are also given. The description includes microscopic details observed both with light and transmission electron microscopy. Mainly stages from tissue are illustrated, but information is also presented on the development of the organism after inoculation onto monolayers of bovine monocyte...
Riond JL, Riviere JE, Duckett WM, Atkins CE, Jernigan AD, Rikihisa Y, Spurlock SL.Intravenous use of doxycycline in horses is associated with deleterious side effects on the cardiovascular system which may result in fatalities. At dosages and infusion rates used in these studies, supraventricular tachycardia, systemic arterial hypertension, clinical signs of discomfort, collapse and death were observed. Results of the present study suggest that the intravenous use of doxycycline should be avoided in horses.
Gray PR, Derksen FJ, Robinson NE, Slocombe RF, Peters-Golden ML.We have developed an alternative method for examining equine tracheal epithelial arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism that utilizes strips of pseudostratified columnar epithelium attached to a layer of elastic tissue 80 to 130 microns thick. We compared the responses of this preparation with those of enzymatically dispersed suspensions of tracheal epithelium obtained from the same animal. Strips incubated with [3H]AA incorporated 40.8 +/- 3.6% of added radioactivity and released 2.55 +/- 0.23% of incorporated radioactivity when stimulated with 5 microM A23187. Values for the cell suspension were 5...
Hassanain MM.Investigation studies on inactivated African horsesickness vaccine using binary ethyleneimine were conducted. The inactivation process of virulent type-9 strain using the above inactivant revealed complete virus inactivation at 18, 48 and 84 h post-treatment with inactivant concentrations of 0.004, 0.003 and 0.002M, respectively, without detection of residual virus. An inactivant concentration of 0.003M is recommended and no changes in viral antigenic properties were noticed in complement fixation test. The physical parameters in oil-emulsion vaccine using the incomplete Freund's adjuvant, wer...
de Waal DT.This review focuses on equine piroplasmosis with specific reference to its distribution, diagnosis and clinical and pathological signs. The more common used drugs are discussed both with reference to treatment and chemosterilization. Areas requiring further research are also briefly mentioned.
Mumford JA, Wood J.Shortcomings in the original methods (based on haemagglutination of erythrocytes) used to measure potency of equine influenza vaccines and antibody responses stimulated by vaccines, coupled with the lack of a reliable challenge system in the target species, has hindered progress in identifying the antigenic content required to provide protection. Reliable methods are now available for measuring the haemagglutinin (HA) content of vaccines and the antibody responses they elicit. The development of challenge systems in the target species has allowed antibody levels consistent with protection to b...
Harrison IW, Speirs VC, Braund KG, Steiss JE.Laryngeal hemiplegia was induced in 4 ponies via a left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy. Reinnervation of the denervated left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle was then attempted using a muscle pedicle graft from the right cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle. In 3 ponies there was no return of abductor function and failure of graft survival. In the fourth pony there was return of abductor function along with survival of the muscle bridge, however, there was evidence of reinnervation across the neurectomy site. Muscle-to-muscle neurotization of the paralyzed equine larynx, utilizing the cricoaryte...
Naylor JM, Robinson JA, Crichlow EC, Steiss JE.Electromyography (EMG) was used to detect myotonic discharges in Quarter Horse breeding stock and to follow the results of mating horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HPP). The studies were performed on two brood mare farms. A total of six breeding stock showed myotonic discharges and 15 were nonmyotonic. Myotonic discharges were seen in five of six horses belonging to the blood line previously implicated as being predisposed to HPP. Two of these horses had shown clinical signs of HPP. Only one of 15 breeding horses unrelated to the HPP predisposed blood line showed myotonic discharges...
Sharma PC, Cullinane AA, Onions DE, Nicolson L.The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a sensitive technique used to detect DNA of viral pathogens. We have applied the technique to the detection of Equid herpesviruses-1 and -4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) DNA within nasopharyngeal swab samples from horses. Ninety-eight samples from suspected field cases and in-contact horses were analysed. The assays were conducted blind and later decoded and compared with virus isolation data. Our results indicate that PCR is a sensitive and rapid technique for the diagnosis of EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection.
Weber JA, Woods GL, Freeman DA, Vanderwall DK.Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) bound specifically (P less than 0.001) to ampullary and isthmic tissue on Day 2 and Day 5 after ovulation. No significant differences (P greater than 0.8) were detected between Day 2 and Day 5 in the specific binding of ampullary or isthmic tissue. Significantly more (P less than 0.05) PGE2 bound specifically to ampullary versus isthmic tissue on both days. Detection of PGE2-specific binding in the oviductal isthmus on Day 2 and Day 5 indicates that the oviduct is responsive to PGE2 when it is capable of transporting equine embryos.
