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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
A precursor role for DHA in a feto-placental unit for oestrogen formation in the mare. Plasma levels of total oestrogens and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) were measured by radioimmunossay in samples taken from various blood vessels in both maternal and fetal compartments in 11 Pony mates. High concentrations of oestrogens (greater than 100 ng/ml of plasma), expressed as oestrone equivalents, were found in the fetal circulation. On both the fetal and maternal sides, oestrogen concentrations were lower in blood going to than from the placenta. DHA concentrations, on the other hand, were higher in blood flowing to the placenta from the fetus. The fetal gonads were seen as the source...
Isolation of Klebsiella pneumoniae from the urogenital tract of experimentally infected mares. K. pneumoniae capsule type 68 infused into the uterus of 4 mares was recovered up to 15 weeks after inoculation. The insertion of a tampon for 10 min was more effective than a swab technique in detecting the organism in the uterus. The clitoral fossa and the urethral orifice when sampled by the swab technique were also found to be infected for a comparable period. K. pneumoniae was isolated from the clitoral specimens more often and more consistently than from either urethral or uterine specimens.
[Structure and topography of the nucleus intermediomedialis in the equine spinal cord]. In this paper, structure and position of the centers of the parasympathetic nervous system in the horse spinal cord were presented. Studies were carried out on 2 horse spinal cordis. After sampling, the material was dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in paraffin and cut into 15 micron thick sections. The sections were stained according to Nissl's method. Every third section was studied. Nucleus intermediomedialis in the horse spinal cord is an intermittent tract of nervous cells passing from the I cervical neuromere to the V sacral segment. The cells of this nucleus form round, horizontally--oval...
Effect of successive ejaculation on stallion seminal characteristics. Five ejaculates were collected at hourly intervals from 32 sexually rested stallions. Gel volume, total seminal volume, sperm concentration and spermatozoa per ejaculate declined (P less than 0.01) from the first to the second or third ejaculate. Gel-free seminal volume or percentage of motile spermatozoa did not vary (P less than 0.05) among ejaculates. Ejaculates from 2- to 3-year-old stallions contained less volume and fewer spermatozoa than those from 9- to 16-year-old stallions. Regardless of the stallion's age the first, first 2, first 3 and first 4 ejaculates represented 50, 74, 86 and ...
Behavior of ovarian and testicular interstitial cells during ontogenesis in the horse. Morphological and histochemical studies “in vivo” and “in vitro”. The results of a study on interstitial cells of the horse gonads from foetal life to puberty are reported. The morphological (also ultrastructural) histochemical, histophysical and histoenzymological findings both in the organ and in monolayer cultures, clarify the problem of the ontogenesis of these cells showing that: --foetal interstitial cells give origin to "xanthochrome" cells; --"xanthochrome" cells in the prepuberal gonad are continuously renewed; --the same type of cells which in th prepuberal period undergo lipochromic degeneration, differentiate at puberty into Leydig cells in the t...
Ultrastructural events in horse gonadal morphogenesis. The establishment and sexual differentiation of the gonads of horse embryos were studied using high-resolution techniques. The most dramatic observation is the early cytodifferentiation of the somatic cells into steroidogenic cells which takes place before sexual differentiation of the gonads. A unique morphogenetic pattern is established during this process: the seminiferous cords of the testis are completely segregated from the steroidogenic tissue by a basal lamina, while in the medulla of the ovary, steroidogenic cells differentiate inside the epithelial cords which contain germ cells. Thi...
A radiographic study of the fetus in late pregnancy and during foaling. The position, posture and presentation of the fetus were studied by serial radiography of the abdomen in 18 crossbred Pony mares near term and during first- and second-stage labour. In 3 mares the fetal position was assessed before and after induction of parturition with the synthetic prostaglandin, fluprostenol. In late gestation and up to the time of first-stage labour the fetus lay in ventral position with the forelimbs and poll flexed or partly flexed. At this time fetal movements were confined to flexion and extension of neck and forelimbs, but at parturition the head and limbs gradually ...
Observations on the length and angle of declination of the vulva and its relation to fertility in the mare. An instrument has been designed to measure the effective length (l) and angle of declination (a) of the vulva in the mare. The product, la, provides an index (Caslick Index) suitable for determining the necessity for Caslick's operation in mares not exhibiting the classical symptoms associated with pneumovagina. The value l showed a significant increase (P less than 0.05) with increased age in breeding mares. Studies on 9020 mares revealed that all caslicked mares, and mares with a Caslick Index of less than 150, had a significantly higher pregnancy rate than non-caslicked mares of similar age...
