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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
A modified teniotomy technique for facilitated removal of descending colon enteroliths in horses. To describe a method for facilitating movement of enteroliths obstructing the proximal portion of the descending colon. Methods: Prospective report. Methods: 15 horses. Methods: A seromuscular incision through the antimesenteric taenia of the proximal portion of the descending colon was used to facilitate movement of enteroliths. Results: Teniotomy allowed proximal descending colon enteroliths located within the abdomen or close to the abdominal wall to be advanced 4 to 15 cm in an aboral direction so that they could be exteriorized for safe removal. Conclusions: Teniotomy is a feasible method...
Erythroid hypoplasia and anemia following administration of recombinant human erythropoietin to two horses. A Standardbred gelding and a colt were examined because of poor performance and anemia. Each horse had been given recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO; 4,000 IU) at least twice within the preceding 2 to 4 months. The horses had an Het of 16 and 24%, serum iron concentrations of 210 and 304 micrograms/dl (reference range, 73 to 140 micrograms/dl), total iron binding capacities of 239 and 321 micrograms/dl (reference range, 266 to 364 micrograms/dl), values for the percentage saturation of transferrin by iron of 87.9 and 94% (reference range, 20 to 52%), and serum ferritin concentrations of 2...
Laparoscopic colopexy in horses. To describe a technique for laparoscopic colopexy in horses. Methods: Description of a technique to perform laparoscopic colopexy in horses. Methods: Six healthy adult horses between 3 and 23 years of age and weighing between 440 and 636 kg. Methods: Horses were positioned in dorsal recumbency, and the abdomen was insufflated to an intraabdominal pressure of 15 mm Hg. A laparoscope portal was placed at the umbilicus, and instrument portals were placed cranial to the laparoscope and lateral to midline. The lateral taenia of the left ventral colon was laparoscopically identified and retracted wi...
Detection of exogenous hydrocortisone in horse urine by gas chromatography-combustion-carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry. A gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry method for confirmation of hydrocortisone abuse in horseracing and equine sports is proposed. Urinary hydrocortisone was converted to a bismethylenedioxy derivative which presents good gas chromatographic properties and brings an extra carbon contribution of only two carbon atoms. Synthetic hydrocortisone has a different 13C abundance from that of natural urinary horse hydrocortisone and the difference is significant, therefore exogenous and endogenous hydrocortisone can be distinguished.
Biomechanical comparison of the Herbert and AO cortical bone screws for compression of an equine third carpal bone dorsal plane slab osteotomy. To assess feasibility of insertion of 4.5-mm Herbert cannulated bone screws (HS) using fluoroscopic guidance and compare the mechanical shear strength of these HS and 4.5-mm AO cortical bone screws (AO) for fixation of dorsal plane slab osteotomies in equine cadaver third carpal bones (C3). Methods: Eight equine cadavers. Methods: Bone mineral composition and density of contralateral C3 were confirmed to be equivalent using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. A standard 10-mm C3 slab osteotomy was reduced using HS or AO instrumentation under fluoroscopic guidance. Specimens were loaded in shear ...
Venereal infection of mares by equine arteritis virus and use of killed vaccine against the infection. Venereal infection with equine arteritis virus (EAV) was established in each of seven mares by inoculation via the cervix with 20 ml of viral suspension (> or = 8 x 10(6) plaque-forming units; PFU), following treatment with prostaglandin and oestradiol. A dose of < or = 8 x 10(5) PFU produced infection in only five of eight mares. Serum neutralizing antibody developed in mares manifesting clinical signs of equine viral arteritis (EVA), and a weak antibody was detectable in one apparently healthy mare inoculated with 8 x 10(5) PFU. Virus isolation was demonstrated not only in the buffy coat but...
Treatment of superficial ulcerative squamous cell carcinoma in three horses with topical 5-fluorouracil. Three horses with superficial ulcerative squamous cell carcinoma were successfully treated with topical 5-fluorouracil. Two of them remain in remission after a single course of treatment and the third case is controlled by the application of the cream for seven days every six weeks. No systemic side-effects were observed but there was a localised inflammatory reaction in the skin in each case.