Gentry PA, Feldman BF, O'Neill SL.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of modifying commercial reagents for the laboratory evaluation of several haemostatic parameters in normal, non-pregnant mares. The routine coagulation screening assays, namely, the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and the one-stage prothrombin time (PT), and the specific coagulation assays for the determination of the biological activity of Factors VII, VIII:C and IX, are discussed.
Hertsch B.Jumping and military (three days events) horses are exposed, during sports activities, to a particularly high stress especially in the region of the extremities (limbs). The genesis of tendon, joint and bone diseases are traced in accordance to the centers of the load during movement sequence. A special statistics on injuries concerning the German competition horses does not exist yet. Out of the available statistics about the German competition horses it is not obvious that as a result of its use as sports horses a particular high loss occur among these horses.
Tunón AM, Rodríguez-Martínez H, Nummijärvi A, Magnusson U.To evaluate effect of age and parity on distribution and number of cells expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD4, or CD8 molecules in the endometrium of mares during estrus. Methods: 32 gynecologically healthy mares, categorized as young (3 to 8 years; n = 17) or old (9 to 16 years; 15) and nulliparous (n = 6), nulliparous embryo donors (16), or parous (10). Methods: Endometrial specimens collected from the uterine body and horns during estrus were stained by use of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method, using monoclonal antibodies against equine MHC class II, CD4, and CD...
Cantatore F, Pagliara E, Marcatili M, Bertuglia A.Obtaining a healthy wound environment that is conductive to healing in horses can be challenging. Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has been employed in humans to enhance wound healing for decades. The existing evidence for the effectiveness of NPWT remains uncertain in equine medicine. The aim of this review is to investigate NPWT applications and benefits in horses. A scoping review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines for scoping reviews on three databases (PubMed, Web of Science-Thompson Reuters, and Wiley...
May SA, Hooke RE, Lees P.There is increasing evidence that the proteoglycan-degrading neutral metalloproteinase, stromelysin, is a key enzyme in the pathogenesis of osteoarthrosis. Equine synovial lining cells were stimulated in vitro to produce stromelysin, and phenylbutazone, flunixin, betamethasone, sodium hyaluronate and polysulphated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) were tested for their ability to inhibit the action of this enzyme on 14C-labelled casein substrate. Only PSGAG possessed inhibitory activity at concentrations likely to be achieved therapeutically in the equine fetlock joint.
Sakamoto T, Fawcett JA, Innan H.Horses have substantial variation in coat color, and the genetic loci responsible for the coat color variations have been well investigated. It has been believed that some color variations should follow a single-locus Mendelian law. Examples include the Gray locus that causes the gray phenotype and the Extension locus that specifies the chestnut phenotype. We reevaluated the roles of the Gray and Extension loci by using a large number of mating records of Thoroughbred racing horses. We showed that the data indeed fits the Mendelian law extremely well for the two loci. Furthermore, we demonstra...
Wang ZW, Yu MF, Robinson NE.Muscarinic autoreceptors on horse airway cholinergic nerves were studied by examining the effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists on electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced acetylcholine (ACh) release in trachealis preparations. All the antagonists including atropine (non-selective), pirenzepine (M1-selective), AF-DX 116 (M2-selective), and hexahydrosiladifenidol (M3-selective) augmented ACh release concentration-dependently. The augmentation was not due to displacement of ACh molecules from tissue receptors into the bath liquid because incubation with atropine after EFS had no influence...
Goudet G, Bézard J, Belin F, Duchamp G, Palmer E, Gérard N.The in vitro maturation rate of equine oocytes remains low, regardless of culture conditions. Our objective was to determine the reasons for failure of equine oocytes to resume meiosis during in vitro maturation and to ascertain the influence of the estrous cycle stage on meiotic competence. In 10 cyclic mares, 7 ultrasound-guided follicular punctures were performed alternately during the follicular phase (group DF; n = 3 punctures), at the end of the follicular phase (group EF; n = 2), and during the luteal phase (group DL; n = 2). We evaluated the competence of the oocytes for in vitro matur...
Card CE, Manning ST.Fetal maturation and equine parturition are not understood fully, although the adrenal and thyroid glands are thought to have regulatory roles. Thyroidectomized equine fetuses undergo prolonged gestation, and spontaneous diseases such as thyroid musculoskeletal disease and gestational fescue endophyte exposure are also associated with delayed parturition. Thyroid musculoskeletal disease is characterized by: histologically hyperplastic thyroid glands, chondro-osseous dysplasia and dysgenesis, angular limb deformity, low resting thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations, and lack of response...
