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Topic:Equine Diseases
Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
Identification of the ligand-exchange process in the alkaline transition of horse heart cytochrome c. Magnetic-circular-dichroism (m.c.d.) spectra over the wavelength range 300-2000 nm at room temperature and at 4.2K of horse heart cytochrome c are reported at a series of pH values between 7.8 and 11.0, encompassing the alkaline transition. The effect of glassing agents on the e.p.r. spectrum at various pH values is also reported. Comparison of these results with spectra obtained for the n-butylamine adduct of soybean leghaemoglobin support the hypothesis that lysine is the sixth ligand in the alkaline form of horse heart cytochrome c. The m.c.d. and e.p.r. spectra of horse heart cytochrome c ...
Salinomycin poisoning in horses. Six cases of accidental salinomycin poisoning in horses are described. The horses were fed a contaminated ration and presented clinical signs which were extremely varied in nature and severity. However, the range of signs, including anorexia, colic, weakness and ataxia bore similarities to those described in horses poisoned with the related ionophore monensin. Other similarities became apparent in serum biochemical profiles of the clinical cases. Although ionophore toxicity is rarely reported in horses they appear to be particularly susceptible, and it should therefore be considered as a diffe...
Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy. This article discusses the history and signalment, clinical signs, differential diagnosis, pathology, etiology and pathogenesis, and treatment and prevention of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy.
Survival of equine embryos transferred to normal and subfertile mares. To test the hypothesis that an abnormal uterine environment was a cause of early embryonic loss in subfertile mares, morphologically normal embryos were transferred to normal mares (n = 20) and subfertile mares (n = 20), and embryo survival rates were compared. Embryos were recovered nonsurgically at Days 7 to 8 postovulation and transferred surgically to normal and subfertile mares that had ovulated on the same day or within 2 d after a donor. Survival of transferred embryos was monitored by ultrasonography of the recipient mare's uterus from Day 9 through Day 28 postovulation. There were no ...
Indication and use of electrodiagnostic aids in neurologic disease. Electrodiagnostic aids, electromyography, auditory brainstem response testing, and electroencephalography are extensions of the neurologic examination and provide valuable information about the nervous system. This article discusses the use and interpretation of electrodiagnostic aids in equine neurology as well as the equipment that is employed. It is hoped that with a better understanding of the available electrodiagnostic aids, they will come into greater use.
Viability of stored equine embryos. Equine embryos were recovered nonsurgically 6.5 d after ovulation (Exp. 1) and those greater than 200 microns were stored in one of three media: 1) Ham's F10 + 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) under 5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2 at 24 C (Ham's F10); 2) Minimal Essential Medium with Hank's balanced salts + 10% FCS in air (MEM) at 24 C or 3) MEM at 5 C n = 10/treatment). Embryos less than or equal to 200 micron (n = 10) were bisected microsurgically; one-half of each embryo was stored in Ham's F10 and the other half in either Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline + 10% FCS in air at 24 C (DPBS), or MEM in a...
Neurologic examination of the horse. Methodology for the neurologic examination in the equine species is described. Information is organized to assist the reader in defining neurologic deficits and in localizing lesions to the major subdivisions within the central or peripheral nervous system. Numerous examples of deficits are presented to assist the reader in recognition of common neurologic disease states.
Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a disease that produces neurologic signs of brain or spinal cord dysfunction. The causative organism is believed to be a Sarcocystis species of protozoa. A definitive diagnosis can only be made on histopathology of affected spinal cord or brain. No preventive measures or documented treatment is available at this time for suspected cases of EPM.
Selective mechanical ventilation of dependent lung regions in the anaesthetized horse in dorsal recumbency. The effect of selective mechanical ventilation of dependent lung regions were studied in anaesthetized horses (mean weight 486 kg) in dorsal recumbency. Blood-gas measurements were performed with the horse in the lateral position during spontaneous breathing (before selective intubation) and in dorsal recumbency during spontaneous breathing, general mechanical ventilation, and spontaneous breathing + selective mechanical ventilation. Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was 32.3 kPa in the lateral position during spontaneous breathing with a high inspired oxygen fraction (FlO2 greater than 92%). In ...
Two cases of equine primary gastric impaction. The clinical details of two cases of equine primary gastric impaction are described and the syndromes of gastric impaction and dilatation are discussed. Both cases of gastric impaction were successfully treated by gastrotomy and evacuation of the gastric contents.
