Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Reproductive patterns in cyclic and pregnant thyroidectomized mares. Three Quarter-horse mares were thyroidectomized at about 1.5 years of age. Three similar intact mares served as controls. The study continued through two breeding seasons. The thyroidectomized mares were lethargic, rear limbs were oedematous and hair coats were coarse. They displayed a tranquil oestrous behaviour when exposed to a stallion and were only mildly antagonistic when not in oestrus. Length of oestrous cycles varied but most often they were 19-24 days long. Duration of oestrus (mean +/- s.e.m.) for the control and thyroidectomized mares was 12.9 +/- 2.9 and 11.7 +/- 2.2 days respecti...
The ground reaction force pattern from the hindlimb of the horse simulated by a spring model. A model consisting of a spring loaded by a time-dependent mass is presented simulating the vertical and longitudinal horizontal ground reaction force patterns obtained from the hindlimb of a walking horse.
Epizootic vesicular stomatitis in Colorado, 1982: infection in occupational risk groups. In 1982-1983, an epizootic of vesicular stomatitis occurred in the western United States. Veterinarians, research workers, and regulatory personnel who were exposed to vesicular stomatitis virus were examined for patterns of human infection and prevalence of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey serotype neutralizing antibody. Insight into the mechanism of transmission was sought by comparing activities of antibody-positive and antibody-negative persons. A statistically significant risk factor was a history of infected animals sneezing in the face of serosurvey participants. Elevated odds ratios wer...
Cervico-endometrial cytology and physiological aspects of the post-partum mare. After parturition, Thoroughbred mares were mated at the first post-partum oestrus (N = 24) or at a subsequent oestrus (N = 12). All mares were examined daily for: oestrous detection, palpation per rectum of the genital tract, vaginoscopic examination and cervico-endometrial cytology. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out at Days 18, 35 and 45 after mating. An identical first service conception rate of 50% was found in both groups. The number of neutrophils followed a descending profile to only scattered cells at the first post-partum oestrus and in Group II mares remained at this very low level ...
Evaluation of cellulose acetate/nitrate filters for the study of stallion sperm motility. Stallion semen was diluted in a Hepes-supplemented buffer (CM) (10(6) spermatozoa/ml) and placed in the upper well of a Sykes-Moore chemotaxis chamber. Chambers were incubated in a humidified atmosphere (5% CO2 in air) at 37 degrees C for 1 and 2 h and spermatozoa were allowed to swim through filters with a mean pore size of 3,5 or 8 micron. Spermatozoa entered filters of all three pore sizes. Distance travelled was greater for each increase in pore size (P less than 0.01) but did not differ (P greater than 0.05) between 1 and 2h of incubation. Extended semen from stallions of different fertil...
Use of different nonglycolysable sugars to maintain stallion sperm viability when frozen or stored at 37 degrees C and 5 degrees C in a bovine serum albumin medium. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) diluents containing lactose, raffinose or sucrose were not different (P greater than 0.05) in their ability to maintain stallion sperm viability, as determined by percentage motile spermatozoa (PMS) and their rate of forward movement (RFM), when stored at 37 or 5 degrees C for 24 h. These diluents did promote a higher (P greater than 0.05) PMS and RFM, when compared with BSA diluents containing arabinose or galactose. The BSA-arabinose and BSA-galactose diluents did not differ (P less than 0.05) in their ability to support sperm viability and were detrimental to sper...
Chemotactic and phagocytic function of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes in newborn foals. Chemotactic and phagocytic responsiveness of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) from 11 foals were analysed immediately after birth (pre-colostral) and at different times after colostrum ingestion. The number of foal PMNLs per microscopic field that had migrated through the filter in chemotaxis and the number of yeast particles ingested per foal PMNL in phagocytosis were significantly lower when tested with foal plasma before colostrum ingestion (chemotaxis, 2.0 +/- 0.55 (s.e.m.); phagocytosis, 0.98 +/- 0.352) than in tests 4 or more days after colostrum ingestion (chemotaxi...
Concentrations of uterine luminal prostaglandins in mares with acute and persistent endometritis. Intrauterine infusion of 1 per cent oyster glycogen solution was used to induce acute endometritis in four genitally normal mares. Numbers of viable neutrophils recovered in uterine washings had increased by 1 h after infusion and remained elevated for at least 72 h. There was a significant correlation between numbers of viable neutrophils and total protein concentrations and between prostaglandin (PG)F and PGE2 concentrations in washings. There was also a significant relationship between concentrations of 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro PGF2 alpha in plasma and PGF in washings. Intrauterine concentrat...
[Hoof correction in foals]. The conformation of a foal's limbs is of interest beginning in the first days of life. The hoof also must not be neglected. Management and hoof care necessary for normal hoof development are discussed. In addition, pathological hoof shapes and their appropriate treatments are outlined.
