Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Main AR, Soucie WG, Buxton IL, Arinc E.A relatively simple method is described by which cholinesterase was purified about 19000-fold starting from horse serum. Typically 20 litres of serum were processed to yield 15-18mg of electrophoretically pure cholinesterase in the form of an active salt-free dry powder. The method included two stages: fractionation with (NH(4))(2)SO(4) and ion-exchange chromatography. The (NH(4))(2)SO(4) stage included, in principle, the acid (pH3) step of the Strelitz (1944) procedure. The step took advantage of the stabilizing effect that 33%-satd. (NH(4))(2)SO(4) has on cholinesterase activity at pH3 and i...
Tischner M, Kosiniak K, Bielański W.The emission of stallion semen was studied with the aid of
an `open' Krak\l=o'\w-72Model artificial vagina. The pattern of mating
behaviour was constant in all copulations observed : a mean number of
seven intravaginal thrusts was required to elicit ejaculation. The
pressure within the vestibule of the artificial vagina averaged 66 mmHg
at the beginning of copulation, 142 mmHg just before ejaculation, and
70 mmHg during the emission of semen. Emission appeared to be a more
variable process. Five to ten jets were observed; the mean number was
eight. The early jets occurred under high pr...
Oeding P, Hájek V, Marsálek E.Out of 70 S. aurew strains isolated from the anterior nares of horses, 48 (69 per cent)
belonged to the E biotype. Approximately one third of these isolates were typed with factor
sera, the 6 (35 per cent) that were typable showing 5 different patterns. All strains but one
were non-typable with the basic sets of phages for typing human and bovine staphylococci
even at RTD x 100. Without any exception the equine staphylococci of the E biotype
contained polysaccharide Aa. Sixteen biochemically different strains belonged to the biotype A, B or C. A number of different serological patterns an...
The Journal of physiologyNovember 1, 1974
Volume 242, Issue 3 805-826 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010735
Comline RS, Silver M.1. Blood gas tensions, pH, PCV, O(2) affinity and red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) levels have been measured in uterine and umbilical blood in conscious cows and mares with indwelling vascular catheters and in sows under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia.2. Large P(O2) gradients (20-24 mmHg) were observed between the uterine and umbilical venous blood in the cow and pig, while in the mare the corresponding P(O2) difference was only 2.7 +/- 1.7 mmHg. Alterations in maternal arterial P(O2) did not affect the large vein-to-vein P(O2) difference in either ruminant or pig.3. In the cow the pre...
Kay AT, Durgam S, Stewart M, Joslyn S, Schaeffer DJ, Horn G, Kesler R, Chew P.To compare reduction of type III distal phalangeal fractures using 4.5 and 5.5 mm cortical screws placed in lag fashion and an intact hoof capsule model. Methods: Cadaveric experimental study. Methods: Hooves from 12 adult horses (n=24). Methods: Sagittal fractures were created in pairs of distal phalanges after distal interphalangeal joint disarticulation and were reduced with either 4.5 or 5.5 mm cortical screws placed in lag fashion. Contralateral phalanges served as non-reduced controls. Fracture reduction following screw placement was assessed by comparing pre-reduction and post-reduction...
Pugliese BR, Brisbois AL, Size KJ, St George LB, Hobbs SJ, Kirker-Head CA.To evaluate the ability of novel legwear designed to limit extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) to redirect loading forces from the flexor apparatus during walk, trot, and canter on a treadmill and during unrestrained and restrained activity in a stall. Methods: 6 adult horses without musculoskeletal disease. Methods: Legwear-derived force data were recorded under 4 conditions: inactive state (unlimited legwear extension) and 3 active (restrictive) states (mild, 30° extension; moderate, 20° extension; or maximum, 10° extension). Associations between peak legwear loads and torqu...
Hopper SA, Schneider RK, Ratzlaff MH, White KK, Johnson CH.To determine the ability of a full-limb transfixation pin cast to protect the distal portion of the equine forelimb from weight-bearing forces by measuring bone strain in vitro on cadaver limbs loaded in a mechanical testing machine. Methods: 6 forelimbs from 6 horses. Methods: Each limb was instrumented with 3 unidirectional metal foil electrical resistant strain gauges. Gauges were placed on the dorsal aspect of the distal portion of the radius and the mid-dorsal portion of the cortex of the third metacarpal bone and the first phalanx. Each limb was tested 3 times, once supported with a tran...
Oakey J, Hawkesford T, Smith C, Hewitson G, Tolosa X, Wright L, Moody N, Rodwell B, Corney B, Waltisbuhl D.Describe the in-house validation of a previously reported influenza virus type A 5'Taq nuclease assay for detecting equine influenza virus A RNA in nasal swab material. Methods: The validation compares the 5'Taq nuclease assay with a gel-based reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) previously reported by the Irish Equine Centre for detection of H3N8 and H7N7 equine influenza viruses. This test was chosen because it targets a different region of the viral genome to the real-time test, so it is not merely a repeat of the same test in a different format. Moreover, nested PCR...
Lee DH, Lee EB, Seo JP, Ko EJ.Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been used as adjuvants to modulate immune responses in both animals and humans. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of the TLR 4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and the TLR 3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) on equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs). Methods: The PBMCs, MoDCs, and BM-MSCs collected from three mixed breed horses were treated with MPL, Poly I:C, and their combination...
