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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Artificial respiration in the anesthetized horse using bilateral, percutaneous, cervical phrenic-nerve stimulation with needle electrodes: a preliminary report. In this preliminary study, artificial respiration was produced in four anesthetized horses using trains of stimuli applied to long needle electrodes inserted bilaterally at the base of the neck. The needles were insulated to within 1 cm of the tips. The frequency of the stimuli (0.1 msec) was 35/sec and the train duration (duration of inspiration) was 1 sec. Inspired volume increased with increasing stimulus intensity. In two animals, inspired volumes of 6 liters were achieved. In another animal 4.5 liters was achieved and in another, 2.5 liters. This lower value probably represented less-than...
[An outbreak of allergy to horses in children. A review of 56 recent cases]. Over the past 11 years, signs of allergy were observed in 56 children and adolescents in contact with horses. The cases consisted of 35 boys and 21 girls, 35 of them were under 10 years of age. The main clinical signs were ocular symptoms (36), asthma (30) and rhinopharyngitis (24). All the children had very positive cutaneous prick tests and specific IgE (class 3 and 4: 62%) and were polysensitized. In several children, the first manifestation occurred at the time of the first known contact with a horse or pony. No further contact was usually the only therapeutic solution. In disabled childre...
Paralaryngeal accessory bronchial cyst as a cause of laryngeal haemiplegia in a horse. LARYNGEAL haemiplegia is common in horses and most often
involves the left haemilarynx (Baker 1983; Haynes 1984).
Although specific processes have been incriminated in the
pathogenesis of laryngeal haemiplegia, most cases involve an
idiopathic distal axonopathy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The
purpose of this report is to describe a case of laryngeal
haemiplegia associated with an anomalous respiratory cyst. A
description of the lesion, method of surgical repair of the
laryngeal collapse and a proposed term to describe the
abnormality based on pathological and functional consider...
Pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-1 in specific pathogen-free foals: primary and secondary infections and reactivation. Six specific pathogen-free foals shown to be free of equine herpesvirus-1 and 4 (EHV-1 and -4) and lacking in maternally-derived antibodies were used to investigate the pathogenesis of EHV-1 in horses. Following primary intranasal inoculation with EHV-1 all foals showed signs of a mild, self-limiting upper respiratory tract infection. A leucopenia was observed, comprising both a lymphopenia and neutropenia. Virus was isolated from nasal mucus and buffy coat cells over several days during the clinical episode and after the animals became clinically normal. Notwithstanding the mildness of the cl...
Transmission and diagnosis of equine babesiosis in South Africa. The transmission and prevalence of Babesia equi and B. caballi are being studied. Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus an ixodid tick from Namibia was identified as a new vector of B. equi, however, R. turanicus, previously reported to be a vector, failed to transmit both B. equi and B. caballi in the laboratory. The accurate diagnosis of B. caballi is being investigated because the nature of its low level parasitaemia does not allow easy detection in thin blood smears, routinely used for diagnosis, by clinicians. Consequently its role as a pathogen remains obscure. The importance of identifying in...
Early foetal death in the mare. Histological, bacteriological and cytological findings in the endometrium. Fifteen mares which had each lost their pregnancies 2 to 8 times during the preceding 6 years were used in a study comprising 1 or 2 breeding seasons for each mare. During the research period all 15 mares conceived and 10 of the mares had normal pregnancies in the 1st experimental year. Five mares resorbed/aborted once or twice during the 1st year. This was followed by a pregnancy that terminated in a live foal. Histopathological examinations of uterine biopsies showed a wide range of histopathological conditions, from absence of changes excessive for the mare's age and parity to the most seve...
[Causes of prenatal foal loss in Switzerland]. In Switzerland during the foaling season 1988 and 1989 the cause of abortion in 60 foals was investigated. Special attention was paid to infections with equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV 1). Diagnosis were based on post-mortem, histopathological, bacteriological and immunofluorescence investigation. The results confirm data from other countries, that EHV 1 is the most prevalent viral (20%) cause of abortion, followed by various bacterial agents (12%). Other causes were umbilical torsion, twin pregnancy and malformations. In 18% of the cases the investigation of fetuses did not give any results as to t...