Hybridization of bovine papilloma virus type 1 and type 2 DNA to DNA from virus-induced hamster tumors and naturally occurring equine tumors. DNAs from bovine papilloma virus(BPV)-induced hamster tumors and from equine connective tissue tumors of unknown etiology were examined for BPV DNA sequences by molecular hybridization. DNA from two distinct classes of BPV (type 1 and type 2) was labeled in vitro and used as probes. Analysis of DNA-DNA reassociation kinetics indicated that both virus types were capable of tumor induction in the hamster. DNA isolated from 6 of 7 equine tumors accelerated the reassociation of the BPV DNA probes. BPV type 1 or type 2 DNA hybridized extensively to DNA from 3 tumors, while 3 other tumors contained ...
Epidemiology of equine upper respiratory tract disease on standardbred racetracks. The outbreaks of upper respiratory tract infections in horses at Standardbred racetracks were investigated over a three year period. The most serious epidemics of respiratory disease occurred in the winter and spring seasons. Both influenza viruses and equine herpesvirus 1 were shown to be present in the horse population. The herpesvirus was associated with respiratory disease particularly in the winter but the equine influenza viruses apparently were responsible for the major epidemics of respiratory disease at these tracks. Younger horses, two or three years of age, were particularly suscept...
Preparation and some properties of a dimeric form (S-S) of horse muscle acylphosphatase. The use of sodium selenite as a catalyst in the presence of oxygen was a suitable technique to obtain in good yield an interchain S-S dimeric form of horse muscle acylphosphatase. The dimer so obtained possesses kinetic properties very similar to those of the native enzyme. On the other hand the dimer has shown a generally lower stability in respect of the thermal inactivation, particularly in the acidic environment, to the lyophilization and to the proteolytic attack. As regards the 8 M urea inactivation, the dimer is not able to completely regain its activity by dilution, showing a behaviour...
The role of the fetal gonads and placenta in steroid production, maintenance of pregnancy and parturition in the mare. The effects of fetal gonadectomy on steroid production and the maintenance of pregnancy in the mare were studied. Removal of the fetal gonads resulted in an immediate fall in maternal plasma concentrations of conjugated and unconjugated oestrogens whereas progestagen levels remained unchanged. Hormone profiles in mares carrying sham-operated fetuses remained similar to those in unoperated control mares. Plasma levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-PGF-2 alpha (PGFM) were much lower, and uterine contractions weaker, during labour in mares carrying gonadectomized foals than in control mares. Pregnancy ...
Effect of diethylstilboestrol on the relationship between LH, PMSG and progesterone during pregnancy in the mare. Two studies were conducted to determine the relationship between LH and progesterone and between PMSG and progesterone during pregnancy in mares. In the first, samples of jugular blood were collected daily from 7 mares from the first day of oestrus until Day 28 of pregnancy, and in the second, samples were collected weekly from 14 mares from Day 35 of gestation until parturition. In an attempt to prolong secretion of progesterone from accessory corpora lutea, 7 of these 14 mares were injected with increasing doses (2--10 mg) of diethylstilboestrol (DES) between Days 84 and 142 of gestation. Th...
An outbreak of contagious equine metritis in 1977 and its effect the following season. An outbreak of contagious equine metritis occurred in Newmarket in 1977. This survey records the effect on fertility of 20 of the stallions which were infected. Swabbing of mares since then has detected 37 carrier mares harbouring the organism, most frequently in the clitoral area. This swabbing programme reduced the incidence of new cases in 1978 to 3 mares and 1 stallion.
Treatment of ringworm in horses with natamycin. A suspension based on the antibiotic, natamycin, was applied by sponging to 83 horses of various breeds and ages with signs of clinical ringworm. A number of different causative agents were involved of which Trichophyton equinum was the most common. Treatment successfully eliminated the disease within 4 weeks. After treatment the recovered animals did not show any evidence of re-infection for up to 6 months. The mycological clearance rate was 97 per cent and apart from the efficacy against ringworm, the preparation had the advantage of being non-irritant and odourless. It was also useful for t...