Equine pulmonary mycosis due to Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer. Invasive pulmonary mycosis caused by Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer is reported in a 2-year-old horse, one of three that died after being housed in a disused, uncleaned stable. Lesions were characterized by thrombosis of the blood vessels with haemorrhage and tissue necrosis. Fungal hyphae were observed both in thrombosed vessels and in adjacent necrotic tissue. In culture media inoculated with lung samples and samples from the bedding hay, two types of colony were recorded and identified as A. niger and R. stolonifer. This study is the first description of equine pulmonary mucormyc...
[Analysis of the distribution of ribosomal RNA genes on chromosomes of the domestic horse (Equus caballus) using fluorescent in situ hybridization]. Distribution of blocks of ribosomal RNA genes along metaphase chromosomes of 26 horses from five breeds was determined by means of a modified method of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in combination with simultaneous R- banding. Gene loci coding for rRNA were mapped to the region of secondary constriction on the short arm of chromosome 1, and to the pericentromeric regions of chromosomes 27, 28, and 31. The nucleolar organizer region (NOR) on chromosome 27 was not described earlier. Interindividual and interchromosomal NOR polymorphism was detected With the use of a semiquantitative ...
In vitro responses to noradrenaline of small intestine taken from normal and grass sickness-affected horses. Small intestine was taken from the caudal flexure of the duodenum and the terminal ileum proximal to the ileocaecal fold of 25 horses, 9 with acute grass sickness (AGS), 12 with subacute grass sickness (SAGS) and 12 with chronic grass sickness (CGS). The motility in the samples was measured isometrically either within 1 h of death or after storage for 24 h at 4 degree C. In control tissue, noradrenaline produced contractions of muscle strips which did not involve a muscarinic cholinergic mechanism and which were unaffected by the alpha 1 antagonist prazosin but were blocked by the alpha 2 anta...
A novel P/V/C gene in a new member of the Paramyxoviridae family, which causes lethal infection in humans, horses, and other animals. In 1994, a new member of the family Paramyxoviridae isolated from fatal cases of respiratory disease in horses and humans was shown to be distantly related to morbilliviruses and provisionally called equine morbillivirus (K. Murray et al., Science 268:94-97, 1995). To facilitate characterization and classification, the virus was purified, viral proteins were identified, and the P/V/C gene was cloned and sequenced. The coding strategy of the gene is similar to that of Sendai and measles viruses, members of the Paramyxovirus and Morbillivirus genera, respectively, in the subfamily Paramyxovirina...
Development and characterization of an in vivo pathogenic molecular clone of equine infectious anemia virus. An infectious nonpathogenic molecular clone (19-2-6A) of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) was modified by substitution of a 3.3-kbp fragment amplified by PCR techniques from a pathogenic variant (EIAV(PV)) of the cell culture-adapted strain of EIAV (EIAV(PR)). This substitution consisted of coding sequences for 77 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus of the integrase, the S1 (encoding the second exon of tat), S2, and S3 (encoding the second exon of rev) open reading frames, the complete env gene (including the first exon of rev), and the 3' long terminal repeat (LTR). Modified 19-2-6A mol...
Molecular cloning and cartilage gene expression of equine stromelysin 1 (matrix metalloproteinase 3). To clone and determine molecular structure of equine stromelysin 1 (matrix metalloproteinase 3) and examine stromelysin expression in articular cartilage. SAMPLES AND PROCEDURE: Total RNA was harvested from equine arthritic cartilage specimens and was used for reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification to develop overlapping complementary DNA (cDNA) clones. Four cDNA sequences were ligated into plasmid (pGEM3Z) constructs and subcloned into bacterial expression vectors, and sequence was determined by automated dye terminator sequencing. Stromelysin mRNA expression was as...