DNA fingerprinting in horses using a simple (TG)n probe and its application to population comparisons. A synthetic polynucleotide (TG)n was hybridized to equine DNA digested with HinfI and hypervariable hybridization patterns were obtained. Mendelian inheritance of these DNA fingerprinting patterns was confirmed by pedigree analysis. Estimates of the probabilities of identical band patterns in unrelated individuals of different breeds (Swedish Trotters, North Swedish Trotters, Thoroughbreds and Arabians) were in the range 1 x 10(-4) - 7 x 10(-6). The variability derived with the (TG)n probe in horses was higher than what we obtained with several other commonly used probes for DNA fingerprinting...
Disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with colic in 23 horses (1984-1989). Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) secondary to colic was diagnosed in 23 horses. Each horse was categorized retrospectively as to the cause of the colic based on surgical and/or necropsy findings: group 1 consisted of 14 horses with compromised intestine that required resection and anastomosis; group 2 consisted of 3 horses with nonstrangulating intestinal displacement and/or impactions; and group 3 consisted of 6 horses with colic associated with enteritis and/or colitis. Horses were considered to be affected with DIC if at least three of five hemostatic parameters were significant...
Ketamine, Telazol, xylazine and detomidine. A comparative anesthetic drug combinations study in ponies. This study was designed to assess the effects of 5 anesthetic drug combinations in ponies: (1) ketamine 2.75 mg/kg, xylazine 1.0 mg/kg (KX), (2) Telazol 1.65 mg/kg, xylazine 1.0 mg/kg (TX), (3) Telazol 2 mg/kg, detomidine 20 micrograms/kg (TD-20), (4) Telazol 2 mg/kg, detomidine 40 micrograms/kg (TD-40), (5) Telazol 3 mg/kg, detomidine 60 micrograms/kg (TD-60). All drugs were given iv with xylazine or detomidine preceding ketamine or Telazol by 5 min. Heart rate was decreased significantly from 5 min to arousal after TD-20 but only at 60 and 90 min after TD-40 and TD-60 respectively. Respirato...
Equine coxofemoral luxations: 17 cases (1975-1990). The medical records of 17 horses with coxofemoral luxation were examined. Ponies and miniature horses were overrepresented. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 7 years (range 1 month to 25 years). Seventy percent were female. Severe trauma, such as a fall or being kicked by another horse, was a common etiology. Thirty-five percent had other orthopedic injuries associated with the luxation. Closed reduction, with the use of a mechanically assisted calving device, was attained in 5 cases but reluxation occurred shortly afterward in 4 of these. Varying surgical techniques were used in 3 cas...
Pathological findings in horses dying during an outbreak of the paralytic form of Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection. In 1988 an outbreak of the paralytic form of Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection occurred on a stud farm and several animals died. This provided an opportunity to perform detailed pathological investigations to gain insights into the pathogenesis of this spontaneous disease. Two paretic mares, three foals, an aborted foetus and its non-paretic dam were examined. The endotheliotropism of the virus was clearly demonstrated by the use of an indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) stain. At autopsy, evidence of viral infection was widespread in the foetus and foals, but limited or absent in the mare...
An inhibitor of tumor cell growth from normal horse serum. During our studies of cytostatic cytokines in the mixed leukocyte culture, we found that horse serum in the medium control contained a tumor cell growth-inhibitory factor. The fraction isolated by molecular sieving and ion exchange chromatography inhibited the growth and DNA synthesis of the primary culture and passaged cell line of the canine transmissible venereal sarcoma, murine T (L5178Y) and B (P3-X63-Ag8.653) lymphoid tumor cells, murine mammary tumor cells (RIII), bovine lymphoid tumor cells (BL3), and the nontransformed cell line of baby hamster kidney cells. Nontransformed cell lines ...