Moura J, Simplício AL.This study describes an electrophoretically mediated microanalysis method, suitable for the preclinical evaluation of the hydrolysis of ester drugs by the serum of different animals and for further characterization of human-animal correlation. Dog, cat, cow, horse, sheep, rat and human serum were diluted (25%) in the appropriate buffer and replaced the enzyme solution usually used in electrophoretically mediated microanalysis methods for the study of enzyme kinetics. They were then compared in terms of the ability to hydrolyze acetylthiocholine and butyrylthiocholine (0.25 mM) by in-capillary ...
Curi RA, Pereira GL, Alvarez MVN, Baldassini WA, Machado Neto OR, Chardulo LAL.The main objectives of this study were to identify and functionally classify SNPs and indels by exome sequencing of animals of the racing line of Quarter Horses. Based on the individual genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) for maximum speed index (SImax) obtained for 349 animals, two groups of 20 extreme animals were formed. Of these individuals, 20 animals with high GEBVs for SImax and 19 with low GEBVs for SImax had their exons and 5' and 3' UTRs sequenced. Considering SNPs and indels, 105 182 variants were identified in the expressed regions of the Quarter Horse genome. Of these, 72 ...
Aljuffali IA, Brainard BM, Moore JN, Kwon S, Allen D, Robertson TP, Arnold RD.The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist ketanserin in healthy adult horses, and to develop a computational model that could be used to optimize dosing. Plasma concentrations of ketanserin were determined using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry after single and multiple intravenous administration in the horse. A two-compartment linear pharmacokinetic model described the plasma concentration-time profile of ketanserin after single and multiple doses in healthy horses; the terminal half-life was 11.5 h; steady-state volum...
Behrendt-Adam CY, Adams MH, Simpson KS, McDowell KJ.In this study, the roles of oestrogen and progesterone in the regulation of oxytocin gene expression in equine endometrium were examined. Anoestrous mares (n=19) were assigned randomly to one of the following treatment groups: control (vehicle control for 1 day; n=3); progesterone (250 mg progesterone per day for 6 days; n=4); oestradiol (5 mg beta-oestradiol 17-valerate per day for 6 days; n=4); oestradiol plus short duration progesterone (5 mg beta-oestradiol 17-valerate per day for 6 days followed by 250 mg progesterone per day for 6 days; n=4); and oestradiol plus long duration progesteron...
Farndale RW, Napthine CS, Evans RJ, Hayes LJ, Heath MF.Equine platelet aggregation was stimulated by collagen fibres or platelet-activating factor. The action of both ligands was blocked by forskolin or prostaglandin E(1) agents which are known to activate adenylate cyclase. Equine platelet membranes were found to contain adenylate cyclase activity which was inhibited in dose-dependent fashion by both collagen and platelet-activating factor. Platelet-activating factor-induced inhibition was antagonised by WEB2086.
Cinco Del Fabbro M, Dougan R, Jelincic A, Piacentini I.The macroagglutination test, according Mailloux, was investigated for its feasibility in the rapid diagnosis of human and animal leptospirosis. Suspected sera examinated by Mailloux test, were also examinated by Complement Fixation and Microagglutination; the results suggest that: Mailloux macroagglutination is the serological test of choice, for screening of animal and human sera, mostly if it is not needed to know the infecting serovar.
Baptiste KE, Cake MH.The guttural pouch is a large, air-filled diverticulum of the auditory tube, present in the horse and other species. Lipid analysis of saline lavage from the equine guttural pouch has demonstrated the presence of phospholipids and neutral lipids in amounts that are variable but consistently greater than in any other species described. A stain specific for choline-containing phospholipids has demonstrated the presence of phospholipid-containing vesicles only within the cells of subepithelial, seromucoidlike glands, suggesting that these cells incorporate phospholipids in their secretions. The f...
Bischofberger AS, Ringer SK, Geyer H, Imboden I, Ueltschi G, Lischer CJ.To determine via histologic examination and scintigraphy the effect of focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on normal bone and the bone-ligament interface in horses. Methods: 6 horses without lameness. Methods: Origins of the suspensory ligament at the metacarpus (35-mm probe depth) and fourth metatarsal bone (5-mm probe depth) were treated twice (days 0 and 16) with 2,000 shocks (energy flux density, 0.15 mJ/mm2). One forelimb and 1 hind limb were randomly treated, and the contralateral limbs served as nontreated controls. Bone scans were performed on days -1 (before ESWT), 3, 16,...
Jennings SH, Wise AG, Nickeleit V, Maes RK, Cianciolo RE, Del Piero F, Law JM, Kim Y, McCalla AC, Breuhaus BA, Roberts MC, Linder KE.Polyomaviruses produce latent and asymptomatic infections in many species, but productive and lytic infections are rare. In immunocompromised humans, polyomaviruses can cause tubulointerstitial nephritis, demyelination, or meningoencephalitis in the central nervous system and interstitial pneumonia. This report describes 2 Standardbred horses with tubular necrosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with productive equine polyomavirus infection that resembles BK polyomavirus nephropathy in immunocompromised humans.
