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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
The binding domain on horse cytochrome c and Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome c2 for the Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome bc1 complex. The interaction of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome bc1 complex with Rb. sphaeroides cytochrome c2 and horse cytochrome c was studied by using specific lysine modification and ionic strength dependence methods. The rate of the reactions with both cytochrome c and cytochrome c2 decreased rapidly with increasing ionic strength above 0.2 M NaCl. The ionic strength dependence suggested that electrostatic interactions were equally important to the reactions of the two cytochromes, even though they have opposite net charges at pH 7.0. In order to define the interaction domain on horse cytochro...
Retinal astrocytes: their restriction to vascularized parts of the mammalian retina. The distribution of astrocytes has been studied in whole-mounted horse and monkey retinae by the immunocytochemical localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In the horse, astrocytes were found to be restricted to a narrow zone close to the optic nerve head. This is also the only region of the horse retina that is vascularized. In the monkey, astrocytes were found ubiquitously in the nerve fiber layer of the retina, apart from the avascular fovea centralis which lacked astrocytes. These observations strongly suggest that retinal astrocytes co-occur with blood vessels, a feature w...
Immunological safety evaluation of a haemostatic agent and wound dressing made of horse collagen fibrils. A haemostatic agent and wound dressing made of horse collagen (Tachotop) was applied to guinea-pigs in such a way that the intended use of this material in humans was simulated, and cell-mediated and humoral immune responses of the animals were investigated. In addition, immune reactions were forcefully induced in guinea-pigs in order to validate the methodical approach and quantitate the observed reactions. Cell-mediated immunity was measured as delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions, and antibodies were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Simulation of the intende...
Establishment and maintenance of pregnancy after embryo transfer in ovariectomized mares treated with progesterone. Pregnancy was established and maintained after embryo transfer in 3 ovariectomized mares treated with progesterone only. Four ovariectomized mares were used as recipients, and 7 transfers were performed. Progesterone in oil, 300 mg i.m. daily, was given starting 5 days before transfer of a 7-day embryo. If the mare was pregnant at 20 days, progesterone treatment was continued to 100 days of gestation. The 3 pregnant mares carried to term and delivered live foals with normal parturition, lactation and maternal behaviour. No differences were seen between pregnant and non-pregnant ovariectomized ...
Clinical, clinicopathologic, and epidemiologic features of anhidrosis in central Florida Thoroughbred horses. A group of 834 Thoroughbred horses was surveyed on four central Florida farms for clinical and epidemiologic features of anhidrosis. In addition, comparative analysis was made of serum thyroxine, serum electrolytes, and fractional urinary electrolyte excretion ratios. An overall disease prevalence of 6.12% was observed. Training horses and nonpregnant broodmares had a predilection for the disease. Adolescent horses were infrequently affected. There was no correlation with sex or color. Comparative clinical signs, related to thermoregulatory compromise, included tachypnea and hyperthermia. Long...
Management of fractures and exostosis of the metacarpals and metatarsals II and IV in 25 horses. Twenty-five cases of fractures of the second and fourth metacarpal and metatarsal (splint) bones were reviewed. Fourteen fractures involved a thoracic limb and 11 involved a pelvic limb. Fractures of the proximal one-third of splint bones are reported in one of two forms: fractures that are closed, or fractures with a permanent or intermittent draining sinus. Thirteen of the fractures presented were closed fractures and the remaining 12 were open. All of the closed fractures were managed by surgical excision of the distal fragment and the exostosis at the fracture site, followed by primary sur...
Infiltrative lipoma in the heart of a horse. An expansile, yellow, soft mass was observed in the free wall of the right ventricle of a 3-year-old, male, Morgan, horse at necropsy. The mass was composed of well differentiated adipocytes in solid sheets or infiltrating between muscle fibers with associated myofiber degeneration. The mass was interpreted to be an infiltrative lipoma of the heart.