Capillary supply and fibre area in locomotor muscles of horse and steer–a comparison between histochemistry and electron microscopy. In order to investigate possible differences in variables defining capillary supply of skeletal muscle derived from two methods, the electron-microscopical and the amylase-PAS histochemical methods were applied in a study of horse and steer muscles. Samples from several locomoter muscles were taken at slaughter from one horse and one steer, divided into two and prepared separately for the two techniques. It was found that there was no difference between the two methods in the values for the capillary-to-fibre ratio. Values for mean fibre area, on the other hand, were significantly higher in th...
New A system allele of red cell alloantigens in Paso Fino horses. Family data from Paso Fino horses support the existence of a new allele (Aabdf) in the A system of red cell alloantigens. Considering breeds throughout the world, the A system now consists of 13 alleles defined by reagents which serologically detect seven factors.
The pharmacokinetics of a slow-release theophylline preparation in horses after intravenous and oral administration. The pharmacokinetics of a slow-release theophylline formulation was investigated following intravenous and oral administration at 10 mg/kg in horses. A tricompartmental model was selected to describe the intravenous plasma profile. The elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) was 16.91 +/- 0.93 h, the apparent volume of distribution (Vd) was 1.35 +/- 0.18 L/kg and the body clearance (ClB) was 0.061 +/- 0.009 L kg-1 h. After oral administration the half-life of absorption was 1.24 +/- 0.30 h, and the calculated bioavailability was above 100%. The t1/2 beta after oral administration was 18.51 +/- 1.75 ...
Bile acid fractionations by high-performance liquid chromatography in equine liver disease. Serum bile acids were fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 13 control and 8 cases of liver disease in horses. The severity and type of liver injury was determined by histopathological examination of biopsy and/or necropsy specimens. The total serum bile acids (tSBA) were determined in these horses by an enzymatic method (SBA-EA) and by summation of the bile acids (SBA-LC) as fractionated by the HPLC. The SBA-LC were generally higher than the SBA-EA in both the controls and liver disease and they did not parallel each other. The primary bile acids, total cholates and...
An immunoperoxidase method applied to the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus abortion, using conventional and rapid microwave techniques. An indirect immunoperoxidase (IMP) technique was applied to cryostat and paraffin sections of liver from ten aborted equine foetuses. Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) had been isolated from seven of them and EHV-4 from one: the remaining two were virologically negative and were not used as controls. In the eight virus-infected cases the immunostaining revealed foci of cells exhibiting a distinct brown cytoplasmic and inclusion body pigmentation. No specific signal was present in the non-infected controls. The method also was adapted for incubation in a microwave oven, which allowed the total l...
Volvulus of the colon in a horse associated with a mesocolic-umbilical band. A 7-years-old Clydesdale mare was presented with severe abdominal distension and acute colic. Dilated large intestine was palpated per rectum and a ventral midline exploratory laparotomy was performed. A 180 degrees volvulus of the pelvic flexure was present, associated with an inelastic band of tissue connecting the mesocolon to the umbilicus. The band was ligated and transected, and the volvulus reduced. Postoperative complications included hyponatraemia, metabolic acidosis and laminitis. The possible aetiology of the mesocolic-umbilical band is discussed.
Elbow extensor muscles of the horse: postural and dynamic implications. Based on histochemical and immunohistochemical evidence, horse elbow extensor muscles are composed of two morphologically distinct muscle groups. The long and lateral heads of the triceps brachii are large, predominantly type II (presumed fast) muscles. The long and lateral heads of the triceps together account for 96% of the weight of the elbow extensors (long head of triceps is 81%). The long and lateral heads contain three histochemical fiber types: types I, IIa and IIb. Type I muscle fibers account for approximately 18 and 27% of the fibers in the long and lateral heads of the triceps, res...