Rose NS, Northrop AJ, Brigden CV, Martin JH.The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of two different 8-week stretching regimes on stride length (SL) and range of motion (ROM) in the equine trot. Eighteen horses were divided into three matched groups: a 6 days/week stretching regime (6DSR), a 3 days/week stretching regime (3DSR) and a control no-stretching regime (NSR). SL and ROM data were collected at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 for trot in-hand. Stretching had no significant effect on SL. A number of significant differences were found in joint ROM between treatments in the shoulder, stifle and hock, suggesting some negative biome...
Norman T, Chaffin K, Schmitz D.The equine small intestine is challenging to evaluate ultrasonographically. In humans, hydrosonography has been used to improve ultrasonographic images of the small intestine. We hypothesized that fasting horses for 24 h would enhance the ability to image the small intestine transabdominally by separating intestinal loops and reducing intraluminal gas, and that the administration of intragastric contrast agent would further improve that ability. Ten healthy horses were examined ultrasonographically under three treatment conditions: (a) regular diet, (b) after a 24-h fast, and (c) fasted plus i...
Engeli E, Yeager AE, Erb HN, Haussler KK.The purpose of this study was to establish the normal percutaneous ultrasonographic appearance of anatomic structures within the equine sacroiliac region. Percutaneous ultrasonography was performed in a cranial-to-caudal direction in 10 normal adult live horses. The following structures were examined in detail: supraspinous ligament, lumbar and sacral spinous processes, thoracolumbar fascia and its caudal extension, tubera sacralia, ilial wings, dorsal and lateral portions of the dorsal sacroiliac ligaments, lateral part of the sacrum, and the lateral sacral crest. After ultrasonography, all a...
Gillis C, Sharkey N, Stover SM, Pool RR, Meagher DM, Willits N.Ultrasonographic cross sectional area (CSA) measurements of equine superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon were obtained to determine the feasibility of ultrasonography for CSA measurement of tendon in vivo and in vitro. Ultrasonographic measurements were compared with a more traditional CSA measurement method, ink-blot analysis. In addition, values for ultrasonographic SDF tendon mean echogenicity were obtained in vivo and in vitro. The left forelimb SDF tendons of 23 horses were evaluated ultrasonographically. Cross sectional images were acquired at 4-cm intervals distal to the base of the a...
Bass LD, Denniston DJ, Maclellan LJ, McCue PM, Seidel GE, Squires EL.Equine embryos (n=43) were recovered nonsurgically 7-8 days after ovulation and randomly assigned to be cryopreserved in one of two cryoprotectants: 48% (15M) methanol (n=22) or 10% (136 M) glycerol (n=21). Embryos (300-1000 microm) were measured at five intervals after exposure to glycerol (0, 2, 5, 10 and 15 min) or methanol (0, 15, 35, 75 and 10 min) to determine changes (%) in diameter over time (+/-S.D.). Embryos were loaded into 0.25-ml plastic straws, sealed, placed in a programmable cell freezer and cooled from room temperature (22 degrees C) to -6 degrees C. Straws were then seeded, h...
Wensing T, van Gent DM, Schotman AJ, Kroneman J.(I) The lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in sera of 4 healthy and 9 hyperlipaemic patients were determined. From the results of the analyses, it is suggested that three types of hyperlipoproteinaemia can be distinguished in ponies: (a) Type 1, characterised by a very pronounced increase in only the very low density lipoproteins (VLDL); (b) Type 2, in which there is a pronounced increase in the chylomicrons (Chylo) and the very low density lipoproteins (VLDL); (c) Type 3, which can be the result of fasting and is characterised by a moderate increase in the concentration of chylomicrons and ...
Barton MH, Hurley D, Norton N, Heusner G, Costa L, Jones S, Byars D, Watanabe K.Lactoferrin is a colostral glycoprotein with antimicrobial properties. Objective: (1) Serum lactoferrin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations are correlated and increase in healthy foals after ingestion of colostrum; (2) compared to healthy foals, ill foals will have lower lactoferrin concentrations that correlate with their IgG concentration, neutrophil count, the diagnosis of sepsis, and survival; and (3) plasma concentrations of lactoferrin will be less than serum concentrations. Methods: Healthy foals (n = 16), mature horses (n = 10), and ill foals 1-4 days old (n = 111) that were exam...