HPLC determination and pharmacokinetics of thiabendazole and its major metabolite 5-OH thiabendazole in equine plasma. Separate high performance liquid chromatographic methods were developed for thiabendazole (TBZ) and 5-hydroxy thiabendazole (5-OH-TBZ) determination in horse plasma using 1-methyl-2-phenyl benzimidazole (MPBZ) as an internal standard. In both methods TBZ and 5-OH-TBZ were extracted from plasma using organic solvents, injected on to a C-18 column, and eluents monitored by a fluorescence detector. However, mobile phase composition, extraction solvent as well as detector wavelength differed in the two methods. The linear range for TBZ was 0.02 to 0.77 microgram ml-1 while that for 5-OH-TBZ was 0....
Surgical treatment of fractures of the olecranon in the horse: a comparative review of 25 cases. A series of 25 horses with olecranon fractures are reviewed. Twenty-one cases were treated surgically by the application of a tension band plate to the caudal aspect of the ulna. Seventy six per cent of these regained full limb function. The results of treatment are compared with two other series of conservatively and surgically treated cases.
Large granular lymphocytes from SCID horses develop potent cytotoxic activity after treatment with human recombinant interleukin 2. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from foals with hereditary severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) have morphologic characteristics of large granular lymphocytes (LGL). Attempts to demonstrate cytotoxic activity were without success unless the LGL were incubated with 100 U of human recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL 2)/ml for 24 hr. With rIL 2 incubation, low effector to target ratios (10:1) consistently yielded high levels of cytotoxic activity (30 to 50%) in a standard 4-hr 51Cr-release assay using YAC-1 lymphoma or K562 erythroleukemia cell lines as targets. Monoclonal antibody EqT12 reacted...
Dental dolorimetry for the evaluation of an analgesic agent in the horse. A monopolar electrode was implanted surgically in the canine tooth dentine layer to evaluate pain threshold responses of horses. A constant-current stimulator was used to deliver a known electrical current to the tooth pulp nerve. A single stimulus of 2-ms duration, repeated at greater than or equal to 20-s intervals, was used to elicit a head lift response. The lowest current level that produced 3 positive head lift responses was recorded as the pain threshold of the horse. The testing technique, dental dolorimetry, was easily performed. Tooth pulp pain thresholds (TPPT) were established on 8...
Unilateral distension of the tarsal sheath in the horse: a report of 11 cases. Eleven horses with unilateral distension of the sheath are reported with emphasis on the use of plain and contrast radiography in diagnosis. Six had associated bony abnormalities of the sustentaculum tali, and two of these showed destructive or mixed destructive and proliferative lesions resulting from osteomyelitis. One horse had a fracture of the sustentaculum. In three horses proliferative changes were found. Bony changes were best demonstrated on a dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique view. Contrast radiography of the tarsal sheath was performed in five cases without, and two horses with, a...
Blood products in large animal medicine: a comparative account of current and future technology. THERE are indications for therapeutic uses of all portions of
whole blood in large animal patients but plasma and its isolated components have the largest number of immediate
applications. As recently as 10 years ago, whole fresh blood
was the only routinely administered blood product. However,
as even cross-match compatible erythrocytes are removed
from circulation within two to four days by the reticuloendothelial system, whole blood is a poor product for expansion of
vascular volume or supplying plasma components if the
patient has no immediate need for increased oxygen carrying
cap...
Rapid reversible immobilization of feral stallions using etorphine hydrochloride, xylazine hydrochloride and atropine sulfate. Forty-eight newly captured free-ranging feral stallions (Equus caballus) from two different locations and six captive stallions were immobilized using combinations of etorphine hydrochloride, xylazine hydrochloride and atropine sulfate with or without acepromazine. Six animals were immobilized twice, 1 mo apart. The drugs were administered either intramuscularly (n = 13) or intravenously (n = 44). Mean immobilization time (+/- SE) after intravenous (i.v.) injection of etorphine, xylazine and atropine was 55 +/- 4 sec (range 20 to 185 sec) compared to 708 +/- 131 sec (range 390 to 1,140 sec) fo...
Antibody response of horses to Rhodococcus equi antigens. The antigens extracted from strains belonging to seven capsular serotypes of Rhodococcus equi, as well as from two wild strains isolated from pneumonic foals, were examined. Whole-cell antigens and soluble products present in broth culture supernatants were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electroblotted onto nitrocellulose, and stained with serum from hyperimmunized rabbits or foals. Foal sera used included sera from pneumonic animals with known titer to equi factors; from animals bled monthly on a farm with enzootic pneumonia, and from animals bled mont...