Pedicle skin flaps in ponies: viable length is related to flap width. The relationship between pedicle flap width and viable length was characterised for skin flaps of the flank in ponies. Four dorsally based, pedicle type skin flaps of 20 cm in length and 3, 6, 9 or 12 cm in width were created in a random sequence on one flank in each of 10 ponies. Flap survival length was assessed by skin texture and appearance, depilation of hair and wound healing at 14 days after surgery. There was considerable variation between animals in the viable length of flaps of the same width; however, a significant difference in the viable length of flaps of different widths was det...
One-dimensional isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting of equine major histocompatibility complex class I antigens. The cells of 60 randomly selected Hannoveranian warm-blooded horses were subjected to one-dimensional isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting with a cross-reacting monoclonal antibody (Bo 1) recognizing bovine class I antigens. The banding patterns were correlated with the serologically defined specificities of the ELA-A locus. ELA-A2 was correlated with four bands, while ELA-A5, ELA-W18, ELA-A6, ELA-A14 and ELA-A9 were correlated with a single band each. The complexity of the pattern and additional polymorphic bands which could not be correlated to any of the known ELA specificities may indic...
Pathways of lymph flow through intestinal lymph nodes in the horse. In the horse, several thousand lymph nodes receive lymph from the intestine, part of which is very large and contains microorganisms that enable the animal to utilize refractory dietary constituents such as cellulose. The aim of this study was to describe the pathways by which lymph is delivered into, traverses, and is drained from these lymph nodes. These pathways were studied with either Microfil or methacrylate casting materials and with light and electron microscopy. The afferent lymphatic vessel delivering lymph into one of the nodes divides over the capsular surface and within trabeculae...
Hematuria and weight loss in a mare with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This clinical report describes an 11-yr-old Thoroughbred mare that presented with clinical signs of weight loss and hematuria. History and clinical findings suggested the mare had neoplasia of the urogenital system. Although ultrasound-guided biopsy of the perirenal mass did not yield abnormal cells, large irregular cells were isolated from the thoracic and peritoneal fluid. At necropsy, multiple firm nodules were disseminated throughout the peritoneal cavity. Histological examination of the nodules revealed cells that were consistent with a pancreatic exocrine adenocarcinoma. This is the firs...
Preliminary studies on the vascular anatomy of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon. The vascular and microvascular anatomy of normal equine superficial digital flexor tendons was studied by dissection of vinyl-perfused specimens and by microangiography on high detail film. The presence of an extensive intratendinous vascular latticework was confirmed, and a 'nutrient artery' described closely associated with the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (proximal check ligament). Circumferential stripping of the paratenon from the tendon to eliminate afferent vessels was performed bilaterally in three horses and unilaterally in a fourth, followed by a treadm...
Pinealitis coincident with recurrent uveitis: immunohistochemical studies. Although experimental models of autoimmune uveitis predict pinealitis coincident with uveitis, there is no direct evidence of pineal pathology accompanying a human uveitis. Horses with naturally occurring uveitis are a potential source of eye and pineal tissues that are not available from human patients with active uveitis. We have observed pinealitis in a mare with equine recurrent uveitis. By immunohistochemistry we demonstrated immunoglobulin and MHC Class II antigen on infiltrating and resident cells of eye and pineal gland. These results support the relevance of the animal models and sugg...
Inhibition of equine complement activity by polysulfated glycosaminoglycans. The ability of polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (PSGAG) to inhibit the complement cascade was evaluated. The role of complement in inflammation and infection has been well documented. Inhibition of the complement cascade by PSGAG could explain why intra-articularly administered PSGAG diminish diarthrodial joint inflammation and potentiate septic arthritis in horses. Hemolytic complement testing was performed to evaluate the effect of PSGAG on the equine classical and alternate pathways of complement, using rabbit erythrocytes as the target cells. Concentration of PSGAG between 0.2 mg/ml and 0.6...