Guan F, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Maylin G, Jiang Z, Chen J.Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) is the third generation of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) medication that retains the effect of promoting red blood cell production but has longer duration of action in the body. CERA, rhEPO, and darbepoetin alpha (DPO) can be misused to enhance performance in both human and equine athletes. To deter such misuse, a very selective and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method has now been developed for identification of CERA, rhEPO, and DPO in equine plasma. The method employs a new signature tryptic...
Setoguchi LS, Siqueira LM, Lucca LK, Oquendo PS, Oquendo FMG, Nogueira GP, Silva ESM.Although the use of different estradiol esters has been extensively studied in hormonal protocols in cows, such information is lacking in mares. The present study aimed to assess the effects of treatment with the same doses and administration frequency of estradiol cypionate, estradiol benzoate and 17β estradiol on plasma estradiol (E2) concentrations of acyclic mares and correlate the E2 profile to the endometrial edema score. Sixteen treatments were performed in 14 mares randomly divided into three groups: EB (n = 5), EC (n = 5), and 17β (n = 6), receiving 10 mg on day 0 (D0), 6 mg o...
Hales EN, Esparza C, Peng S, Dahlgren AR, Peterson JM, Miller AD, Finno CJ.Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology. Clinical signs of neurological deficits develop within the first year of life in vitamin E (vitE) deficient horses. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out using 670,000 SNP markers in 27 case and 42 control Quarter Horses. Two markers, encompassing a 2.5 Mb region on ECA7, were associated with the phenotype (p = 2.05 × 10-7 and 4.72 × 10-6). Within this region, caytaxin (ATCAY) was identified as a candidate gene due to its known role ...
Patan-Zugaj B, Gauff FC, Egerbacher M, Licka TF.OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on type VII collagen- cleaving matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the lamellar tissue of extracorporeally perfused equine limbs. SAMPLE 10 right forelimbs and 3 left forelimbs collected from 10 adult horses after slaughter at a licensed abattoir. PROCEDURES Extracorporeal perfusion of the isolated equine limbs was performed for 10 hours under physiologic conditions (control-perfused limbs; n = 5) and with the addition of 80 ng of LPS/L of perfusate (LPS-perfused limbs; 5). Lamellar tissue specimens were then collected from the do...
Parry-Weeks LC, Holtan DW.Non-surgical embryo recovery attempts were done on Day 7 after ovulation. Embryo recovery rate from mares of varied reproductive histories was 57% (38/67). Non-surgical transfer of these embryos into altrenogest-treated recipient mares that ovulated between 3 days before and 3 days after the donor resulted in a 30-day pregnancy rate of 77% (10/13). Transfer of embryos into altrenogest-treated recipients that ovulated between 4 days before and 6 days after the donor resulted in an overall pregnancy rate of 64% (16/25) at Day 30 of gestation. No recipients that were in oestrus at the start of tr...
Murray A, Pearson GT, Cottrell DF.Small intestine was taken from the caudal flexure of the duodenum and the terminal ileum proximal to the ileocaecal fold of 25 horses, 9 with acute grass sickness (AGS), 12 with subacute grass sickness (SAGS) and 12 with chronic grass sickness (CGS). The motility in the samples was measured isometrically either within 1 h of death or after storage for 24 h at 4 degree C. In control tissue, noradrenaline produced contractions of muscle strips which did not involve a muscarinic cholinergic mechanism and which were unaffected by the alpha 1 antagonist prazosin but were blocked by the alpha 2 anta...
Verhaar N, Hoppe S, Grages AM, Hansen K, Neudeck S, Kästner S, Mazzuoli-Weber G.α2 agonists are frequently used in horses with colic, even though they have been shown to inhibit gastrointestinal motility. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dexmedetomidine on small intestinal in vitro contractility during different phases of ischaemia. Experimental segmental jejunal ischaemia was induced in 12 horses under general anaesthesia, and intestinal samples were taken pre-ischaemia and following ischaemia and reperfusion. Spontaneous and electrically evoked contractile activity of the circular and longitudinal smooth muscles were determined in each sample with a...
Ekfalck A.A method was developed for separating different layers of the matrix of the equine hoof wall by dissection, and the layers were then analyzed with respect to their amino acid composition. The results were used to compare the biochemistry of hard keratinization (e.g., in the hoof wall matrix) and soft keratinization (e.g., in the epidermis of the skin). Hard keratinization differed from soft keratinization not only by its previously well known high incorporation of cystine, but also by considerable incorporation of tyrosine and threonine into the outer layers of the keratogenous zone and by the...