Surgical repair of a supraglenoid tubercle fracture in a horse. A fractured right supraglenoid tubercle in a 15-month-old Thoroughbred gelding was repaired by partial biceps brachii tenotomy, interfragmentary compression, and tension band wiring. The horse is currently being ridden daily and has remained sound for 4 years.
Cerebellar abiotrophy. Cerebellar abiotrophy is a degenerative condition of Arabian horses that produces signs of head tremors and ataxia. Affected foals demonstrate clinical signs between the time of birth and 6 months of age. The condition is untreatable, although some animals have reportedly improved to varying degrees. The disease is believed to be inherited; however, definitive evidence is lacking at this time.
Convulsive and allied syndromes of the neonatal foal. This article discusses the clinical signs, etiology, management, and prognosis for the neonatal foal afflicted with a convulsive or allied syndrome.
Seizures in the horse. This article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of extracranial, intracranial, and idiopathic seizures.
Effect of halothane, enflurane and isoflurane on bronchomotor tone in anaesthetized ponies. The effects of halothane, enflurane and isoflurane on bronchial calibre were investigated in five anaesthetized ponies using a computer-aided forced airflow oscillation technique to derive specific lower airways conductance (s.Glaw) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV). All the agents tended to increase s.Glaw (indicating bronchodilatation), but ERV was reduced by halothane and enflurane, and increased by isoflurane. It was concluded that the effects of these agents on bronchomotor tone were similar to those which occur in man. However, the reasons for the differences in their effects on ERV co...
Mitral valvular insufficiency associated with ruptured chordae tendineae in three foals. Mitral valvular insufficiency associated with ruptured chordae tendineae was diagnosed in 3 foals with signs of congestive heart failure, which were believed to be secondary to the development of pulmonary hypertension associated with the valvular insufficiency. The septal leaflet of the mitral valve was affected in all 3 foals, and foal 2 also had ruptured chordae tendineae associated with the caudal mitral valve leaflet. Bacterial endocarditis and myocardial necrosis were associated with the ruptured chordae tendineae in foals 3 and 2, respectively. Idiopathic rupture was considered in foal ...
Heterogeneity and linkage of equine C4 and steroid 21-hydroxylase genes. The fourth component of complement (C4) is polymorphic in most species studied, and is encoded by a gene or genes within the MHC. In man and mouse there are two closely linked C4 and steroid 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) genes. Therefore we have used Southern blotting to determine whether equine C4 and 21-OH genes are linked. C4 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was found with the enzymes EcoRI and BamHI. Comparison of the sizes of EcoRI-digested fragments of genomic DNA hybridizing with C4 and 21-OH probes revealed that equine C4 and 21-OH genes are separated by no more than 13 kb. Fur...
Epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi infection in horses. Current understanding of the epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi infection on horse farms is reviewed. Infection is widespread in herbivores and their environment, because herbivore manure supplies the simple organic acid substrates on which the organism thrives. There is a progressive development of infection in the soil on horse farms with prolonged use, because: (1) there is a continual supply of nutrients; (2) the organism multiplies progressively as temperatures rise; (3) the bacterium has a robust nature. While this aerobic organism fails to multiply in the largely anaerobic intestine of th...
Medical management of spinal cord disease. In spinal cord disease of horses, a complete history, neurologic examination, and adjunctive diagnostic procedures are very helpful in establishing a tentative diagnosis; however, a definitive diagnosis may be difficult or impossible to establish antemortem. Medical management should be initiated with full consideration of possible etiologies and knowledge of the effects and consequences of medical therapies. This article discusses the drugs commonly used in the management of spinal cord disease and the rationale for their use.
Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy. The neurologic form of EHV-1 infection appears to be the result of central nervous system infarction caused by vasculitis, which is initiated in endothelial cells of small blood vessels. The etiologic agent is equine herpesvirus-1, subtype 1. There is some evidence to suggest that the neurologic form of the disease actually results from reactivation of a previous infection. Whether the vasculitis that causes the central nervous system injury is the direct result of the infection or an immune response to the infection has not been determined. The clinical signs are rapid in onset, nonprogressiv...
Examination of cerebrospinal fluid in the horse. The examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is often part of the diagnostic work-up of a patient exhibiting signs of disease involving the central nervous system. Awareness of the capabilities and limitations of these laboratory tests is important in assessing the benefit-to-risk ratio of performing such procedures. Collection of CSF is a relatively simple procedure, and together with a thorough history, physical examination, and other diagnostic tests, may be a valuable aid in arriving at a diagnosis or prognosis.