Effects of training on collagen fibril populations in the suspensory ligament and deep digital flexor tendon of young thoroughbreds. To determine the effect of a specific galloping exercise regimen on collagen fibril mass-average diameters (MAD) in the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) and suspensory ligament (SL) of young Thoroughbreds. Methods: 12 Thoroughbred fillies, 21 +/- 1 (mean +/- SD) months old. Methods: 6 horses underwent a specific 18-month treadmill training program involving galloping exercise. The remaining 6 horses served as controls, undertaking low-volume walking exercise over the same period. Sections were excised from the midpoint of the DDFT and SL, and small strips were dissected from central and perip...
Pathogenesis and clinical signs of equine herpesvirus-1 in experimentally infected ponies in vivo. Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, neonatal death, abortion and neurologic disease. The main purpose of this study was to identify viral antigen in respiratory tract samples by immunoperoxidase staining. Six pony foals were selected on the basis of demonstrating seronegativity to EHV-1 by virus neutralization and housed in isolation. They were infected experimentally by administering EHV-1 nebulized ultrasonically through a face mask. Successful infection was clinically apparent as each of the foals had febrile responses, nasal discharge, and enlarged submandibular lymph ...
Effects of hypochlorous acid and ascorbic acid on conductance, permeability, and structure of equine colonic mucosa in vitro. To study effects of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) on equine colonic mucosa in vitro, and determine whether addition of ascorbic acid protects against the effects. Methods: 6 healthy horses and ponies. Methods: Short-circuit current was measured in mucosa mounted in Ussing chambers. Incubation conditions were: control (no additions); 5 mM HOCl; 1 mM HOCl; same and 5 mM ascorbic acid; 3 mM HOCl; 3 mM HOCl and 5 mM ascorbic acid; 7 mM HOCl; and 7 mM HOCl plus 5 mM ascorbic acid. Permeability was measured with [3H]mannitol and, at the conclusion of each experiment, tissues were examined microscopically...
Systemic and colonic venous plasma biochemical alterations in horses during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion of the large colon. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of low-flow ischemia and reperfusion (I-R) of the large colon on 16 systemic venous (SV) and colonic venous (CV) plasma biochemical variables in horses. Horses (n = 24) were randomly allocated to 3 groups: sham-operated (n = 6), 6 h ischemia (n = 9), and 3 h ischemia followed by 3 h reperfusion (n = 9). SV and CV heparinized blood was collected at 0, 1, 3, 3.25, 4, and 6 h. The SV-CV difference was calculated for each variable. The SV, CV, and SV-CV difference for albumin, total protein, and calcium decreased significantly (P < 0.05) ac...
Cell trafficking, mediator release, and articular metabolism in acute inflammation of innervated or denervated isolated equine joints. To describe the acute cellular response, inflammatory mediator release, and effect on chondrocyte metabolism of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) in isolated innervated or denervated equine metacarpophalangeal joints. Methods: One metacarpophalangeal joint of 24 adult horses. Methods: The metacarpophalangeal joint was isolated for 6 hours in a pump-perfused, auto-oxygenated, innervated or denervated metacarpophalangeal joint preparation. Isolated joints were assigned to 4 groups: control, control-denervated, inflamed, and inflamed-denervated, and inflammation was induced by intra-articular inject...
Cardiorespiratory effects of sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane anesthesia in horses. To determine and compare cardiorespiratory and recovery effects of sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane in horses. Methods: 8 clinically normal horses (4 mares, 4 geldings), 5 to 12 years old. Methods: Inhalation anesthesia was maintained for 90 minutes with sevoflurane, isoflurane, or halothane. Anesthesia depth was maintained at 1.5 minimum alveolar concentration of halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, then was reduced at 30 and 60 minutes. A surgical plane of anesthesia was reinduced by administration of ketamine or thiopental or by increasing the fractional inspired concentration of s...
Survival analysis of risk factors associated with the occurrence of lameness in a Michigan horse population. To evaluate the associations of operation and individual animal-level risk factors with occurrence of lameness in the Michigan horse population. Methods: 3,925 horses monitored from 138 randomly selected Michigan operations for a total of 814,753 horse-days. Methods: All horses monitored < 60 days were eliminated from the source population. From the remaining horses, a prospective unmatched case-control study population was generated that included all cases and a random sample of noncases. Analysis of risk factors associated with occurrence of lameness was conducted, using Cox's propor...