Names and codes of the diseases and clinical signs of dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, goats and swine from the consultant diagnostic database. A complete listing of the clinical signs and diseases of dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, goats and swine in the CONSULTANT database for computer assisted diagnosis is presented, along with the codes used to record this data. This list may be useful to those teaching, researching or writing on the diseases of domestic animals, and is of particular use to those who need such a resource for developing diagnostic coding and computer-assisted information retrieval.
Functional design of horse hoof keratin: the modulation of mechanical properties through hydration effects. Tensile moduli and J-integral fracture toughness values were determined for horse hoof-wall keratin at four hydration levels. The stiffness of hoof-wall was influenced by water content to a greater degree than is the stiffness of other mammalian hard keratins. Young's modulus increased from 410 MPa at 100% relative hydration (RH) to 14.6 GPa at 0% RH. Fracture toughness was maximal (22.8 kJ m-2) at an intermediate hydration (75% RH), which represents a two-fold increase over both fully hydrated and dehydrated material. Maximum fracture toughness occurred at a hydration level which is within th...
Luxation of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in horses. Lateral or medial luxation of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joint in 10 horses is presented. Closed and open fetlock luxation each occurred in five horses. Horses were treated by cast immobilisation after debridement of soft tissue and joint lavage in cases of open luxations. Suture apposition of a ruptured collateral ligament was attempted in three cases. Antibiotic therapy was used in all cases of open fetlock luxation but non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication was used inconsistently. Whether closed or open, fetlock luxations had a good prognosis for return to...
Nuclear scintigraphic evaluation of third metacarpal and metatarsal bone fractures in three horses. Nuclear scintigraphy was used to evaluate healing of third metacarpal bone (MC III) fractures in 2 horses (horses 1 and 2) and a third metatarsal bone fracture in 1 horse (horse 3) after stabilization of each fracture with 2 broad dynamic compression plates. In horse 1, the fracture had uniform uptake of 99mTc methylene diphosphonate on days 1, 15, and 30 after surgery. The fracture healed, and the horse was discharged from the clinic on day 52. In horse 2, a 6-cm photopenic region (ie, area of low radioactivity) was seen over the diaphysis of MC III on day 3. The region persisted and became m...
Carcinoma of the mammary gland in a mare. A 17-year-old Quarter Horse mare developed rapidly progressive, bilateral, firm enlargements of both mammary glands, ventral abdominal edema, dyspnea, and neurologic signs. The horse was euthanatized, and a carcinoma of the mammary gland was diagnosed at necropsy. Microscopically, normal glandular parenchyma was replaced by neoplastic nodules, and the tumor had metastasized to most visceral organs and throughout the musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. The tumor had a solid pattern, with microglandular differentiation, and numerous syncytial sheets.
Arterial blood PO2 and PCO2 in horses during early halothane-oxygen anaesthesia. Arterial blood was collected from 25 clinically normal horses immediately before and serially throughout the first hour of halothane oxygen anaesthesia. Blood was analysed for oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaO2, PaCO2). Measurements of inspired oxygen concentration during anaesthesia permitted direct correlation with blood gases. Horses were divided arbitrarily into two groups based on their age: two to seven years, n = 15; over seven years, n = 10. Average (+/- sd) PaO2 and PaCO2 was 14.1 +/- 1.5 kPa (106 +/- 11 mmHg) and 5.9 +/- 0.6 kPa (44.4 +/- 4.4 mmHg) respectively in consc...
Skin lesions of sweet itch and the distribution of dermal mast cells in the horse. No abstract available
Proton hyperfine resonance assignments using the nuclear Overhauser effect for ferric forms of horse and tuna cytochrome c. Proton hyperfine resonance assignments for cytochromes c from several species are currently being successfully pursued by several laboratories. These efforts focus mostly on the ferrous forms. In contrast to that work, we have pursued assignments of the proton hyperfine shifted resonances for horse and tuna ferricytochromes c. Our results indicate that assignments are nearly identical in those two proteins. Using the pre-steady state nuclear Overhauser effect, several additional assignments have been made for the tuna protein, whereas for the horse protein, the following protons have been assi...