Resistance of animal helminths to anthelmintics. This chapter discusses the resistance of animal helminths to anthelmintics. Resistance is defined as a significant increase in the ability of individuals within a strain to tolerate doses of a compound, which would prove lethal to the majority of individuals in a normal population of the same species. The introduction of phenothiazine and the benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintics, has unfortunately led to the selection of drug-resistant strains of important parasitic helminths. The emergence of an increasing number of resistant helminths is associated with the widespread use and misuse of...
Radiographic evidence of impaired pulmonary function in laterally recumbent anaesthetised horses. Studies in conscious and anaesthetised ponies demonstrated that starvation, anaesthesia and changes in body position influence the radiographic appearance of the lungs in the lateral and dorsoventral views. Radiographic appearances could not be closely correlated with blood gas values, but they suggested that the volume of the lowermost lung of the laterally recumbent animal is greatly reduced.
Prostaglandins in maternal and fetal plasma and in allantoic fluid during the second half of gestation in the mare. The concentrations of the primary prostaglandins (PG) F-2alpha and E-2 and the metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin (PGFM) in maternal and fetal plasma and in allantoic fluid were measured in chronically catheterized mares and fetuses. A gradual rise in all 3 PGs occurred with increasing gestational age. PGE-2 and PGF-2 alpha levels were highest in the allantoic fluid and lowest in the maternal plasma, whereas PGFM concentrations were greatest in maternal plasma. Significant venous-arterial plasma differences in PGFM concentration were detected across the uterine circulation between 1...
Cytogenetic and clinical findings in mares with gonadal dysgenesis. Gonadal dysgenesis in the mare is associated with several different karyotypes, including sex chromosome aneuploidy (63,X; 63,X/64,XX; 63,X/64,XY or 65,XXX), the normal male complement (64,XY) and autosomal deletion (64,XX?del2q-). The 63,X is the most common karyotype found in gonadal dysgenesis. Aneuploid cases probably represent spontaneous chromosome non-disjunction during oogenesis, spermatogenesis or early embryonic development. Cases with XY or autosomal deletion may be inherited defects or of spontaneous origin.
[Complement fixation reaction studies in rhinopneumonitis of horses]. It was established that the complement binding reaction (CBR) is a suitable and very fast method for horse rhino-pneumonitis diagnostics. Cell cultural virus produced in cell cultures of pig kidneys was used as antigen. The antigen lots tested have no anticomplementary properties. Highest complement binding activity was evident in the non-diluted antigen, which discovered specific antibodies in immune serums. The CBR specificity was tested by the aid of homologous and heterologous serums and antigens. The titers of complement binding antibodies in the serums of 255 horses recovered from the di...
[Myocardial changes following experimental protein sensitization]. Guinea pigs were sensitized by three subcutaneous injections of 0.1 ml native horse serum at 2-day intervals, 21 days after the third injection the animals developed marked sensitization to this antigen which was manifested by anaphylactic reaction to the subcutaneous challenge with this antigen. At this time, the myocardium of the sensitized animals showed signs of extra- and intracellular oedema, a sharp increase in the number of lysosomes, damage of their membranes, 2 1/2 months after sensitization the animals showed no anaphylactic reaction to the challenge dose of the antigen. There were ...
Fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones in thoroughbred foals. Eighteen cases of fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones in Thoroughbred foals are described. Most of the fractures were in foals under 2 months old and all but one occurred in the forelegs. The bones commonly fractured when the foal galloped to exhaustion trying to keep up with its dam in the paddock. The types of fracture varied but a simple fracture of the medial sesamoid was most frequent and the majority were towards the base of the bone. Six foals sustained a fracture of more than one sesamoid bone and one foal fractured all 4 proximal sesamoid bones in its front legs. Treatment includ...
An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for progesterone in horse plasma. A simple enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the measurement of progesterone is described. Antibody against 11-OH-hemisuccinate-BSA is bound to polystyrene tubes. 11-OH-hemisuccinyl-beta-D-galactosidase is used as enzyme-coupled antigen and methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside as substrate. Concentrations down to 0.156 ng/ml plasm or amounts of 93 pg/tube are detectable. Probit analysis gave a linear relationship between log concentration and percentage of binding. A comparison of EIA and radioimmunoassay gave a correlation coefficient of 0.81. The assay is sufficiently sensitive to estimate progest...