Lipids in the laminated layer of liver, lung and daughter hydatid cysts of equine Echinococcus granulosus (Cestoda). Lipids extracted from the laminated layers of horse liver and lung hydatids, including a daughter liver cyst, were analysed using TLC. No differences in lipid composition was detected in 11 liver cysts, whether from the same or different livers, and di- and triacylglycerols, cholesterol, wax and steryl esters, oleic acid, sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol and ceramide hexosides were detected. The daughter cyst differed from its "parent" cyst in lacking diacylglycerols and wax and steryl esters. The lung cyst differed from the liver cysts in that cholesterol, wax and st...
Phagocytosis of horse erythrocytes treated with equine infectious anemia virus by cultivated horse leukocytes. Horse erythrocytes treated with equine infectious anemia virus hemagglutinin were phagocytized by cultivated horse leukocytes (mainly macrophage-like cells and partly polymorphonuclear cells) after incubation with fresh horse serum but not with inactivated horse serum. The phagocytosis began as soon as the erythrocytes were added to the leukocyte cultures, and the majority of the reaction proceeded within 30 minutes. Addition of antiserum showed a slightly suppressing but no enhancing effect on the phagocytosis. Phagocytosis seemed to be caused by the recognition of the third complement compon...
Heparin-induced agglutination of erythrocytes in horses. Heparin was administered subcutaneously 2 times a day for 4 days to 5 horses. An additional group of 5 horses was used as time-matched controls. Significant decreases in PCV, erythrocyte count, and hemoglobin concentration were observed during heparin therapy. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of the heparin-treated horses increased to a peak value of 66.1 fl on the last day of treatment. Erythrocyte creatine concentration and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increased moderately during the treatment. These data indicated that the rapid, profound increase in MCV during heparin therap...
Motility and ATP content of extended equine spermatozoa in different storage conditions. The role of various environmental conditions on sperm motility and ATP content was investigated by incubating raw and washed spermatozoa collected with an open-ended artificial vagina from 10 stallions in various biological and artificial media under different atmospheric conditions. Spermatozoa did not survive for more than 12 h when kept unextended in the original seminal fluid in any circumstances. The most favourable media tested for long-term sperm survival were Kenney's medium or Kenney's medium supplemented with 10 mM-theophylline and 10 mM-Hepes, pH 7.2. Centrifugation and slow cooling...
Reproductive characteristics of spontaneous single and double ovulating mares and superovulated mares. For embryos collected from mares 7 days after ovulation, embryo recovery for single-ovulating mares was 53% compared to 106% for double-ovulating mares. Pregnancy rates 50 days after surgical transfer were 68 and 129%, respectively. Concentrations of LH were similar during the periovulatory period for cycles which included single or double ovulations. Horse pituitary extract given for 5.5 days resulted in greater than or equal to 2 ovulations (mean 3.8) in 26 of 28 mares and 2.0 embryos were recovered per donor compared to 0.65 for controls. Non-surgical pregnancy rates for embryos collected f...
Alimentary lymphomas in the horse. A series of 9 cases of primary diffuse alimentary lymphoma of the equine small intestine is described. Clinically, the principal effects were attributable to malabsorption and disordered alimentary function and several cases had severe anaemia; in four this was of the haemolytic type. Hypoalbuminaemia and elevated gamma globulin levels were often present. The neoplasms were confined mainly to the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes, sometimes with some involvement of other lymph nodes as well. The large bowel was affected in one horse, but none of the cases showed detectable invasion of...
Effect of Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin on PGF-2 alpha release and fetal death in the mare. The infusion of Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin into pregnant mares resulted in a biphasic release pattern of PGF-2 alpha as determined by 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF-2 alpha concentrations. The initial phase of 1 h duration was followed by accentuated release by 2 h after infusion; concentrations reached basal levels by 6 h. In 7 mares at 23, 26, 29, 33, 36, 53 and 55 days of gestation, fetal death occurred between 36 and 120 h after infusion; 12 mares at 46, 51, 56, 59, 65, 71, 73, 85, 103, 138, 283 and 318 days of gestation did not abort after endotoxin infusion. Luteal activity was compromi...
The optics of comparative ophthalmoscopy. One factor peculiar to the practice of comparative ophthalmoscopy is the very large variation in ocular size of the animals examined, a factor which is ignored in current textbook treatments of the subject. We have computed values of lateral magnification, axial magnification, angular field of view and linear field of view for 19 species of terrestrial vertebrates. The dimensional value of a 1 diopter change in direct ophthalmoscopic focus was also determined. The anterior focal length of the eye in air and the vitreal refractive index were the intrinsic optical parameters of the animal's eye ...