Mueller PO, Allen D.Recent advances in abdominal surgical techniques in the horse have resulted in improved survival rates and reduced postoperative morbidity. The development of abdominal surgical procedures in horses has paralleled the development of safe anesthetic protocols and innovative technological advancements in humans. Irrespective of the species, the application of sound surgical principles is still the foundation of surgical intervention. This article describes recent advances in equine gastrointestinal surgical techniques. The availability and application of innovative intestinal surgical devices an...
de Souza AF, Paretsis NF, De Zoppa ALDV.A systematic review was conducted to investigate evidence to support or refute the use of hyaluronic acid and polyacrylamide hydrogel as intra-articular therapy in equines, which are frequent treatment options in the routine of veterinarians of equines in cases of osteoarthritis. In total, 19 studies were included, among clinical and in vitro studies, as well as a retrospective series of cases. The outcomes of the included studies provided fragile evidence supporting the recommendation for intra-articular use of hyaluronic acid. No study was included showing any clinical outcome in diseased s...
Craig TM, Kunde JM.Ivermectin was injected IM into 12 yearling Shetland ponies. The following reactions in percentages of parasites recovered from ponies given 200 microgram/kg or 300 microgram/kg, as compared with the parasitic population in those given the vehicle at 1 week after injection, were as follows: Otobius megnini nymphs--no reduction; Gasterophilus intestinalis--100% and 99.9%; G nasalis--100% and 99.9%; Parascaris equorum adults--100% and 96%; Strongylus vulgaris adults--100% and 100%; S edentatus adults--100% and 100%; cyathostome adults of the genera Gyalocephalus, Cylicocyclus, Cyathostomum, Cyli...
Vanderwall DK, Squires EL, Brinsko SP, McCue PM.To determine the incidence, ultrasonographic characteristics, and risk factors associated with embryonic development characterized by formation of an embryonic vesicle without an embryo in mares. Methods: Prevalence survey. Methods: 159 pregnant mares. Methods: From 1994 to 1998, mares between 11 and 40 days after ovulation with normal and abnormal embryonic development were examined ultrasonographically, and characteristics of each conceptus were recorded. Results: The incidence of abnormal embryonic development in mares characterized by formation of an embryonic vesicle without an embryo was...
Vignjević G, Vrućina I, Sestak I, Turić N, Bogojević MS, Merdić E.The West Nile Virus (WNV) is a zoonotic arbovirus that has recently been causing outbreaks in many countries in southern and Central Europe. In 2012, for the first time, it caused an outbreak in eastern Croatia with total of 7 human clinical cases. With an aim of assisting public health personnel in order to improve survey protocols and vector control, the high risk areas of the WNV transmission were estimated and mapped. The study area included cities of Osijek and Slavonski Brod and 8 municipalities in Vukovarsko-Srijemska County. Risk estimation was based on seroprevalence of WNV infections...
Warner A, Mayhew IG.Anhidrosis is loss of the ability to sweat. The problem is seen in horses kept in a hot humid climate, and it may cause severe impairment of thermoregulation in the equine athlete. British Thoroughbreds imported to her tropical colonies are the earliest recorded cases, and since then the syndrome has come to be described as one of Thoroughbreds, usually performance athletes, undergoing acclimatization to heat and humidity. A recent epidemiologic study of cases in Florida has shown, however, that many different breeds, and long time inhabitants of a hot climate, may be affected. Equine sweat gl...
Gandini M, Comino F, Caramello V, Giusto G.To compare three surgical knots for preventing leakage from the vascular bundle during ligation in simulated equine open castrations. Methods: Randomized, case-control, in vitro study. Methods: Testes (N = 60) collected from 30 horses. Methods: Testes were collected from 30 horses and randomly assigned to one of three groups: group G (friction, giant knot), group T (modified transfixing knot), or group S (sliding, strangle knot; n = 20/group). The assigned knot was used to ligate the vascular bundle during open castration. The length of suture material used and the leak pressure of the testicu...
Neuhauser S, Gösele P, Handler J.Cryopreservation of epididymal sperm allows final preservation of the gene reserve from valuable sires in case of unexpected injury terminating the breeding career. This case report describes the birth of a healthy foal following insemination with frozen-thawed epididymal sperm. The testes and epididymides were removed under general anaesthesia and sent cooled to the laboratory overnight. The cauda epididymidis was dissected and 17.79 × 109 sperm were harvested by a retrograde flush technique. A fertile mare was inseminated 1 year later with frozen-thawed epididymal sperm. Sperm were deposite...