An outbreak of foal yersiniosis in Poland: pathological and bacteriological examination. In the springtime of 1995, 10 per cent of foals at a stud-farm died due to suppurative lesions. Three dead foals were examined. The manifestations of watery diarrhoea and pneumonia were observed. A profuse growth of an enterotoxigenic strain of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was obtained from the internal organs of the foals. The foals with clinical symptoms of pneumonia and watery diarrhoea were immunized with Propionibacterium acnes t. II. All mares and their offspring from the stud were treated with an immunomodulator (Propionibacterium acnes t. II) and then vaccinated with a formalin-inactiva...
Erythrocyte aggregation tendency and cellular properties in horse, human, and rat: a comparative study. Horse blood has a higher tendency to form red blood cell (RBC) aggregates compared with human blood, with this enhanced aggregation previously attributed to differences in plasma factors. Our results confirm this observation and further indicate that washed horse RBC also have a significantly higher aggregation tendency in dextran 70 solutions (i.e., horse RBC have a higher "aggregability"). In contrast, the aggregation tendency of rat RBC, both in autologous plasma and in dextran 70, is significantly less compared with human and horse RBC. Other rheological findings for horse and rat RBC incl...
Zoo-FISH with microdissected arm specific paints for HSA2, 5, 6, 16, and 19 refines known homology with pig and horse chromosomes. Microdissected arm specific paints (ASPs) for human (HSA) chromosomes (Chrs) 2, 5, 6, 16, and 19 were used as probes on pig (SSC) and horse (ECA) metaphase chromosomes. Regions homologous to individual human arms were delineated in the two species studied. Of the ten ASPs used, HSA6 and 16 ASPs showed complete synteny conservation of individual arms as single blocks/ arms both in pig and horse. A similar trend was, in general, also observed for HSA19 ASPs. However, contrary to these observations, synteny conservation of individual arms of HSA2 and HSA5 was not observed in pig and horse. The ar...
Effect of changes in respiratory blood parameters on equine red blood cell K-Cl cotransporter. K influx into equine red blood cells (RBCs) was measured using 86Rb as a tracer for K under conditions designed to mimic the changes in respiratory blood parameters that occur in vivo during strenuous exercise. The effects on K influx of physiological changes in pH, cell volume, O2 tension (PO2), CO2 tension (PCO2), and bicarbonate and lactate concentrations were defined. Physiological PO2 exerted a dominant controlling influence on the H(+)-stimulated Cl-dependent K influx, consistent with effects on the K-Cl cotransporter, PO2 required for half-maximal activity was 37 +/- 3 mmHg (4.9 kPa). A...
Comparative analysis of equine lymphocyte subsets in whole blood and gradient-purified samples. In the present study, two methods of lymphocyte preparation, whole blood lysis and Ficoll-Paque separation, prior to FACS analysis were compared. The comparison was done with single and dual-colour staining techniques. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against eCD4, eCD5, eCD8 and eMHC class II were used. There was no significant difference in the results obtained by these two methods.
Study of the heart rate and energy expenditure of ponies during transport. The energy expenditure and heart rate of five Shetland ponies were measured during transport and compared with the values recorded while they were at rest and walking. Secondary aims of the study were to investigate whether there was any correlation between heart rate and energy expenditure and whether different orientations affected the values to different degrees. The measurements were recorded at one-minute intervals while the ponies were at rest, walking and being transported in four different orientations, on journeys lasting 30 minutes. There were significant increases (P < 0.001) in ...
Histological investigations on the skin of the mammary gland of mares. The purpose of the study was to give a histological picture of the different skin regions of the mammary gland in mares. Special emphasis on the dark coating in the sulcus intermammarius was given. As a result, the dark pigmented udder skin can be subdivided into the skin of the Corpus mammae, the sulcus intermammarius and the teat skin. In the sulcus intermammarius the whole epidermis was considerably thicker than usual, especially the stratum corneum (up to 70 layers of cornified layers) and the stratum spinosum. In general, the squamous keratinocytes were unusually large. The histological p...