The pathogenesis of dystocia and fetal malformation in the horse. From a total of 601 severe dystocias in mares, 408 (68%) of the fetuses were in anterior, 95 (16%) in posterior and 98 (16%) in transverse presentation, compared with 99%, 1% and 0.1% respectively for spontaneous parturitions. From the cases with anterior presentation, 151 (37%) showed reflected heads and necks. From the cases with posterior presentation, 47 (50%) presented hip flexions, 25% had hock flexions, and 25% had stretched hind legs, 45 (47%) of the fetuses were in lateral or ventral position, and 28 (30%) of the fetuses were malformed (mainly torticollis and head scoliosis). All 98 c...
Endotoxin-induced production of thromboxane and prostacyclin by equine peritoneal macrophages. Equine peritoneal macrophages were isolated and cultured in vitro to assess their ability to produce thromboxane (TxA2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) in response to endotoxin. Peritoneal macrophages (2.5 x 10(6)/ml) were incubated in tissue culture media, containing 1) no additive (nonstimulated control), 2) endotoxin (0.5 to 100 ng/ml) or 3) the calcium ionophore, A23187 (0.95 microM) for two and six h. Concentrations of the stable metabolites of TxA2 and PGI2 thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha), in the incubation media were determined by radioimmunoassay. Th...
Acetabular osteochondrosis dissecans in a foal. Osteochondrosis affecting the acetabula in horses is rarely reported. Osteochondrosis dissecans in foals only a few weeks old is also an uncommon finding. Lesions compatible with osteochondrosis dissecans in the acetabulum were found to be the cause of a chronic coxofemoral lameness in a 3-week-old Arabian filly. The history, physical examination findings, joint fluid analysis, gross pathologic and histopathologic findings are described.
Stromal cells from human long-term marrow cultures, but not cultured marrow fibroblasts, phagocytose horse serum constituents: studies with a monoclonal antibody that reacts with a species-specific epitope common to multiple horse serum proteins. This report describes an IgG1 mouse monoclonal antibody derived after immunization of mice with washed stromal cells from human, long-term bone marrow cultures. The antigen recognized by the antibody (BMS-1) is a carbohydrate-containing prosthetic group that is common to and specific for multiple horse serum proteins. These proteins are avidly ingested by stromal cells and concentrated in endocytic vesicles. Cultured smooth muscle cells took up the horse proteins in a similar manner to marrow stromal cells while cultured marrow fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and hepatoma cells did not. These ...
Observations and management of fractures of the proximal phalanx in young Thoroughbreds. A retrospective study of 119 cases of fracture of the proximal phalanx is described. The short incomplete sagittal fracture (split pastern) was most common and carried a good prognosis for a return to racing following conservative treatment. Longer incomplete fractures also had a good prognosis but complete fractures, either through the lateral cortex of the proximal phalanx or through the bone into the proximal interphalangeal joint, required internal fixation. Careful assessment of these and comminuted fractures was essential before surgery was undertaken. Most comminuted fractures were trea...
Extensive large colon resection in the pony. II. Digestibility studies and postmortem findings. The nutritional implications and adaptive processes resulting from resection of 75% of the length of the large colon in ponies were investigated. Ten ponies in good physical condition were divided into two groups: six in the experimental group and four in the control group. During the sixth postoperative month, two digestibility studies were conducted, and phosphate fractional renal excretion and serum biochemical profiles were determined in both groups. The ponies (N = 10) were euthanized six months postoperatively, and gross and histopathological examinations were performed. Results of the s...
Multiple overlapping epitopes in the three antigenic regions of horse cytochrome c1. To gain a better understanding of the diversity of epitopes on a protein, the specificities of 103 monoclonal antibodies to a model antigen, horse cytochrome c(cyt c), were analyzed. The antibodies were generated in in vitro monoclonal, secondary antibody responses against horse cyt c coupled to hemocyanin in splenic fragment cultures. For this assay, horse cyt c-primed murine B lymphocytes were transferred to irradiated, hemocyanin-primed recipients. A panel of seven mammalian cyts c differing at one to six residues out of 104 and cyanogen bromide-cleaved fragments of horse cyt c containing r...
Light and electron microscopy of Ag-NORs in domestic horse chromosomes identified after R-banding. Silver staining shows the presence in the domestic horse of six NORs located on chromosomes 1, 26 and 31 as identified after R-banding. Following electron microscopy, the argyrophilic material was observed outside the terminal secondary constrictions (satellite stalks) on the terminal portion of the short arm of chromosome 1, outside the secondary constrictions on the proximal region of the long arms of chromosome 31, and beside the proximal region of the long arms of chromosome 26. Satellite staining applied to these chromosomes appears to reveal only the active NORs.
